RESUMEN
(S)-1-((4-(3-(6-Amino-5-methoxypyridin-3-yl)-1-isopropyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)pyrimidin-2-yl)amino)propan-2-ol, 1, was recently identified as a potent inhibitor of the oncogenic kinase bRAF. Compounds containing 3-methoxy-2-aminopyridine, as in 1, comprised a promising lead series because of their high ligand efficiency and excellent ADME profile. However, following metabolic oxidation, compounds in this series also demonstrated two significant safety risks: mutagenic potential and time-dependent drug-drug interaction (TDI). Metabolite identification studies revealed formation of a reactive metabolite. We hypothesized that minimizing or blocking the formation of such a metabolite would mitigate the safety liabilities. Our investigation demonstrated that structural modifications which either reduced the electron density of the 3-methoxy-2-aminopyridine ring or blocked the reactive site following metabolic oxidation were successful in reducing TDI and AMES mutagenicity.
Asunto(s)
Aminopiridinas/química , Aminopiridinas/metabolismo , Electrones , Humanos , Microsomas Hepáticos/química , Microsomas Hepáticos/metabolismo , Estructura Molecular , Pruebas de Mutagenicidad , Oxidación-Reducción , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling pathway is a frequently dysregulated pathway in human cancer, and PI3Kα is one of the most frequently mutated kinases in human cancer. A PI3Kα-selective inhibitor may provide the opportunity to spare patients the side effects associated with broader inhibition of the class I PI3K family. Here, we describe our efforts to discover a PI3Kα-selective inhibitor by applying structure-based drug design (SBDD) and computational analysis. A novel series of compounds, exemplified by 2,2-difluoroethyl (3S)-3-{[2'-amino-5-fluoro-2-(morpholin-4-yl)-4,5'-bipyrimidin-6-yl]amino}-3-(hydroxymethyl)pyrrolidine-1-carboxylate (1) (PF-06843195), with high PI3Kα potency and unique PI3K isoform and mTOR selectivity were discovered. We describe here the details of the design and synthesis program that lead to the discovery of 1.
Asunto(s)
Diseño de Fármacos , Fosfatidilinositol 3-Quinasas/efectos de los fármacos , Inhibidores de las Quinasa Fosfoinosítidos-3/química , Inhibidores de las Quinasa Fosfoinosítidos-3/farmacología , Animales , Línea Celular , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión/métodos , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Humanos , Enlace de Hidrógeno , Espectroscopía de Resonancia Magnética/métodos , Ratones , Estructura Molecular , Inhibidores de las Quinasa Fosfoinosítidos-3/síntesis química , Ratas , Espectrometría de Masa por Ionización de Electrospray/métodosRESUMEN
Mutant epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) is a major driver of non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Marketed first generation inhibitors, such as erlotinib, effect a transient beneficial response in EGFR mutant NSCLC patients before resistance mechanisms render these inhibitors ineffective. Secondary oncogenic EGFR mutations account for approximately 50% of relapses, the most common being the gatekeeper T790M substitution that renders existing therapies ineffective. The discovery of PF-06459988 (1), an irreversible pyrrolopyrimidine inhibitor of EGFR T790M mutants, was recently disclosed.1 Herein, we describe our continued efforts to achieve potency across EGFR oncogenic mutations and improved kinome selectivity, resulting in the discovery of clinical candidate PF-06747775 (21), which provides potent EGFR activity against the four common mutants (exon 19 deletion (Del), L858R, and double mutants T790M/L858R and T790M/Del), selectivity over wild-type EGFR, and desirable ADME properties. Compound 21 is currently being evaluated in phase-I clinical trials of mutant EGFR driven NSCLC.
Asunto(s)
Diseño de Fármacos , Receptores ErbB/antagonistas & inhibidores , Receptores ErbB/genética , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/química , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacología , Pirrolidinas/química , Pirrolidinas/farmacología , Acrilamidas/química , Acrilamidas/farmacocinética , Acrilamidas/farmacología , Animales , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/tratamiento farmacológico , Carcinoma de Pulmón de Células no Pequeñas/genética , Línea Celular Tumoral , Perros , Halogenación , Humanos , Pulmón/efectos de los fármacos , Pulmón/metabolismo , Neoplasias Pulmonares/tratamiento farmacológico , Neoplasias Pulmonares/genética , Ratones , Modelos Moleculares , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Mutación , Inhibidores de Proteínas Quinasas/farmacocinética , Pirrolidinas/farmacocinética , RatasRESUMEN
Since the discovery that FK-506 promotes neurite outgrowth, considerable attention has been focused on the development of potent nonimmunosuppressive ligands for FK-506 binding proteins (FKBPs). Such neuroimmunophilin agents have been reported to show neuroregenerative activity in a variety of cell and animal models including neurite outgrowth, age-related cognitive decline, Parkinson's disease, peripheral nerve injury, optic nerve degeneration, and diabetic neuropathy. We have designed and synthesized a unique series of tetracyclic aza-amides that have been shown to be potent FKBP12 rotamase inhibitors. The structure-activity relationships established in this study have demonstrated diverse structural modifications that result in potent rotamase inhibitory activity.
Asunto(s)
Amidas/síntesis química , Compuestos Aza/síntesis química , Compuestos Heterocíclicos de 4 o más Anillos/síntesis química , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/síntesis química , Proteína 1A de Unión a Tacrolimus/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteína 1A de Unión a Tacrolimus/química , Amidas/química , Compuestos Aza/química , Sitios de Unión , Compuestos Heterocíclicos de 4 o más Anillos/química , Enlace de Hidrógeno , Isoquinolinas/síntesis química , Isoquinolinas/química , Ligandos , Fármacos Neuroprotectores/química , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Tacrolimus/químicaRESUMEN
Although crizotinib demonstrates robust efficacy in anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK)-positive non-small-cell lung carcinoma patients, progression during treatment eventually develops. Resistant patient samples revealed a variety of point mutations in the kinase domain of ALK, including the L1196M gatekeeper mutation. In addition, some patients progress due to cancer metastasis in the brain. Using structure-based drug design, lipophilic efficiency, and physical-property-based optimization, highly potent macrocyclic ALK inhibitors were prepared with good absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME), low propensity for p-glycoprotein 1-mediated efflux, and good passive permeability. These structurally unusual macrocyclic inhibitors were potent against wild-type ALK and clinically reported ALK kinase domain mutations. Significant synthetic challenges were overcome, utilizing novel transformations to enable the use of these macrocycles in drug discovery paradigms. This work led to the discovery of 8k (PF-06463922), combining broad-spectrum potency, central nervous system ADME, and a high degree of kinase selectivity.
Asunto(s)
Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Lactamas Macrocíclicas/síntesis química , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Proto-Oncogénicas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras/antagonistas & inhibidores , Aminopiridinas , Quinasa de Linfoma Anaplásico , Animales , Antineoplásicos/farmacocinética , Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Resistencia a Antineoplásicos , Humanos , Lactamas , Lactamas Macrocíclicas/farmacocinética , Lactamas Macrocíclicas/farmacología , Ratones , Microsomas Hepáticos/metabolismo , Modelos Moleculares , Mutación , Células 3T3 NIH , Pirazoles , Ratas , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas Receptoras/genética , Estereoisomerismo , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Crizotinib (1), an anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK) receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration in 2011, is efficacious in ALK and ROS positive patients. Under pressure of crizotinib treatment, point mutations arise in the kinase domain of ALK, resulting in resistance and progressive disease. The successful application of both structure-based and lipophilic-efficiency-focused drug design resulted in aminopyridine 8e, which was potent across a broad panel of engineered ALK mutant cell lines and showed suitable preclinical pharmacokinetics and robust tumor growth inhibition in a crizotinib-resistant cell line (H3122-L1196M).