Identification and characterization of RNA polymerase II (RNAP) C-Terminal domain phosphatase-like 3 (SlCPL3) in tomato under biotic stress.

BACKGROUND: Bacterial diseases are a huge threat to the production of tomatoes. During infection intervals, pathogens affect biochemical, oxidant and molecular properties of tomato. Therefore, it is necessary to study the antioxidant enzymes, oxidation state and genes involved during bacterial infection in tomato. METHODS AND RESULTS: Different bioinformatic analyses were performed to conduct homology, gene promoter analysis and determined protein structure. Antioxidant, MDA and H2O2 response was measured in Falcon, Rio grande and Sazlica tomato cultivars. In this study, RNA Polymerase II (RNAP) C-Terminal Domain Phosphatase-like 3 (SlCPL-3) gene was identified and characterized. It contained 11 exons, and encoded for two protein domains i.e., CPDCs and BRCT. SOPMA and Phyre2, online bioinformatic tools were used to predict secondary structure. For the identification of protein pockets CASTp web-based tool was used. Netphos and Pondr was used for prediction of phosphorylation sites and protein disordered regions. Promoter analysis revealed that the SlCPL-3 is involved in defense-related mechanisms. We further amplified two different regions of SlCPL-3 and sequenced them. It showed homology respective to the reference tomato genome. Our results showed that SlCPL-3 gene was triggered during bacterial stress. SlCPL-3 expression was upregulated in response to bacterial stress during different time intervals. Rio grande showed a high level of SICPL-3 gene expression after 72 hpi. Biochemical and gene expression analysis showed that under biotic stress Rio grande cultivar is more sensitive to Pst DC 3000 bacteria. CONCLUSION: This study lays a solid foundation for the functional characterization of SlCPL-3 gene in tomato cultivars. All these findings would be beneficial for further analysis of SlCPL-3 gene and may be helpful for the development of resilient tomato cultivars.

General guidelines for CRISPR/Cas-based genome editing in plants.

CRISPR (clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats)/Cas (CRISPR-associated) technology is a versatile genome editing tool that has been used to improve agriculturally important plant traits. Due to its precision, CRISPR/Cas9 is more effective than either conventional plant breeding methods or standard genetic engineering approaches for the rapid development of new varieties resilient to climate change. In addition to knowledge in tissue culture-based plant transformation, effective gene-specific single guide RNA (sgRNA) design, prediction of its off-target effect and utilization of vectors, promoters, Cas proteins and terminators is required for CRISPR/Cas9. Various bioinformatics tools are available for the best sgRNA design and screening of the off-targets. Various tools are used in the delivery of CRISPR/Cas components into cells and the genome. Moreover, some recent studies proved the simultaneous silencing of different paralogs in the same family or several genes working in the same pathway by using multiple-target sgRNA designs. This review summarizes the type of promoters, Cas proteins, recognition sequences, and terminators available for the development of knock-out and overexpression plant lines. It also provides a general guideline for the development of genome-edited plants from the design of sgRNAs to the selection of non-transgenic genome-edited T2 generation.

Combined drought and heat stresses trigger different sets of miRNAs in contrasting potato cultivars.

MicroRNAs are small, non-coding RNAs that are responsible for regulation of gene expression during plant growth and development. Although there are many studies on miRNAs in other plants, little work has been done to understand the role of miRNAs in abiotic stress tolerance in potatoes. This study investigates changes in miRNA profiles of two different potato cultivars (tolerant, Unica and susceptible, Russet Burbank) in response to heat, drought and their combination. Transcriptomic studies revealed that miRNA profiles depend on the susceptibility and tolerance of the cultivar and also the stress conditions. Large number of miRNAs were expressed in Unica, whereas Russet Burbank indicated lesser number of changes in miRNA expression. Physiological and transcriptional results clearly supported that Unica cultivar is tolerant to combined drought and heat stress compared to Russet Burbank. Moreover, psRNATarget analysis predicted that major miRNAs identified were targeting genes playing important roles in response to drought and heat stress and their important roles in genetic and post-transcriptional regulation, root development, auxin responses and embryogenesis were also observed. This study focused on eight miRNAs (Novel_8, Novel_9, Novel_105, miR156d-3p, miR160a-5p, miR162a-3p, miR172b-3p and miR398a-5p) and their putative targets where results indicate that they may play a vital role at different post-transcriptional levels against drought and heat stresses. We suggest that miRNA overexpression in plants can lead to increased tolerance against abiotic stresses; furthermore, there should be more emphasis on the studies to investigate the role of miRNAs in combined abiotic stress in plants.

Genome-wide association study identifies various loci underlying agronomic and morphological traits in diversified potato panel.

Potato is one of the most important food crops all over the world. Breeding activities for this crop are mainly aimed to improve the quality and yield of tuber. However, genetic architecture of various traits contributing to the quality and yield of potato are not yet completely understood. Genome wide association studies provides a broader way to identify the genomic regions associated with various traits. Panels of 237 tetraploid potato genotypes from different countries were grown for two consecutive years 2016 and 2017 at experimental research area of Potato research center Nigde, Turkey. A genome wide association study using SolCAP 12K array was performed for various morpho-agronomic traits. Structure algorithm and neighborhood joining analysis clearly divided all genotypes into 4 clusters on the basis of their origin. For the marker trait association, Mixed Linear Model in TASSEL was performed and 36 genomic regions were found for the traits under study. The mean r2 value was found to be 0.92 and mean significant LD was 47.5% in the populations. LD patterns reflected the breeding history of potato. The findings of present study provide a framework which could be useful for future potato breeding programs to enhance the production and to reduce the challenges in the coming years to feed world's population.

Potential of near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) for prediction of acrylamide formation in French fries in the potato breeding process.

Breeding goals of potatoes for deep-frying purposes include high starch contents, good suitability for long-term storage, and low tendency to form reducing sugars as acrylamide precursors. Due to the extensive number of samples, an accurate analysis of acrylamide in French fries and its precursors in tubers is difficult to implement in the breeding process. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the suitability of NIRS measurements after minimal sample processing for the prediction of reducing sugar contents in the tubers or acrylamide contents in French fries. An external validation with more than 650 samples consisting of 194 potato genotypes resulted in a prediction accuracy of 51 % for acrylamide and 76 % for reducing sugar content. RPD values of less than 1.5 for acrylamide and between 1.64 and 2.23 for reducing sugar prediction rendered low medium to medium model quality. Nevertheless, acrylamide prediction models based on NIRS measurement of mashed tubers categorised over 80 % of unknown samples correctly as being below or above the European threshold value, indicating suitability as rapid test procedure in the breeding process.

Induction of potato steroidal glycoalkaloid biosynthetic pathway by overexpression of cDNA encoding primary metabolism HMG-CoA reductase and squalene synthase.

Potato steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are toxic secondary metabolites whose total content in tubers must be regulated. SGAs are biosynthesized by the sterol branch of the mevalonic acid/isoprenoid pathway. In a previous study, we showed a correlation between SGA levels and the abundance of transcript coding for HMG-CoA reductase 1 (HMG1) and squalene synthase 1 (SQS1) in potato tissues and potato genotypes varying in SGA content. Here, Solanum tuberosum cv. Desirée (low SGA producer) was transformed with a gene construct containing the coding region of either HMG1 or SQS1 of Solanum chacoense Bitt. clone 8380-1, a high SGA producer. SGA levels in transgenic HMG-plants were either greater than (in eight of 14 plants) or no different from untransformed controls, whereas only four of 12 SQS-transgenics had greater SGA levels than control, as determined by HPLC. Quantitative real-time PCR was used to estimate relative steady-state transcript levels of isoprenoid-, steroid-, and SGA-related genes in leaves of the transgenic plants compared to nontransgenic controls. HMG-transgenic plants exhibited increased transcript accumulation of SQS1, sterol C24-methyltransferase type1 (SMT1), and solanidine glycosyltransferase 2 (SGT2), whereas SQS-transgenic plants, had consistently lower transcript levels of HMG1 and variable SMT1 and SGT2 transcript abundance among different transgenics. HMG-transgenic plants exhibited changes in transcript accumulation for some sterol biosynthetic genes as well. Taken together, the data suggest coordinated regulation of isoprenoid metabolism and SGA secondary metabolism.

Association mapping reveals novel genomic regions controlling some root and stolon traits in tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum L.).

Tuber crops have measurable biological variation in root and stolon phenotyping and thus may be utilized to identify genomic regions associated with these variations. This is the first comprehensive association mapping study related to potato root and stolon traits. A diverse panel of 192 tetraploid potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) genotypes were grown in aeroponics to reveal a biologically significant variation and detection of genomic regions associated with the root and stolon traits. Phenotyping of root traits was performed by image analysis software "WinRHIZO" (a root scanning method), and stolon traits was measured manually, while SolCAP 25K potato array was used for genotyping. Significant variation was observed between the potato genotypes for root and stolon traits along with high heritabilities (0.80 in TNS to 0.95 in SL). For marker-trait associations, Q + K linear mixed model was implemented and 50 novel genomic regions were detected. Significantly associated SNPs with stolon traits were located on chr 4, chr 6, chr 7, chr 9, chr 11 and chr 12, while those linked to root traits on chr 1, chr 2, chr 3, chr 9, chr 11, and chr 12. Structure and PCA analysis grouped genotypes into four sub-populations disclosing population genetic diversity. LD decay was observed at 2.316 Mbps (r 2 = 0.29) in the population. The identified SNPs were associated with genes performing vital functions such as root signaling and signal transduction in stress environments (GT-2 factors, protein kinases SAPK2-like and protein phosphatases "StPP1"), transcriptional and post-transcriptional gene regulation (RNA-binding proteins), sucrose synthesis and transporter families (UGPase, Sus3, SuSy, and StSUT1) and PVY resistance (Ry sto). The findings of our study can be employed in future breeding programs for improvement in potato production. SUPPLEMENTARY INFORMATION: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13205-021-02727-6.

Physiological, Biochemical, and Transcriptional Responses to Single and Combined Abiotic Stress in Stress-Tolerant and Stress-Sensitive Potato Genotypes.

Potato production is often constrained by abiotic stresses such as drought and high temperatures which are often present in combination. In the present work, we aimed to identify key mechanisms and processes underlying single and combined abiotic stress tolerance by comparative analysis of tolerant and susceptible cultivars. Physiological data indicated that the cultivars Desiree and Unica were stress tolerant while Agria and Russett Burbank were stress susceptible. Abiotic stress caused a greater reduction of photosynthetic carbon assimilation in the susceptible cultivars which was associated with a lower leaf transpiration rate. Oxidative stress, as estimated by the accumulation of malondialdehyde was not induced by stress treatments in any of the genotypes with the exception of drought stress in Russett Burbank. Stress treatment resulted in increases in ascorbate peroxidase activity in all cultivars except Agria which increased catalase activity in response to stress. Transcript profiling highlighted a decrease in the abundance of transcripts encoding proteins associated with PSII light harvesting complex in stress tolerant cultivars. Furthermore, stress tolerant cultivars accumulated fewer transcripts encoding a type-1 metacaspase implicated in programmed cell death. Stress tolerant cultivars exhibited stronger expression of genes associated with plant growth and development, hormone metabolism and primary and secondary metabolism than stress susceptible cultivars. Metabolite profiling revealed accumulation of proline in all genotypes following drought stress that was partially suppressed in combined heat and drought. On the contrary, the sugar alcohols inositol and mannitol were strongly accumulated under heat and combined heat and drought stress while galactinol was most strongly accumulated under drought. Combined heat and drought also resulted in the accumulation of Valine, isoleucine, and lysine in all genotypes. These data indicate that single and multiple abiotic stress tolerance in potato is associated with a maintenance of CO2 assimilation and protection of PSII by a reduction of light harvesting capacity. The data further suggests that stress tolerant cultivars suppress cell death and maintain growth and development via fine tuning of hormone signaling, and primary and secondary metabolism. This study highlights potential targets for the development of stress tolerant potato cultivars.

Development of transgenic tobacco lines with pyramided insect resistant genes.

Insect pests are among the major constraints rendering drastic decreases in crop yield. The expression of stacked insecticidal genes in crops can lead to resistance durability and can delay the development of resistance in target insect pests. The present study was designed to introduce an insect resistance trait in locally cultivated Turkish tobacco cultivars (Basma and Nail) with pyramided insecticidal genes. Agrobacterium strain LBA4404 harboring plasmid pKGH4 with cry1Ac and cry2A genes under the control of 35S promoter was used to infect leaf discs of both cultivars; plasmid also contained uidA within the T-DNA region for earlier screening of putative transformants. The overall transformation efficiency was calculated as 30.7% and 18.8% in Basma and Nail, respectively. PCR results confirmed the integration of cry1Ac, cry2A, uidA, and nptII genes in 40 plants of Basma and 16 plants of Nail. ELISA results showed variation in expression of cry1Ac protein among transgenic plants varying from 0.017 to 0.607 µg/g of fresh tissue. Bioassay results with potato tuber moth (Phthorimea operculella Zeller) showed significant mortality of the targeted pest on primary transformants. Furthermore, T1 transgenic progeny exhibited the inheritance of T-DNA in Mendelian as well as non-Mendelian fashion. The results revealed that lines can serve as a source of germplasm in tobacco breeding programs.