Changes in intraocular pressure and tear secretion in patients given 5 mg solifenacin for the treatment of overactive bladder.

INTRODUCTION AND HYPOTHESIS: To investigate the effect of solifenacin succinate on intraocular pressure (IOP) and dry eye in patients with overactive bladder (OAB). METHODS: The study was conducted prospectively between October 2014 and November 2015. A total of 93 female OAB patients with a mean age of 48.59 ± 11.28 years (range 19-75 years) were evaluated. A full ophthalmic examination, including the Schirmer I test and IOP measurements, was conducted. Solifenacin succinate (5 mg/day) was started orally. All procedures were repeated at the 4- and 12-week follow-up, and the effects and side effects were documented. RESULTS: No statistically significant difference was observed in IOP (p = 0.282, p = 0.189) and tear secretion (p = 0.122, p = 0.071) values from the baseline (day 0) to the 12th week in OAB patients using solifenacin succinate. Solifenacin succinate treatment was terminated in 3 patients owing to dry eye in 1 patient, increased IOP in 1 patient, and systemic side effects in 1 patient. Constipation and dry mouth at various rates were the most common systemic side effects observed. CONCLUSIONS: Solifenacin succinate is useful in eliminating OAB symptoms in female patients, but can cause systemic side effects. It had no significant side effects on tear secretion (Schirmer I) and IOP. We concluded that solifenacin succinate could be reliably used in pure OAB patients without comorbidity in terms of dry eye and IOP. We believe that prospective studies with larger series are still needed to reach a definite conclusion.

Effect of trospium chloride therapy on intraocular pressure and tear secretion in overactive bladder patients.

PURPOSE: To investigate the effect of trospium chloride, which has an anticholinergic effect, used in overactive bladder (OAB) treatment on the intraocular pressure (IOP) and tear secretion after 12 weeks of treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective study was performed at a single center between October 2014 and January 2016. A detailed history was obtained from the female OAB patients at the eye outpatient department. After checking the exclusion criteria, oral trospium chloride 30 mg bd was started. The patients were followed-up in terms of drug effectiveness and ophthalmic and other side effects at the 4th and 12th weeks. All procedures were repeated at both of these time-points. RESULTS: The mean age of the patients was 48.98 ± 11.98 years (range 19-75). The data of 80 OAB patients were evaluated in the study. Trospium chloride did not cause any significant change in the OAB patients regarding their 4th week and 12th week IOP measurements (p = 0.251, p = 0.340, respectively). It was found to decrease tear secretion significantly at both time-points (p = 0.020, p = 0.001, respectively). Trospium chloride treatment of one patient (1.25%) was discontinued due to dry eye. CONCLUSIONS: Trospium chloride decreases the symptoms in female OAB patients. Trospium chloride can be safely used in female OAB patients with normal IOP and no comorbidity as regards IOP changes as it did not cause a significant change in IOP in these patients. Pre-treatment and post-treatment dry eye symptoms of OAB patients about to start using trospium chloride should be queried beforehand as it can cause a statistically significant decrease in tear secretion. We concluded that it would be appropriate to refer the patients to an ophthalmologist before starting the drug if relevant symptoms are present.

Age and total and free prostate-specific antigen levels for predicting prostate volume in patients with benign prostatic hyperplasia.

OBJECTIVES: To investigate the predictive values of free prostate-specific antigen (fPSA), total PSA (tPSA) and age on the prostate volume. METHODS: The data of 2148 patients with lower urinary tract symptoms were analyzed retrospectively. The patients who had transrectal ultrasonography guided 10 core biopsies owing to the findings obtained on digital rectal examination and presence of high PSA levels (PSA = 2.5-10 ng/dl), and proven to have BPH histopathologically were included in the study. Age, tPSA, fPSA and the prostate volumes (PV) of the patients were noted. RESULTS: One thousand patients that fulfilled the inclusion criteria were included in the study. The PV of the patients were significantly correlated with age, tPSA and fPSA (p < 0.001 and r = 0.307, p < 0.001 and r = 0.382, p < 0.001 and r = 0.296, respectively). On linear regression model, fPSA was found as a stronger predictive for PV (AUC = 0.75, p < 0.001) when compared to age (AUC = 0.64, p < 0.001), and tPSA (AUC = 0.69, p = 0.013). CONCLUSIONS: Although tPSA is an important prognostic factor for predicting PV, the predictive value of fPSA is higher. PV can easily be predicted by using age, and serum tPSA and fPSA levels.

Comparison Between Burden of Care Partners of Individuals with Alzheimer's Disease Versus Individuals with Other Chronic Diseases.

BACKGROUND: Caregiving in Alzheimer's disease (AD) is often provided by informal care partners, who spend more hours per week on average than care partners of individuals with conditions other than AD. However, the burden of care in partners of individuals with AD has not been systematically compared to that of other chronic diseases. OBJECTIVE: The current study therefore aims to compare the care partner burden of AD to that of other chronic diseases through a systematic literature review. METHODS: Data was collected from journal articles published in the last 10 years, using two unique search strings in PubMed and analysed using pre-defined patient-reported outcome measures (PROMs) including the EQ-5D-5L, GAD-7, GHQ-12, PHQ-9, WPAI and the ZBI. The data was grouped according to the included PROMs and the diseases studied. The number of participants in the studies reporting burden of caregiving in AD was adjusted to reflect the number of participants in studies reporting care partner burden in other chronic diseases. RESULTS: All results in this study are reported as a mean value and standard deviation (SD). The ZBI measurement was the most frequently used PROM to collect care partner burden (15 studies) and showed a moderate burden (mean 36.80, SD 18.35) on care partners of individuals with AD, higher than most of the other included diseases except for those characterized by psychiatric symptoms (mean scores 55.92 and 59.11). Other PROMs such as PHQ-9 (six studies) and GHQ-12 (four studies) showed a greater burden on care partners of individuals with other chronic diseases such as heart failure, haematopoietic cell transplantations, cancer and depression compared to AD. Likewise, GAD-7 and EQ-5D-5L measurements showed a lesser burden on care partners of individuals with AD compared to care partners of individuals with anxiety, cancer, asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. The current study suggests that care partners of individuals with AD experience a moderate burden, but with some variations depending on the PROMs used. CONCLUSION: The results of this study were mixed with some PROMs indicating a greater burden for care partners of individuals with AD versus other chronic diseases, and other PROMs showing a greater burden for care partners of individuals with other chronic diseases. Psychiatric disorders imposed a greater burden on care partners compared to AD, while somatic diseases in the musculoskeletal system resulted in a significantly smaller burden on care partners compared to AD.

Sonohysterography in evaluation of Youssef's syndrome.

A 31-year-old woman with Youssef syndrome was reported. Vesicouterine fistula is responsible for the symptoms of Youssef syndrome. An easy and feasible diagnostic method of vesicouterine fistula is sonohysterography.

Comparison of the levels of the serotonin metabolite, 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid, in cerebrospinal fluid from patients with and without premature ejaculation.

INTRODUCTION: Premature ejaculation (PE) is a significant problem as it can cause a loss of sexual self-confidence and a significant deterioration in quality of life. The frequency of PE varies between 9% and 27%. In the current study, we aimed to compare the levels of the serotonin metabolite 5HIAA (5 hydroxyindole acetic acid) in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with and without PE according to IELT (intravaginal ejaculation latency time) in order to investigate the relationship of PE with CSF 5HIAA levels. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 60 male patients were included in the study who were planning to undergo surgery under spinal anesthesia, 30 in the patient (PE) group (all of the included patients had an IELT of <1min) and 30 in the control group (patients had an IELT of >1min). Levels of CSF 5HIAA were measured. RESULTS: There was a significant negative correlation between IELT and the 5HIAA variables in all patients (r=-0.322, p=0.012). Although the average 5HIAA levels (nmol/L) were higher in the patient group (86.80±28.33) than in the control group (76.44±35.91), this difference was not significant (p=0.22). DISCUSSION: Results of the current study bring new and different perspectives to the explanation of PE pathophysiology. There is a need for more specific and genetic studies to determine the best treatment for this common disorder.

Upper pole access is safe and effective for pediatric percutaneous nephrolithotomy.

INTRODUCTION: Upper pole access in percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) provides a straight tract to the ureter, resulting in easier placement of a guidewire to the ureter, good exposure of the pelvis, calices, and upper ureter, and comfortable manipulations. However, despite these benefits, upper pole access is usually avoided because of the risk of chest complications in both pediatric and adult patients. OBJECTIVE: We aimed to evaluate the safety and morbidity of single upper pole access in pediatric patients undergoing PCNL. STUDY DESIGN: We retrospectively reviewed patients aged ≤17 years with renal stones who underwent PCNL with a single access between August 2004 and February 2016. The patients were separated into two groups: the single upper pole access group (SUPAG) and the single other pole access group (SOPAG). We compared the SUPAG and SOPAG in terms of the demographic features of the patients, stone burden and location, operative data, and postoperative outcomes. Complications were classified according to the modified Clavien system. RESULTS: During the study period, 101 PCNL procedures were performed, 77 of which were managed with only one access. The median age of the 77 patients managed with a single access was 12 years (range 3-17 years). The number of cases in the SUPAG and SOPAG was 10 and 67, respectively. There were no statistically significant differences between the SUPAG and SOPAG in terms of age, sex, stone location, hydronephrosis status, stone area, side of kidney, and previous stone treatment or renal surgery. Furthermoret, there were no significant differences between the groups in terms of the operative parameters. Although the difference was insignificant, the median operation times in the SUPAG and SOPAG were 37 and 45 min, respectively. There was no chest complication or bleeding that required transfusion in the SUPAG. Two cases required transfusion, and one case was managed with a double pigtail catheter (double-J) placement because of prolonged extravasation in the SOPAG. The stone-free ratios were 100% and 82.1% in the SUPAG and SOPAG, respectively. CONCLUSION: Upper pole access provides similar outcomes to other (middle and lower) pole accesses, and may be performed without serious complications. These results indicate that this is a safe and effective approach of PCNL, and it presents a good alternative for removal of renal stones in pediatric patients.

The Factors Affecting Lower Urinary Tract Functions in Patients Undergoing Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy.

BACKGROUND: We prospectively assessed changes in the lower urinary system functions of women with morbid obesity following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy and the factors affecting these changes. METHODS: Data from 40 females who had undergone laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy due to morbid obesity (body mass index, BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2) between January 2014-2016 at S.B.U. Bursa Yuksek Ihtisas Training and Research Hospital were prospectively evaluated. The presence of comorbidities, onset of obesity, smoking, American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) score, pre and 12-month postoperative weights and BMIs, fasting blood glucose (FBG), blood urea nitrogen, creatinine, insulin, homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) test results, overactive bladder survey (OAB-Q) scores, volume of urination, and Qmax values obtained from uroflowmetry studies were recorded and assessed. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences in weight, BMI, FBG, insulin, HOMA-IR score and creatinine values pre-operation, and the corresponding values obtained at 12 months post-operation were observed (all, p < 0.001). OAB-Q scores were observed to be statistically significantly lower in the postoperative period relative to those in the preoperative period (p < 0.001). Urination volume was statistically significantly higher during the postoperative period (p = 0.048) than during the preoperative period. Non-smoking patients showed a reduction in OAB-Q score and a statistically significant increase in urination volume during the postoperative period (p < 0.001, p = 0.011, respectively); smoking patients indicated a statistically significant reduction in OAB-Q score only during the postoperative period; however, urination volume was not statistically significant between two groups (p = 0.013, p = 0.303). In patients with an ASA score of 1, preoperative OAB-Q scores were statistically significantly lower (p = 0.035) than those obtained post-operation. Patients with childhood-onset obesity showed statistically significantly increased urination volumes during postoperative period in comparison with values obtained pre-operation (p = 0.042). CONCLUSION: Improvements in lower urinary system functions were affected by patient-related factors, such as comorbidity, obesity onset, smoking, ASA score, and weight loss, following laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy.

A Simple, Non - Biological Model for Percutaneous Renal Access Training.

PURPOSE: Percutaneous renal puncture (PRP) is one of the most important and critical step of urology, especially while performing percutaneous nephrostomy and percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL). In the learning period of this procedures, there is a need for validated, effective, economical models for such training. This study describes a simple non - biological model for learning PRP. The aim was to determine the effectivity of this model as a training and assessment tool, and to assess its cost relative to other models. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We designed a training box, made of foam and rubber with two open sides and performed radiopaque pelvicalyceal system maquettes to insert inside it. Experts in PCNL (i.e., > 100 cases) andnovices (i.e., pediatric surgeons and urologists without PCNL experience) performed percutaneous renal puncture. Novices performed a pre -test and a post - test (i.e., after 2 hour training). Data recorded were total procedure time, X - ray exposure time, and number of puncture attempts. Experts who performed PRP successfully were asked torate the model using a questionnaire. RESULTS: Five experts and 21 novices completed the study. Four experts rated the model as an "excellent" (score 5) training and assessment tool; one expert rated these as "very good" (score 4). Comparisons of novices' pre - and post - test median results revealed significant skill acquisition with shorter procedure time, less X - ray exposure, and fewer attempts for successful puncture (all P < .001). CONCLUSION: This new non - biological training model is an effective training tool that helps learners improve skills in PRP. The model is simple to construct, economical, and highly re-useable compared to others. It provides good visibility and imaging, is portable, and could be used widely in training centres.

Relationship between erectile dysfunction and the neutrophil to lymphocyte and platelet to lymphocyte ratios.

The most important cause of erectile dysfunction (ED) among aging men is organic disease due to vascular disturbance that is often caused by atherosclerosis. Recently, studies have shown that atherosclerosis can manifest as an active inflammatory process rather than as passive vascular injury caused by lipid infiltration. Our study aimed to examine the association of ED with the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the platelet/lymphocyte ratio (PLR), both of which are markers of inflammation. Between December 2014 and May 2015, 101 male patients aged 40-70 years who were seen at our institute due to ED were included in this study. Thirty-one sexually active men with similar clinical and demographic characteristics without ED were included in our study as a control group. The control and patient groups were compared with respect to their NLR and PLR values as well as other hormonal, biochemical, hematological parameters. The median ages of the patient and control groups were 49 (40-69) and 48 (43-65) years old, respectively. Comorbidities such as hypertension, diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and coronary artery disease were not significantly different between the groups (p > 0.05). The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios were significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the detected CRP levels were also significantly higher in the patient group than in the control group (p < 0.001). In the correlation analysis, the NLR, PLR, and CRP levels were negatively correlated with the IIEF-5 scores. A multivariate analysis was performed to determine the independent predictors of ED. PLR was identified as an independent predictor for ED. The neutrophil-to-lymphocyte and especially platelet-to-lymphocyte ratios are correlated with a diagnosis of ED, and these ratios could serve as practical parameters that will not elicit additional costs.

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy in solitary kidneys: effective, safe and improves renal functions.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate success and complication rates of endourological stone treatments and to evaluate effects of percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PCNL) on renal functions, in patients with solitary kidneys. METHODS: In our center, 3150 patients underwent PCNL between 2003 and 2017 and 142 patients underwent retrograd intrarenal surgery (RIRS) between 2013 and 2017. We retrospectively analysed the data of 82 patients with solitary kidney who underwent PCNL and of 8 patients with solitary kidney who underwent RIRS. Complications were classified according to Clavien-Dindo Classification system. Serum creatinin was measured before the procedure, on the early postoperative period and at sixth month follow-up in PCNL group. The estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using Chronic Kidney Disease Epidemiology Collaboration (CKD-EPI) formula. The 5-stage classification of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was used according to the National Kidney Foundation guideline. RESULTS: In the PCNL group, the initial stone-free and success rates were 82.9% and 95.1%, respectively. Complications occured in 18 (22%) patients. Transfusion was the most common complication (15.5%). One patient required JJ stenting. The stone-free rates of the patients who required multiple accesses were statistically lower than the patients who required single access (P=0.01). Transfusion rates were statistically higher in patients who required multiple accesses and who had complex stones (P=0.01 and P=0.02, respectively). GFRs calculated preoperatively, in the early and in the late period were 65.03, 62.85 (P=0.224) and 70.63 mL/min/1.73 m2 (P<0.001), respectively. At the postoperative 6th month, GFR was stable in CKD stage 1 patients and improved in CKD stage 2-4 patients (P<0.001, P<0.001 and P=0.012 respectively). In the RIRS group, 5 patients (62.5%) were stone free and the success rate was 75% (6 patients) after single procedure. Any complication did not occur in the RIRS group. CONCLUSIONS: PCNL in solitary kidney is a safe method with acceptable complication rates. Renal functions are preserved in patients with normal functioning kidney and improved in patients with renal insufficiency. RIRS may be an alternative method in selected patients with solitary kidney.

Effect of carbon dioxide pneumoretroperitoneum on bacterial translocation in an experimental retroperitoneoscopy model.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of artificial CO2 pneumoretroperitoneum on bacterial translocation in an experimental retroperitoneoscopy model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighteen adult male New Zealand White rabbits weighing 2.5 to 3 kg were divided into two groups. Group 1 (control group) consisted of 6 rabbits, while the remaining 12 served as the pneumoretroperitoneum group (group 2). In group 1, the left retroperitoneal space was dissected with a 50-mL balloon without CO2 insufflation, and the animals were kept under anesthesia for 3 hours with the balloons inflated. In group 2, after balloon dissection as in group 1, CO2 insufflation was applied at 1 L/min to achieve a pressure of 10 to 12 mm Hg for 3 hours. Afterward, all animals were sacrificed, and samples were taken from the blood, retroperitoneal area, lungs, liver, mesentery, heart, kidneys, ureters, bladder, colon, small intestine, and spleen and carried to the microbiology laboratory in Carry-Blair medium. Bacterial growth was evaluated using standard techniques. RESULTS: All animals survived the experimental procedures. None of the rabbits in the control group demonstrated any bacterial translocation in the sampled tissues. In the pneumoretroperitoneum group, one rabbit was found to have 10(2) colony-forming units of E. coli in the kidney, but this was considered to be the result of contamination, not translocation. CONCLUSION: Carbon dioxide pneumoretroperitoneum does not seem to cause bacteremia or bacterial translocation in this experimental model. Retroperitoneoscopy probably does not create any additional risk of septic complications.

Expression of cathepsin D in bladder carcinoma: correlation with pathological features and serum cystatin C levels.

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to evaluate the expression of cathepsin D in primary bladder cancer and to determine its relationship with conventional pathological features and serum cystatin C levels. METHODS: The immunohistochemical cathepsin D expression and staining patterns of epithelial and stromal cells were investigated in 21 patients with primary bladder carcinoma. Serum cystatin C levels were determined by immunoturbidimetry and compared with matched controls. RESULTS: There were 7 papillary neoplasms of low malignant potential, 7 low-grade and 7 high-grade carcinomas. Six tumors were invasive. Statistical analysis showed a significant inverse relationship between cathepsin D expression of the tumor cells and tumor grade and stage (P = 0.018 and P = 0.046, respectively). Serum cystatin C levels of the controls and patients varied between 0.39 mg/L and 1.99 mg/L (P > 0.05). There was no significant relation between cathepsin D expression in tumor tissue and serum cystatin C levels. CONCLUSIONS: Loss of cathepsin D expression in bladder carcinomas may be associated with high-grade and invasive tumors. Thus, increased cathepsin D expression by tumor cells may be related to local tumor invasion at an early stage, but it seems that extracellular cystatin C is not affected by cathepsin D expression of tumor or stromal cells, and cystatin C concentrations are not directly correlated with the progression of primary bladder carcinomas.

Using smartphones to collect time-activity data for long-term personal-level air pollution exposure assessment.

Because of the spatiotemporal variability of people and air pollutants within cities, it is important to account for a person's movements over time when estimating personal air pollution exposure. This study aimed to examine the feasibility of using smartphones to collect personal-level time-activity data. Using Skyhook Wireless's hybrid geolocation module, we developed "Apolux" (Air, Pollution, Exposure), an Android(TM) smartphone application designed to track participants' location in 5-min intervals for 3 months. From 42 participants, we compared Apolux data with contemporaneous data from two self-reported, 24-h time-activity diaries. About three-fourths of measurements were collected within 5 min of each other (mean=74.14%), and 79% of participants reporting constantly powered-on smartphones (n=38) had a daily average data collection frequency of <10 min. Apolux's degree of temporal resolution varied across manufacturers, mobile networks, and the time of day that data collection occurred. The discrepancy between diary points and corresponding Apolux data was 342.3 m (Euclidian distance) and varied across mobile networks. This study's high compliance and feasibility for data collection demonstrates the potential for integrating smartphone-based time-activity data into long-term and large-scale air pollution exposure studies.

Rare late metastasis of testis seminoma to the bladder.

A 45-year-old male presented to our clinic with complaining of hematuria for a month. The investigations showed a 59 × 24-mm myxoid mass on the right lateral bladder wall and this was removed with transurethral resection. The histopathology evaluation result was seminoma (classic type). The medical history revealed that the patient had undergone inguinal orchiectomy for a testis tumour 10 years before and the diagnosis was classic type seminoma. He received chemotherapy following the orchiectomy, but had not gone for follow-up after the first year. There was no other metastasis and he was put on the iphosphamide, etoposide, cisplatin (IPE) protocol. The patient has been disease-free for the last 5 months and the tumour markers and cystoscopy were normal. Testis tumours can rarely cause other organ metastases in the late stage even if curative surgery and chemo-radiotherapy were initially administered. Proper follow-up is crucial. It is also necessary to query the tumour history when a tumour in any organ is considered.

Cholesterol granuloma of the paratesticular tissue: A case report.

A 38-year-old man was admitted to our clinic with an enlarging right scrotal mass that had been present for 7 years. Right radical inguinal orchiectomy was performed and a histopathological diagnosis confirmed a very rare case of cholesterol granuloma of the paratesticular tissue. It can be very difficult to preoperatively distinguish testicular tumours from cholesterol granulomas of the testis or epididymis. Cholesterol granuloma should be kept in mind in patients with large and non-tender scrotal masses.

Liposarcoma of the spermatic cord: A case report.

Spermatic cord liposarcoma is very rare and characterized by a painless inguinal or scrotal mass. This is a case report of a 66-year-old man presenting with a mass in his left scrotum. Inguinal orchiectomy was performed and the histopathological examination revealed a liposarcoma of the spermatic cord.

Factors Influencing Complications of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy: A Single-Center Study.

PURPOSE: Percutaneous nephrolithotomy (PNL) is a minimally invasive procedure used for successful treatment of renal calculi. However, it is associated with various complications. We assessed the complications and their potential influencing factors in patients who had undergone PNL. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In total, 1750 patients who had undergone PNL from November 2003 to June 2011 were evaluated retrospectively. PNL complications and possible contributing risk factors (age, sex, serum creatinine level, previous operations, hydronephrosis, calculi size, localization, opacity, surgeon's experience, accessed calyxes, number of accesses, and costal entries) were determined. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to investigate the cutoff values of the data. Ideal cutoff value was determined by Youden's J statistic. All the demographic and clinical variables were examined using backward stepwise logistical regression analysis. Continuous variables were categorized with logistic regression analysis according to the cutoff values. RESULTS: Complications occurred in 396 (24.4%) patients who had undergone PNL. Hemorrhage requiring blood transfusion occurred in 221 (12.6%) patients, hemorrhage requiring arterial embolization occurred in 7 (0.4%) patients, perirenal hematoma occurred in 17 (0.97%) patients, hemo-pneumothorax occurred in 32 (1.8%) patients, and colon perforation occurred in 4 (0.22%) patients. Three patients (0.06%) died of severe urosepsis, and one patient (0.02%) died of severe bleeding. The calculus size, localization, access site, number of accesses, presence of staghorn stones, surgeon's experience, and duration of the operation significantly affected the complication risk. CONCLUSION: Our retrospective evaluation of this large patient series reveals that, PNL is a very effective treatment modality for kidney stones. However, although rare, serious complications including death can occur.

Plasma kinetic vaporization of the prostate: clinical evaluation of a new technique.

PURPOSE: We evaluated our results with bipolar plasma kinetic electrovaporization in the treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). PATIENTS AND METHODS: Twenty-one patients with infravesical obstruction by BPH have been treated with bipolar plasma kinetic electrovaporization. International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS) with a quality of life (QOL) scoring questionnaire, uroflowmetry (maximum flow rate; Qmax), transrectal ultrasonography (TRUS), and residual urine volume and prostate specific antigen (PSA) measurements had been performed before surgery. The IPSS scores, prostate volumes, and residual urine volumes were reevaluated during the third postoperative month. Uroflowmetry was repeated on postoperative days 7, 15, 30, and 90. Total PSA and free PSA measurements were repeated on postoperative days 3, 5, 7, 15, 30, and 90. RESULTS: The results of 20 patients could be evaluated. The median age of these patients was 61 years. The median volume of the prostates was 42 cc (95% CI 56-53). The median operation time and postoperative hospitalization were 55 minutes (95% CI 40-65) and 3 days (95% CI 3-5), respectively. The mean period of time needed for vaporizing 1 g of tissue was calculated as 2.8 +/- 1.3 minutes. Postoperative day 90 values of IPSS, QOL, prostate volume, residual urine volume, and Qmax showed significant improvement compared with preoperative values (p < 0.05). The median preoperative PSA value was 1.64 mg/mL (95% CI 1-3.6). The value showed a statistically significant increase 24 hours after the intervention (p < 0.0001), but the PSA values on the 30th (p = 0.041) and 90th (p = 0.025) days were below preoperative values. CONCLUSION: The IPSS with QOL scores, prostate volumes, and residual urine volumes showed significant decreases and Qmax values showed a significant increase after bipolar plasma kinetic electrovaporization. This treatment modality causes a temporary increase in the PSA concentration, as do other interventional treatment methods, but the measurements on the 30th and 90th days were below preoperative values.

Comparison of changes in tissue oxidative-stress markers in experimental model of open, laparoscopic, and retroperitoneoscopic donor nephrectomy.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the oxidative stress in renal tissue during three types of surgery: open donor nephrectomy (ODN), laparoscopic donor nephrectomy (LDN), and retroperitoneoscopic donor nephrectomy (RDN). The aim was to find out which is the appropriate procedure for harvesting a donor kidney. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty-four New Zealand White rabbits were randomized to four groups, each consisting of six rabbits. Group I (control) was subjected to 180 minutes of anesthesia, and transperitoneal nephrectomy was performed without creation of warm ischemia. In group II (ODN), after 180 minutes of anesthesia, warm ischemia was created for 5 minutes, and nephrectomy was performed. Group III (LDN) was subjected to 5 minutes of warm ischemia after 180 minutes of pneumoperitoneum at 12 mm Hg, and the kidney was removed. In group IV (RDN), after pneumoretroperitoneum at 12 mm Hg for 180 minutes, warm ischemia was created for 5 minutes, and nephrectomy was performed. Renal tissues were analyzed to determine malondialdehyde (MDA) and reduced glutathione (GSH) as oxidative-stress markers. RESULTS: Renal tissue GSH levels were decreased, whereas MDA levels were increased in groups II through IV compared with the control group (p<0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between the ODN, LDN, and RDN groups in the renal oxidative-stress markers. CONCLUSION: No differences were detected in oxidative-stress markers in renal tissue samples between ODN, LDN, and RDN. Therefore, we believe LDN and RDN can be used for live donor kidney harvesting as effectively as ODN without creating greater oxidative stress, which can have deleterious effects on a donor kidney.