Artificial intelligence for the prevention and prediction of colorectal neoplasms.

BACKGROUND: Colonoscopy is a useful as a cancer screening test. However, in countries with limited medical resources, there are restrictions on the widespread use of endoscopy. Non-invasive screening methods to determine whether a patient requires a colonoscopy are thus desired. Here, we investigated whether artificial intelligence (AI) can predict colorectal neoplasia. METHODS: We used data from physical exams and blood analyses to determine the incidence of colorectal polyp. However, these features exhibit highly overlapping classes. The use of a kernel density estimator (KDE)-based transformation improved the separability of both classes. RESULTS: Along with an adequate polyp size threshold, the optimal machine learning (ML) models' performance provided 0.37 and 0.39 Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) for the datasets of men and women, respectively. The models exhibit a higher discrimination than fecal occult blood test with 0.047 and 0.074 MCC for men and women, respectively. CONCLUSION: The ML model can be chosen according to the desired polyp size discrimination threshold, may suggest further colorectal screening, and possible adenoma size. The KDE feature transformation could serve to score each biomarker and background factors (health lifestyles) to suggest measures to be taken against colorectal adenoma growth. All the information that the AI model provides can lower the workload for healthcare providers and be implemented in health care systems with scarce resources. Furthermore, risk stratification may help us to optimize the efficiency of resources for screening colonoscopy.

Development and Optimization of Water-Soluble Double-Walled Carbon Nanotubes by Effective Surface Treatment of Inner Walls.

Carbon nanotubes are a significant class of nanomaterials with distinctive properties that have led to their application in a variety of fields, such as polymer composites, medicine, electronics, and material science. However, their nonpolar nature and insolubility in polar solvents limit their applications. To address this issue, highly functionalized and water-soluble double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs) were developed by selectively oxidizing the inner walls of the DWNTs using oleum and nitric acid. The impact of reaction time on the chemical functionalization of DWNTs was investigated under two different reaction durations of 2 and 24 h. The presence of highly oxygenated functional groups resulted in high water solubility, which was confirmed by high- and low-frequency Raman spectroscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method, and optical spectroscopy. The conductivity of highly water-soluble W-DWNTs (24 h) was 122.65 × 102 S cm-1. After annealing for 12 h at 140 °C, the W-DWNTs retained 72% of their conductivity (88.79 × 102 S cm-1).

Thermodynamics of Linear Carbon Chains.

Linear carbon chains (LCCs) are one-dimensional materials with unique properties, including high Debye temperatures and restricted selection rules for phonon interactions. Consequently, their Raman C-band frequency's temperature dependence is a probe to their thermal properties, which are well described within the Debye formalism even at room temperatures. Therefore, with the basis on a semiempirical approach we show how to use the C band to evaluate the LCCs' internal energy, heat capacity, coefficient of thermal expansion, thermal strain, and Grüneisen parameter, providing universal relations for these quantities in terms of the number of carbons atoms and the temperature.

New Insights in the Natural Organic Matter Fouling Mechanism of Polyamide and Nanocomposite Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes-Polyamide Membranes.

Polyamide (PA) membranes comprise most of the reverse osmosis membranes currently used for desalination and water purification. However, their fouling mechanisms with natural organic matter (NOM) is still not completely understood. In this work, we studied three different types of PA membranes: a laboratory made PA, a commercial PA, and a multiwalled carbon nanotube (CNT-PA nanocomposite membrane during cross-flow measurements by NaCl solutions including NOM, humic acid (HA), or alginate, respectively). Molecular dynamic simulations were also used to understand the fouling process of NOM down to its molecular scale. Low molecular weight humic acid binds to the surface cavities on the PA structures that leads to irreversible adsorption induced by the high surface roughness. In addition, the larger alginate molecules show a different mechanism, due to their larger size and their ability to change shape from the globule type to the uncoiled state. Specifically, alginate molecules either bind through Ca2+ bridges or they uncoil and spread on the surface. This work shows that carbon nanotubes can help to decrease roughness and polymer mobility on the surfaces of the membranes at the molecular scale, which represents a novel method to design antifouling membranes.

Ultrasensitive gas detection of large-area boron-doped graphene.

Heteroatom doping is an efficient way to modify the chemical and electronic properties of graphene. In particular, boron doping is expected to induce a p-type (boron)-conducting behavior to pristine (nondoped) graphene, which could lead to diverse applications. However, the experimental progress on atomic scale visualization and sensing properties of large-area boron-doped graphene (BG) sheets is still very scarce. This work describes the controlled growth of centimeter size, high-crystallinity BG sheets. Scanning tunneling microscopy and spectroscopy are used to visualize the atomic structure and the local density of states around boron dopants. It is confirmed that BG behaves as a p-type conductor and a unique croissant-like feature is frequently observed within the BG lattice, which is caused by the presence of boron-carbon trimers embedded within the hexagonal lattice. More interestingly, it is demonstrated for the first time that BG exhibits unique sensing capabilities when detecting toxic gases, such as NO2 and NH3, being able to detect extremely low concentrations (e.g., parts per trillion, parts per billion). This work envisions that other attractive applications could now be explored based on as-synthesized BG.

Distorted Graphene Sheet Structure-Derived Latent Nanoporosity.

High surface area graphene monoliths consist mainly of single graphene layers wider than 10 nm. The interlayer porosity of high temperature treated nanoporous graphene monoliths with tuned intergraphene layer structures is evaluated by hybrid analysis of Ar adsorption at 87 K, N2 adsorption at 77 K, high resolution transmission electron microscopic observation, and small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) measurements. SAXS analysis results in surface areas that are 1.4 and 4.5 times larger than those evaluated by Ar adsorption for graphene monoliths nontreated and treated at 2273 K, respectively. A distorted graphene sheet structure model is proposed for the high surface area graphene monoliths on the basis of the hybrid analysis.

Aqueous nanosilica dispersants for carbon nanotube.

Nanosilicas can disperse single-wall carbon nanotube (SWCNT) in aqueous solution efficiently; SWCNTs are stably dispersed in aqueous media for more than 6 months. The SWCNT dispersing solution with nanosilica can produce highly conductive transparent films which satisfy the requirements for application to touch panels. Even multiwall carbon nanotube can be dispersed easily in aqueous solution. The highly stable dispersion of SWCNTs in the presence of nanosilica is associated with charge transfer interaction which generates effective charges on the SWCNT particles, giving rise to electrostatic repulsion between the SWCNTs in the aqueous solution. Adhesion of charged nanosilicas on SWCNTs in the aqueous solution and a marked depression of the S11 peak of optical absorption spectrum of the SWCNT with nanosilicas suggest charge transfer interaction of nanosilicas with SWCNT. Thus-formed isolated SWCNTs are fixed on the flexible three-dimensional silica jelly structure in the aqueous solution, leading to the uniform and stable dispersion of SWCNTs.

Low interfacial contact resistance of Al-graphene composites via interface engineering.

Al-based composites incorporating multilayered graphene sheets were developed via a facile approach. The multilayered graphene sheets were fabricated from the expanded graphite via a simple mechanical exfoliation process. The facile extrusion molding process with Al powder and graphene sheets exfoliated from expended graphite afforded Al-based graphene composite rods. These composites showed enhanced thermal conductivity compared to the pristine Al rods. Moreover, the Al-based multilayered graphene sheet composites exhibited lower interfacial contact resistance between graphene-based electrodes than the pristine Al. With increasing degrees of dispersion, the number of exposed graphene sheets increases, thereby significantly decreasing the interfacial contact resistance between the composite and external graphite electrode.

Differentiation of chemical reaction activity of various carbon nanotubes using redox potential: Classification by physical and chemical structures.

The present study systematically examined the kinetics of a hydroxyl radical scavenging reaction of various carbon nanotubes (CNTs) including double-walled and multi-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNTs and MWCNTs), and carbon nano peapods (AuCl3@DWCNT). The theoretical model that we recently proposed based on the redox potential of CNTs was used to analyze the experimental results. The reaction kinetics for DWCNTs and thin MWCNTs agreed well with the theoretical model and was consistent with each other. On the other hand, thin and thick MWCNTs behaved differently, which was consistent with the theory. Additionally, surface morphology of CNTs substantially influenced the reaction kinetics, while the doped particles in the center hollow parts of CNTs (AuCl3@DWCNT) shifted the redox potential in a different direction. These findings make it possible to predict the chemical and biological reactivity of CNTs based on the structural and chemical nature and their influence on the redox potential.

Radical scavenging reaction kinetics with multiwalled carbon nanotubes.

Progress in the development of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) has stimulated great interest among industries providing new applications. Meanwhile, toxicological evaluations on nanomaterials are advancing leading to a predictive exposure limit for CNTs, which implies the possibility of designing safer CNTs. To pursue safety by design, the redox potential in reactions with CNTs has been contemplated recently. However, the chemical reactivity of CNTs has not been explored kinetically, so that there is no scheme to express a redox reaction with CNTs, though it has been investigated and reported. In addition, the reactivity of CNTs is discussed with regard to impurities that consist of transition metals in CNTs, which obfuscates the contribution of CNTs to the reaction. The present work aimed at modeling CNT scavenging in aqueous solution using a kinetic approach and a simple first-order reaction scheme. The results show that CNTs follow the redox reaction assumption in a simple chemical system. As a result, the reaction with multiwalled CNTs is semi-quantitatively denoted as redox potential, which suggests that their biological reactions may also be evaluated using a redox potential scheme.

Rice husk-derived graphene with nano-sized domains and clean edges.

A new synthetic method is demonstrated for transforming rice husks into bulk amounts of graphene through its calcination and chemical activation. The bulk sample consists of crystalline nano-sized graphene and corrugated individual graphene sheets; the material generally contains one, two, or a few layers, and corrugated graphene domains are typically observed in monolayers containing topological defects within the hexagonal lattice and edges. Both types of graphenes exhibit atomically smooth surfaces and edges.

Promotion of lung adenocarcinoma following inhalation exposure to multi-walled carbon nanotubes.

BACKGROUND: Engineered carbon nanotubes are currently used in many consumer and industrial products such as paints, sunscreens, cosmetics, toiletries, electronic processes and industrial lubricants. Carbon nanotubes are among the more widely used nanoparticles and come in two major commercial forms, single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) and the more rigid, multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). The low density and small size of these particles makes respiratory exposures likely. Many of the potential health hazards have not been investigated, including their potential for carcinogenicity. We, therefore, utilized a two stage initiation/promotion protocol to determine whether inhaled MWCNT act as a complete carcinogen and/or promote the growth of cells with existing DNA damage. Six week old, male, B6C3F1 mice received a single intraperitoneal (ip) injection of either the initiator methylcholanthrene(MCA, 10 µg/g BW, i.p.), or vehicle (corn oil). One week after i.p. injections, mice were exposed by inhalation to MWCNT (5 mg/m³, 5 hours/day, 5 days/week) or filtered air (controls) for a total of 15 days. At 17 months post-exposure, mice were euthanized and examined for lung tumor formation. RESULTS: Twenty-three percent of the filtered air controls, 26.5% of the MWCNT-exposed, and 51.9% of the MCA-exposed mice, had lung bronchiolo-alveolar adenomas and lung adenocarcinomas. The average number of tumors per mouse was 0.25, 0.81 and 0.38 respectively. By contrast, 90.5% of the mice which received MCA followed by MWCNT had bronchiolo-alveolar adenomas and adenocarcinomas with an average of 2.9 tumors per mouse 17 months after exposure. Indeed, 62% of the mice exposed to MCA followed by MWCNT had bronchiolo-alveolar adenocarcinomas compared to 13% of the mice that received filtered air, 22% of the MCA-exposed, or 14% of the MWCNT-exposed. Mice with early morbidity resulting in euthanasia had the highest rate of metastatic disease. Three mice exposed to both MCA and MWCNT that were euthanized early had lung adenocarcinoma with evidence of metastasis (5.5%). Five mice (9%) exposed to MCA and MWCNT and 1 (1.6%) exposed to MCA developed serosal tumors morphologically consistent with sarcomatous mesotheliomas, whereas mice administered MWCNT or air alone did not develop similar neoplasms. CONCLUSIONS: These data demonstrate that some MWCNT exposures promote the growth and neoplastic progression of initiated lung cells in B6C3F1 mice. In this study, the mouse MWCNT lung burden of 31.2 µg/mouse approximates feasible human occupational exposures. Therefore, the results of this study indicate that caution should be used to limit human exposures to MWCNT.

Rapid water transportation through narrow one-dimensional channels by restricted hydrogen bonds.

Water plays an important role in controlling chemical reactions and bioactivities. For example, water transportation through water channels in a biomembrane is a key factor in bioactivities. However, molecular-level mechanisms of water transportation are as yet unknown. Here, we investigate water transportation through narrow and wide one-dimensional (1D) channels on the basis of water-vapor adsorption rates and those determined by molecular dynamics simulations. We observed that water in narrow 1D channels was transported 3-5 times faster than that in wide 1D channels, although the narrow 1D channels provide fewer free nanospaces for water transportation. This rapid transportation is attributed to the formation of fewer hydrogen bonds between water molecules adsorbed in narrow 1D channels. The water-transportation mechanism provides the possibility of rapid communication through 1D channels and will be useful in controlling reactions and activities in water systems.

Surface modification of electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride nanofiber membrane by plasma treatment for protein detection.

Electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) nanofiber membranes have 3-dementional (3-D) open pore channel and hence have excellent application potential in Western blot. In this study we have modified electrospun PVDF nanofiber membrane by argon (Ar) plasma treatment to improve the surface hydrophilic and detection sensitivity. The results showed that the detection sensitivity of the Ar plasma-treated PVDF nanofiber membrane increased with increasing plasma treatment time without the need for a methanol pre-wet step. This suggests that the Ar plasma treated PVDF nanofiber membrane can be useful in Western blot with high sensitivity and without methanol pre-wet step.

Investigation of the pulmonary bioactivity of double-walled carbon nanotubes.

Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNT) are a rather new and unexplored variety of carbon nanotubes. Previously conducted studies established that exposure to a variety of carbon nanotubes produced lung inflammation and fibrosis in mice after pharyngeal aspiration. However, the bioactivity of double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWCNT) has not been determined. In this study, the hypothesis that DWCNT would induce pulmonary toxicity was explored by analyzing the pulmonary bioactivity of DWCNT. To test this hypothesis, C57Bl/6 mice were exposed to DWCNT by pharyngeal aspiration. Mice underwent whole-lung lavage (WLL) to assess pulmonary inflammation and injury, and lung tissue was examined histologically for development of pulmonary disease as a function of dose and time. The results showed that DWCNT exposure produced a dose-dependent increase in WLL polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN), indicating that DWCNT exposure initiated pulmonary inflammation. DWCNT exposure also produced a dose-dependent rise in lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity, as well as albumin levels, in WLL fluid, indicating that DWCNT exposure promoted cytotoxicity as well as decreases in the integrity of the blood-gas barrier in the lung, respectively. In addition, at 7 and 56 d postexposure, the presence of significant alveolitis and fibrosis was noted in mice exposed to 40 µg/mouse DWCNT. In conclusion, this study provides insight into previously uninvestigated pulmonary bioactivity of DWCNT exposure. Data indicate that DWCNT exposure promotes inflammation, injury, and fibrosis in the lung.

Formation of CO(x)-free H2 and cup-stacked carbon nanotubes over nano-Ni dispersed single wall carbon nanohorns.

Transitional metals (M) were dispersed on single-wall carbon nanohorns (M/SWCNHs, M = Fe, Co, Ni, Cu) by simple thermal treatment of the deposited metal nitrate without H(2) reduction. Nanometallic Ni particles on SWCNH were evidenced by high-resolution transmission electron microscopic observation and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The nano-Ni dispersed on SWCNH showed the highest CH(4) decomposition activity; the activity of used transitional metals decreases in the order Ni ≫ Co > Fe ≫ Cu. On the other hand, the reaction rate over Ni/SWCNH was much larger than that over Ni/Al(2)O(3), and the former provided CO(x)-free H(2) and cup-stacked carbon nanotubes, while Ni/Al(2)O(3) produced CO(x) in addition to H(2). SWCNH was superior to Al(2)O(3) as the catalyst support of Ni for the CH(4) decomposition reaction.

Sharp burnout failure observed in high current-carrying double-walled carbon nanotube fibers.

We report on the current-carrying capability and the high-current-induced thermal burnout failure modes of 5-20 µm diameter double-walled carbon nanotube (DWNT) fibers made by an improved dry-spinning method. It is found that the electrical conductivity and maximum current-carrying capability for these DWNT fibers can reach up to 5.9 × 10(5) S m(-1) and over 1 × 10(5) A cm(-2) in air. In comparison, we observed that standard carbon fiber tended to be oxidized and burnt out into cheese-like morphology when the maximum current was reached, while DWNT fiber showed a much slower breakdown behavior due to the gradual burnout in individual nanotubes. The electron microscopy observations further confirmed that the failure process of DWNT fibers occurs at localized positions, and while the individual nanotubes burn they also get aligned due to local high temperature and electrostatic field. In addition a finite element model was constructed to gain better understanding of the failure behavior of DWNT fibers.

Fabrication of transparent, tough, and conductive shape-memory polyurethane films by incorporating a small amount of high-quality graphene.

We report a mechanically strong, electrically and thermally conductive, and optically transparent shape-memory polyurethane composite which was fabricated by introducing a small amount (0.1 wt%) of high-quality graphene as a filler. Geometrically large (≈4.6 µm(2)), but highly crystallized few-layer graphenes, verified by Raman spectroscopy and transmission electron microscopy, were prepared by the sonication of expandable graphite in an organic solvent. Oxygen- containing functional groups at the edge plane of graphene were crucial for an effective stress transfer from the graphene to polyurethane. Homogeneously dispersed few-layered graphene enabled polyurethane to have a high shape recovery force of 1.8 MPa cm(-3). Graphene, which is intrinsically stretchable up to 10%, will enable high-performance composites to be fabricated at relatively low cost and we thus envisage that such composites may replace carbon nanotubes for various applications in the near future.

Selective probe of the morphology and local vibrations at carbon nanoasperities.

We introduce a way to selectively probe local vibration modes at nanostructured asperities such as tips of carbon nanohorns. Our observations benefit from signal amplification in surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) at sites near a silver surface. We observe nanohorn tip vibration modes in the range 200-500 cm(-1), which are obscured in regular Raman spectra. Ab initio density functional calculations assign modes in this frequency range to local vibrations at the nanohorn cap resembling the radial breathing mode of fullerenes. Careful interpretation of our SERS spectra indicates presence of caps with 5 or 6 pentagons, which are chemically the most active sites. Changes in the peak intensities and frequencies with time indicate that exposure to laser irradiation may cause structural rearrangements at the cap.

Fabrication of Ni compound nanocrystal/nanocarbon composites by cooling of chloride-based fluxes.

Unique Ni compound nanocrystals were successfully grown on carbon nanotubes (CNTs) by cooling a mixed chloride flux. Cup-stacked CNTs (CSCNTs) were used as the nanocarbon materials because of their structural features. The grown nanocrystals had a nanosheet structure, which was densely assembled and had a ribbon-like morphology. Therefore, the nanocrystal/CSCNT composites were expected to have a highly active surface area for the catalyst composites. The selected area electron diffraction pattern and the related radial intensity profiles indicated that the grown nanocrystals were Ni(OH)2. When the pristine CSCNTs were used as a starting material, the formation efficiency of the nanocrystal/CSCNT composites decreased because the pristine CSCNTs were not dispersed in the KCl-LiCl flux. Therefore, functionalization of the CSCNTs was carried out with VUV light irradiation. The dispersibility of the VUV light-treated CSCNTs increased in the KCl-LiCl flux in comparison with the pristine CSCNTs because oxygen-containing functional groups, such as -COOH and -CO, were introduced onto the surfaces of the CSCNTs.