Prognostic factors for survival after allogeneic transplantation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia.

Allogeneic stem cell transplantation (allo-SCT) offers a curative option in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Prognostic factors for survival after allo-SCT have not been sufficiently defined: pheno-/genotype, patients´ age, conditioning regimens and remission at allo-SCT are under discussion. We analyzed the outcome of 180 consecutive adult ALL-patients undergoing allo-SCT at our center between 1995 and 2018 to identify specific prognostic factors. In our cohort 19% were older than 55 years, 28% had Philadelphia-positive B-ALL, 24% T-ALL. 54% were transplanted in first complete remission (CR1), 13% in CR2 after salvage therapy, 31% reached no remission (8% within first-line, 23% within salvage therapy). In 66% conditioning contained total body irradiation (TBI). With a median follow-up of 10 years, we observed an overall survival of 33% at 10 years, and a progression free survival of 31%. The cumulative incidence of relapse was 41% at 10 years, the cumulative incidence of non-relapse mortality 28%. Acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD) II°-IV° occurred in 31%, moderate/severe chronic GvHD in 27%. Survival was better in patients reaching CR before allo-SCT and in those receiving TBI. No difference between patients younger/older than 55 years and between different phenotypes was observed. Survival after allo-SCT improved considerably over the last decades.

Soluble HLA-G molecules and HLA-G 14-base pair polymorphism after allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation.

HLA-G 14-base pair (bp) polymorphism and soluble human leukocyte antigen G were previously reported to be implicated in allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HSCT) outcome. However, soluble HLA-G blood levels and the 14-bp insertion-deletion polymorphism were separately assessed in the context of allo-HSCT. The aim of the present study was to examine the influence of the 14-bp insertion/deletion polymorphism of the HLA-G gene together with the soluble HLA-G plasma levels on allo-HSCT complications. We investigated the possible impact of HLA-G 14-bp polymorphism together with the pretransplantation and posttransplantation concentration of soluble HLA-G in 59 patients undergoing allo-HSCT. No association was found between the HLA-G 14-bp polymorphism, the soluble HLA-G level and acute graft-versus-host disease (GvHD), disease recurrence, or death. In contrast with previous reports the present data suggest a weak or negligible involvement of both 14-bp polymorphism on HLA-G gene and sHLA-G concentration in posttransplantation complications such as acute or chronic GvHD, relapse, or death.

Identification of risk factors for bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome after reduced toxicity conditioning before hematopoietic cell transplantation.

Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation (allo-HCT) of older or patients with comorbidities has become possible due to new regimens for reduced-intensity conditioning. The use of fludarabine, carmustine and melphalan as the preparative regimen (FBM) reduces toxicity while providing substantial anti-leukemic activity. Chronic GVHD (cGVHD) of the lung or bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome (BOS) remains a serious non-infectious complication contributing to treatment-related morbidity. We conducted a retrospective analysis of 259 patients (median age: 61.5, range: 24-76 years) transplanted after FBM conditioning to identify and characterize clinical risk factors for developing BOS. The cumulative incidence rate of BOS was 4.2% (95% confidence interval (CI): 2.4-7.6%) at 1 year and 8.5% (95% CI: 5.6-12.9%) at 5 years after allo-HCT with a median follow-up of 36.5 (range: 3-136) months. In multivariate analysis, age <55 years at allo-HCT (who received 25% higher carmustin-dose in preparative regimen), pulmonary complications after allo-HCT and GVHD prophylaxis without in-vivo T-cell depletion (cyclosporine-A/ATG or cyclosporine-A/alemtuzumab) were associated with BOS. We observed no significant differences in clinical variables such as smoking or lung diseases before allo-HCT. In contrast to cGVHD affecting other organs, BOS showed no impact on overall survival. In conclusion, we identified risk factors associated with developing BOS after conditioning with a reduced toxicity protocol.

The HDAC class I-specific inhibitor entinostat (MS-275) effectively relieves epigenetic silencing of the LAT2 gene mediated by AML1/ETO.

The chromosomal translocation (8;21) fuses the hematopoietic transcription factor AML1 (RUNX1) with ETO (RUNX1T1, MTG8), resulting in the leukemia-specific chimeric protein AML1/ETO. This fusion protein has been implicated in epigenetic silencing, recruiting histone deacetylases (HDACs) and DNA methyltransferases to target promoters. Previously, we have identified a novel in vivo AML1/ETO target gene, LAT2 (NTAL/LAB/WBSCR5), which is involved in FcɛR I, c-Kit, B-cell and T-cell receptor signalling. We have now addressed the molecular mechanisms of AML1/ETO-mediated LAT2 repression. In Kasumi-1 cells, where AML1/ETO bound to the LAT2 gene, small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated AML1/ETO depletion caused upregulation of LAT2, suggesting a possible direct mechanism of repression. Expression of AML1/ETO was associated with a decrease in acetylation of histones H3, H3K9 and H4, and an increase in H3K9 and H3K27 trimethylation. The class I-specific HDAC inhibitors entinostat (MS-275) and mocetinostat (MGCD0103) induced LAT2 expression specifically in AML1/ETO-expressing cells, resulting in induction of several activating histone marks on the LAT2 gene, including trimethylation of histone H3K4. The combination of entinostat and decitabine increased acetylation of histones H3 and H4, as well as LAT2 mRNA expression, in an at least additive fashion. In conclusion, several repressive histone modifications mark the LAT2 gene in the presence of AML1/ETO, and LAT2 gene derepression is achieved by pharmacological inhibition of HDACs.