[Clinical features and long-term prognosis of primary biliary cholangitis in patients with past hepatitis B virus infection].

Objective: To investigate the clinical features and long-term prognosis of primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) in patients with past hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection. Methods: 353 cases with PBC who visited the Liver Disease Center of Beijing Friendship Hospital Affiliated to Capital Medical University between January 2000 and January 2018 were retrospectively analyzed and were divided into the past HBV infection group (156 cases) and the no HBV infection group (197 cases). The two groups' baseline clinical features were compared. Ursodeoxycholic acid response rate after one year, GLOBE score, UK-PBC score, and long-term liver transplantation-free survival rate were compared through outpatient and telephone follow-up. Results: PBC with past HBV infection had a significantly reduced female proportion compared to the no HBV infection group (91.9% vs. 79.5%, P = 0.001). However, there were no statistically significant differences in age, biochemical indices, immunological indicators, platelet count, cirrhosis proportion, and others. Ursodeoxycholic acid biochemical response rate was reduced in patients with past HBV infection at the end of one year of treatment, but the difference was not statistically significant (65.8% vs. 78.2%, P = 0.068). In addition, there were no statistically significant differences between the GLOBE score (0.57 vs. 0.59, P = 0.26) and UK-PBC 5-year (2.87% vs. 2.87%, P = 0.38), 10-year (9.29% vs. 8.2%, P = 0.39) and 15-year liver transplantation rates (16.6% vs. 14.73%, P = 0.39). Lastly, the overall 5-year liver transplantation-free survival rate had no statistically significant difference between the two groups of patients (86.4% vs. 87.5%, P = 0.796). Conclusion: Primary biliary cholangitis had no discernible effect in terms of age at onset, biochemical indices, immunological indicators, cirrhosis proportion, ursodeoxycholic acid response rate after one year, GLOBE score, UK-PBC score, or overall liver transplantation-free survival rate in patients with past hepatitis B virus infections.

[Analysis of the efficacy and safety of low-dose aspirin in preventing renal artery stenosis in kidney transplantation].

Objective: To evaluate the clinical value of aspirin as a prophylactic for transplant renal artery stenosis (TRAS). Methods: From January 2017 to November 2019, clinical data of 307 patients who had undergone renal transplant in Zhengzhou University People's Hospital were collected. Patients were divided into two groups: the treatment group (124 recipients who had taken oral aspirin 100 mg/d after transplant) and the control group (183 recipients who had not taken aspirin after transplant). The general data, incidence of initially diagnosed and confirmed TRAS, type of renal artery anastomosis vessels, duration of stenosis, location of stenosis, and complications were compared between the two groups. The treatment group was further divided into two subgroups, the early group (92 recipients) and the delayed group (32 recipients), according to the time of starting aspirin after operation. Subgroup analysis was performed. Results: Among all 307 patients included, there were 241 males and 66 females, aged 19-64 years. There were no statistical difference between the treatment and control groups in terms of gender, age, comorbidities, number of arterial vessels, type of graft, and acute rejection all P>0.05. Among 46 initially diagnosed TRAS patients, 13 (10.5%) and 33 (18.0%) cases were in the treatment and control group respectively, with no statistically significant difference in stenosis rate (P>0.05). The number of confirmed TRAS patients was 1 (0.8%) and 24 (13.1%) in the treatment and control group respectively, with statistically significant difference in stenosis rate (P<0.001). The proportion of patients with bleeding disorders in the treatment group was slightly higher than that in the control group (13.7% vs 8.7%), and the proportion of infarct diseases was slightly lower than that in the control group (1.6% vs 4.9%). But there was no significant difference in aspirin-related complications between the two groups (P>0.05). Subgroup analysis showed that there was no significant difference in initially diagnosed and confirmed TRAS and aspirin-related complications between the early group and the delayed group (all P>0.05). Conclusions: Oral low-dose aspirin after kidney transplantation can effectively reduce the incidence of TRAS, without increasing the risk of aspirin-related complications.

[Connective tissue diseases and the liver injury].

Connective tissue disease (CTD) are closely related to liver abnormality. CTD can affect the liver causing various degrees of liver injury, coexist with other liver diseases, especially autoimmune liver disease (ALD). Medications for CTD can also lead to liver injury or reactivate the hepatitis B virus. CTD patients can also be positive for ALD-related autoantibodies without corresponding manifestation; and vis versa. The diagnosis and differential diagnosis should be made on integrating clinical presentation, laboratory, imaging, and histological studies, not solely relying on autoantibody positivity.

Fusarium and allied genera from China: species diversity and distribution.

The genus Fusarium includes numerous important plant and human pathogens, as well as many industrially and commercially important species. During our investigation of fungal diversity in China, a total of 356 fusarioid isolates were obtained and identified from diverse diseased and healthy plants, or different environmental habitats, i.e., air, carbonatite, compost, faeces, soil and water, representing hitherto one of the most intensive sampling and identification efforts of fusarioid taxa in China. Combining morphology, multi-locus phylogeny and ecological preference, these isolates were identified as 72 species of Fusarium and allied genera, i.e., Bisifusarium (1), Fusarium (60), and Neocosmospora (11). A seven-locus dataset, comprising the 5.8S nuclear ribosomal RNA gene with the two flanking internal transcribed spacer (ITS) regions, the intergenic spacer region of the rDNA (IGS), partial translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), partial calmodulin (cam), partial RNA polymerase largest subunit (rpb1), partial RNA polymerase second largest subunit (rpb2) gene regions, and partial ß-tubulin (tub2), were sequenced and employed in phylogenetic analyses. A genus-level phylogenetic tree was constructed using combined tef1, rpb1, and rpb2 sequences, which confirmed the presence of four fusarioid genera among the isolates studied. Further phylogenetic analyses of two allied genera (Bisifusarium and Neocosmospora) and nine species complexes of Fusarium were separately conducted employing different multi-locus datasets, to determine relationships among closely related species. Twelve novel species were identified and described in this paper. The F. babinda species complex is herein renamed as the F. falsibabinda species complex, including descriptions of new species. Sixteen species were reported as new records from China. Citation: Wang MM, Crous PW, Sandoval-Denis M, et al. 2022. Fusarium and allied genera from China: species diversity and distribution. Persoonia 48: 1-53. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2022.48.01.

Fungi of quarantine concern for China I: Dothideomycetes.

The current list of Chinese quarantine pests includes 130 fungal species. However, recent changes in the taxonomy of fungi following the one fungus = one name initiative and the implementation of DNA phylogeny in taxonomic revisions, resulted in many changes of these species names, necessitating an update of the current list. In addition, many quarantine fungi lack modern morphological descriptions and authentic DNA sequences, posing significant challenges for the development of diagnostic protocols. The aim of the present study was to review the taxonomy and names of the 33 Chinese quarantine fungi in Dothideomycetes, and provide reliable DNA barcodes to facilitate rapid identification. Of these, 23 names were updated according to the single name nomenclature system, including one new combination, namely Cophinforma tumefaciens comb. nov. (syn. Sphaeropsis tumefaciens). On the basis of phylogenetic analyses and morphological comparisons, a new genus Xenosphaeropsis is introduced to accommodate the monotypic species Xenosphaeropsis pyriputrescens comb. nov. (syn. Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens), the causal agent of a post-harvest disease of pears. Furthermore, four lectotypes (Ascochyta petroselini, Mycosphaerella ligulicola, Physalospora laricina, Sphaeria lingam), three epitypes (Ascochyta petroselini, Phoma lycopersici, Sphaeria lingam), and two neotypes (Ascochyta pinodella, Deuterophoma tracheiphila) are designated to stabilise the use of these names. A further four reference strains are introduced for Cophinforma tumefaciens, Helminthosporium solani, Mycocentrospora acerina, and Septoria linicola. In addition, to assist future studies on these important pathogens, we sequenced and assembled whole genomes for 17 species, including Alternaria triticina, Boeremia foveata, B. lycopersici, Cladosporium cucumerinum, Didymella glomerata, Didymella pinodella, Diplodia mutila, Helminthosporium solani, Mycocentrospora acerina, Neofusicoccum laricinum, Parastagonospora pseudonodorum, Plenodomus libanotidis, Plenodomus lingam, Plenodomus tracheiphilus, Septoria petroselini, Stagonosporopsis chrysanthemi, and Xenosphaeropsis pyriputrescens. Citation: Zhao P, Crous PW, Hou LW, et al. 2021. Fungi of quarantine concern for China I: Dothideomycetes. Persoonia 47: 45-105. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2021.47.02.

Fungi of quarantine concern for China I: Dothideomycetes.

The current list of Chinese quarantine pests includes 130 fungal species. However, recent changes in the taxonomy of fungi following the one fungus = one name initiative and the implementation of DNA phylogeny in taxonomic revisions, resulted in many changes of these species names, necessitating an update of the current list. In addition, many quarantine fungi lack modern morphological descriptions and authentic DNA sequences, posing significant challenges for the development of diagnostic protocols. The aim of the present study was to review the taxonomy and names of the 33 Chinese quarantine fungi in Dothideomycetes, and provide reliable DNA barcodes to facilitate rapid identification. Of these, 23 names were updated according to the single name nomenclature system, including one new combination, namely Cophinforma tumefaciens comb. nov. (syn. Sphaeropsis tumefaciens). On the basis of phylogenetic analyses and morphological comparisons, a new genus Xenosphaeropsis is introduced to accommodate the monotypic species Xenosphaeropsis pyriputrescens comb. nov. (syn. Sphaeropsis pyriputrescens), the causal agent of a post-harvest disease of pears. Furthermore, four lectotypes (Ascochyta petroselini, Mycosphaerella ligulicola, Physalospora laricina, Sphaeria lingam), three epitypes (Ascochyta petroselini, Phoma lycopersici, Sphaeria lingam), and two neotypes (Ascochyta pinodella, Deuterophoma tracheiphila) are designated to stabilise the use of these names. A further four reference strains are introduced for Cophinforma tumefaciens, Helminthosporium solani, Mycocentrospora acerina, and Septoria linicola. In addition, to assist future studies on these important pathogens, we sequenced and assembled whole genomes for 17 species, including Alternaria triticina, Boeremia foveata, B. lycopersici, Cladosporium cucumerinum, Didymella glomerata, Didymella pinodella, Diplodia mutila, Helminthosporium solani, Mycocentrospora acerina, Neofusicoccum laricinum, Parastagonospora pseudonodorum, Plenodomus libanotidis, Plenodomus lingam, Plenodomus tracheiphilus, Septoria petroselini, Stagonosporopsis chrysanthemi, and Xenosphaeropsis pyriputrescens. Citation: Zhao P, Crous PW, Hou LW, et al. 2021. Fungi of quarantine concern for China I: Dothideomycetes. Persoonia 47: 45-105. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2021.47.02.

MiR-512-3p regulates malignant tumor behavior and multi-drug resistance in breast cancer cells via targeting Livin.

Breast cancer (BCa) is one of the most lethal malignancies of female reproductive organs. Increasing evidence has revealed that miRNAs participate in both tumorigenesis and multi-drug resistance. MiR-512-3p, a small non-coding RNA (miRNA), was previously found to be upregulated in breast cancer cells. In this study, we first verified that miR-512-3p expression forced a significant reorganization of the tumor architecture, affecting important cellular processes involved in cell-cell contact, cell adhesion and cell motility. Accordingly, induction of miR-512-3p expression significantly enhanced chemosensitivity and decreased metastatic potential in BCa cells. Our study demonstrated that miR-512-3p directly targets the 3'UTR of Livin, thereby decreasing its expression in MCF-7 cells. MiR-512-3p overexpression significantly inhibited breast cancer cell growth and metastasis. Both miR-512-3p overexpression and Livin knockdown significantly increased the chemosensitivity of cancer cells. Epirubicin (EPB), gemcitabine (GCB) and docetaxel (TXT) had antitumor effects in vitro against human breast cancer cell lines, and miR-512-3p overexpression increased tumor sensitivity to these drugs. In addition, miR-512-3p overexpression significantly inhibited tumor growth in vivo. Collectively, our data suggest that miR-512-3p is a significant regulator of tumorigenesis and drug resistance in breast cancer and provides evidence that miR-512-3p may represent a promising target for breast cancer therapy.

Gymnosporangium species on Malus: species delineation, diversity and host alternation.

Gymnosporangium species (Pucciniaceae, Pucciniales, Basidiomycota) are the causal agents of cedar-apple rust diseases, which can lead to significant economic losses to apple cultivars. Currently, the genus contains 17 described species that alternate between spermogonial/aecial stages on Malus species and telial stages on Juniperus or Chamaecyparis species, although these have yet to receive a modern systematic treatment. Furthermore, prior studies have shown that Gymnosporangium does not belong to the Pucciniaceae sensu stricto (s.str.), nor is it allied to any currently defined rust family. In this study we examine the phylogenetic placement of the genus Gymnosporangium. We also delineate interspecific boundaries of the Gymnosporangium species on Malus based on phylogenies inferred from concatenated data of rDNA SSU, ITS and LSU and the holomorphic morphology of the entire life cycle. Based on these results, we propose a new family, Gymnosporangiaceae, to accommodate the genus Gymnosporangium, and recognize 22 Gymnosporangium species parasitic on Malus species, of which G. lachrymiforme, G. shennongjiaense, G. spinulosum, G. tiankengense and G. kanas are new. Typification of G. asiaticum, G. fenzelianum, G. juniperi-virginianae, G. libocedri, G. nelsonii, G. nidus-avis and G. yamadae are proposed to stabilize the use of names. Morphological and molecular data from type materials of 14 Gymnosporangium species are provided. Finally, morphological characteristics, host alternation and geographical distribution data are provided for each Gymnosporangium species on Malus.

[Present status of diagnosis and treatment of hepatolenticular degeneration].

Hepatolenticular degeneration (HLD) is an autosomal recessive inherited disorder of copper metabolism. The mutations in the ATP7B gene on chromosome 13 leads to the functional defect of ATP7B, which produces pathological deposits of copper in liver, brain, cornea and kidney, with diverse clinical manifestations in various forms of liver disease, nervous system disease and corneal disease (Kayser-Fleischer rings). Early diagnosis and proper treatment can improve the prognosis of hepatolenticular degeneration. Conversely, it may progress to end-stage liver disease or severe motor dysfunction, which seriously affects patient quality of life.

Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti complex from China.

The Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC) is shown to encompass 33 phylogenetic species, across a wide range of habitats/hosts around the world. Here, 77 pathogenic and endophytic FIESC strains collected from China were studied to investigate the phylogenetic relationships within FIESC, based on a polyphasic approach combining morphological characters, multi-locus phylogeny and distribution patterns. The importance of standardised cultural methods to the identification and classification of taxa in the FIESC is highlighted. Morphological features of macroconidia, including the shape, size and septum number, were considered as diagnostic characters within the FIESC. A multi-locus dataset encompassing the 5.8S nuclear ribosomal gene with the two flanking internal transcribed spacers (ITS), translation elongation factor (EF-1α), calmodulin (CAM), partial RNA polymerase largest subunit (RPB1) and partial RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2), was generated to distinguish species within the FIESC. Nine novel species were identified and described. The RPB2 locus is demonstrated to be a primary barcode with high success rate in amplification, and to have the best species delimitation compared to the other four tested loci.

Didymellaceae revisited.

The Didymellaceae is one of the most species-rich families in the fungal kingdom, and includes species that inhabit a wide range of ecosystems. The taxonomy of Didymellaceae has recently been revised on the basis of multi-locus DNA sequence data. In the present study, we investigated 108 Didymellaceae isolates newly obtained from 40 host plant species in 27 plant families, and various substrates from caves, including air, water and carbonatite, originating from Argentina, Australia, Canada, China, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Africa, the Netherlands, the USA and former Yugoslavia. Among these, 68 isolates representing 32 new taxa are recognised based on the multi-locus phylogeny using sequences of LSU, ITS, rpb2 and tub2, and morphological differences. Within the Didymellaceae, five genera appeared to be limited to specific host families, with other genera having broader host ranges. In total 19 genera are recognised in the family, with Heracleicola being reduced to synonymy under Ascochyta. This study has significantly improved our understanding on the distribution and biodiversity of Didymellaceae, although the placement of several genera still need to be clarified.

[Research advances in primary biliary cholangitis].

Primary biliary cholangitis (PBC) is a chronic cholestatic disease with unknown pathogenesis. Positive anti-mitochondrial antibody has high sensitivity and specificity in the diagnosis of this disease. Ursodeoxycholic acid is mainly used for the treatment of PBC, but 40% of patients have an unsatisfactory biochemical response to this drug. 6-Ethylchenodeoxycholic acid is a new drug approved for the treatment of PBC, and liver transplantation remains the only effective method for the treatment of patients with end-stage PBC.

Morphology variation and optical properties of ZnO nanostructures grown using bio-template.

ZnO nanostructures of different morphologies were grown by immersing eggshell membranes into Zn(NO3)2 ethanol solution with different pH values and subsequently sintered at 500 degrees C. Effects of the solution pH value, immersing time and Mg incorporation on the nanostructure morphology and photoluminescence were studied. ZnO nanostructure morphology was very sensitive to pH value of the solution, immersing time and layer of the templates. Different morphologies of nanofibers, nanotubes, hexagonal nanosheets and hexagonal nanosheets with tips were grown. All nanostructures had strong green emission at 520 nm and weak ultraviolet emission at 377 nm. The green emission weakened in the interwoven nanofibers while the ultraviolet emission enhanced in the hexagonal nanosheets. Incorporation of Mg ions in the solution with a pH of 7 would result in combination of the interwoven nanofibers and enhance the green emission greatly. UV emission at 355 nm from ZnMgO alloys was observed in Mg incorporated nanofibers.

Growth and properties of Zn(1-x)CdxO and Zn(1-x)CdxO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles.

Octylamine capped Zn(1-x)CdxO alloys and Zn(1-x)CdxO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles have been grown by the thermal decomposing of zinc and cadmium cupferronates in organic solvents. Zn(1-x)CdxO alloys incorprated with different concentration of Cd have been grown by quickly injecting of their precursors at 200 degrees C. Zn(1-x)CdxO/ZnO core/shell nanoparticles are performed by slowly injecting of shell precursors at 180 degrees C. The prepared nanoparticles are characterized by X-ray diffraction, absorption spectrometer, Mirco-Raman spectrometer and transmission electron microscopy. The band gap of ZnCdO alloys shrinks linearly and the crystal lattice expands with an increase of Cd concentration. The growth of ZnO shells on ZnCdO cores enhances the core luminescence dramatically and results in a red shift in the absorption and emission of Zn(1-x)CdxO cores.

Growth and properties of ZnO/Zn(1-x)MgxO core/shell nanoparticles.

ZnO/Zn(0.9)Mg(0.1)O core/shell nanoparticles have been grown by employing metal cupferronate complex as precursors in organic solvents. ZnO cores are grown by quickly injecting their precursor at 250 degrees C while the shells are performed by slowly injecting their precursors at different temperatures. The grown nanoparticles are characterized by X-ray diffraction, photoluminescence microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The effects of the shell growth temperatures and precursor injecting rate are studied. Zn(0.9)Mg(0.1)O shells can epitaxially grow on ZnO cores when the shell growth temperature is lowered to 200 degrees C and the shell precursor is supplied slowly at a rate of 0.1 mmol/h. Increaseing shell supply rate or shell growth temperature results in homogenous growth of Zn(0.9)Mg(0.1)O nanoparticles. The shell growth can dramatically enhance core emission and cause a red shift on the core band edge emission.

Stability and nonlinear optical properties of ZnO nanoparticles.

Photoluminescence (PL) of ZnO nanoparticles of different surface states and sizes grown by several methods has been measured. The origin of luminescence and dependence of the luminescence spectrum shape and intensity on 325 nm excitation laser power are studied. Strong ultraviolet emission at 3.26 eV, weak violet emission around 3.12 eV and weak green emission at 2.40 eV have been observed in 16 nm nanoparticles capped by octylamine grown by non-hydrolytic method. The nanoparticles are stable under high power laser radiation and their PL intensity increases nonlinearly with an increasing laser power. As the nanoparticle size decreases to 12 nm, high power laser produces nonradiative centers which may quench the luminescence in a degree. Nanoparticles of 8 nm capped by PVP and uncapped nanoparticles of 14 nm are unstable and their luminescence depends on the excitation laser power. High power laser can quench O vacancy emission and enhance ultraviolet emission in PVP capped nanoparticles while vacancy emission can not be quenched in uncapped nanoparticles.