Crossing birth and mortality data as a clue for prevalence of congenital diaphragmatic hernia in Sao Paulo State: A cross sectional study.

Background: Congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) is a severe embryological defect that causes pulmonary hypoplasia and hypertension. The prevalence and mortality rate of CDH varies around the world and little information is available about CDH in Latin America. Our aim was to estimate the general prevalence, mortality rate, prevalence of associated anomalies and features related to the outcomes of CDH in newborns from São Paulo state, Brazil. Methods: Population-based cross-sectional study based on data gathered from the Live Births Information System (SINASC) and the Mortality Information System (SIM) of children born in São Paulo state between January 1st, 2006, and December 31st, 2017. Findings: From 7,311,074 total survival discharges between 2006 and 2017, 1,155 were CDH-related, resulting in a prevalence rate of 1:6329 (95%CI = 1/6715 - 1/5984) and a mortality rate of 63·72% (95%CI = 60.95 - 66.50), 510 presented complex associated anomalies (44·15%). Maternal data showed higher prevalence among older mothers (older than 35 years old: 2·13 per 10,000) and, also, women with more years of schooling (higher than 12 years: 1·99 per 10,000). Presence of associated anomalies (95%CI = 5.69-11.10), 1-min Apgar (95%CI = 1.44-2.95), maternal schooling (95%CI = 1.06-2.43) and birth weight (95%CI = 1.04-2.26) were the most significant features associated with mortality. Interpretation: There was 1 CDH case for every 6329 newborns in São Paulo and the mortality rate among those cases was 63·72% - a high rate compared to other countries. Funding: This study didn't receive any specific grant from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not-for-profit sectors.

Prevalence of virological and serological markers of SARS-CoV-2 infection in the population of Ribeirão Preto, Southeast Brazil: an epidemiological survey.

INTRODUCTION: This epidemiological household survey aimed to estimate the prevalence of the current and past SARS-CoV-2 infections in Ribeirão Preto, a municipality of southeast Brazil. METHODS: The survey was conducted in two phases using a clustered sampling scheme. The first phase spanned May 1-3 and involved 709 participants. The second phase spanned June 11-14, 2020, and involved 646 participants. RESULTS: During the first phase, RT-PCR performed on nasopharyngeal swabs was positive at 0.14%. The serological tests were positive in 1.27% of the patients during the first phase and 2.79% during the second phase. People living in households with more than five members had a prevalence of 10.83% (95%CI: 1.58-74.27) higher than those living alone or with someone other. Considering the proportion of the positive serological test results with sex and age adjustments, approximately 2.37% (95%CI: 1.32-3.42) of the population had been cumulatively infected by mid-June 2020, which is equivalent to 16,670 people (95%CI: 9,267-24,074). Considering that 68 deaths from the disease in the residents of the city had been confirmed as at the date of the second phase of the survey, the infection fatality rate was estimated to be 0.41% (95%CI: 0.28-0.73). Our results suggest that approximately 88% of the cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection at the time of the survey were not reported to the local epidemiological surveillance service. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study provide in-depth knowledge of the COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil and are helpful for the preventive and decision-making policies of public managers.

What is the association between social capital and diabetes mellitus? A systematic review.

Social capital has been included as an element that could influence the self-perception of health, mortality and mental diseases. We systematically reviewed papers that studied the influence of social capital in the control of diabetes mellitus (DM). We included studies published up to Feb. 16, 2017, without restriction of time or year of publication. Quantitative studies were included since they presented one well-defined parameter to evaluate DM and specifically measured social capital. We used the PRISMA and STROBE guidelines to perform this review and to evaluate the quality of papers. Only three papers met the inclusion criteria. All studies adopted cross-sectional design. The population, the instruments used to measure social capital, and the statistical analysis were different among the papers. In conclusion, although social capital seems to be related to DM, more studies are necessary to understand which dimensions are more important in this association, if the association is the same at the individual or neighborhood level, and what kind of population in terms of education, poverty and culture would be more influenced by social capital in DM control.

Effectiveness of individual strategies for the empowerment of patients with diabetes mellitus: A systematic review with meta-analysis.

AIMS: To identify and evaluate the effectiveness of individual empowerment strategies in patients with diabetes mellitus (DM). METHODS: A systematic review was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, Science Direct and BVS. For meta-analysis and evaluation of Cochrane Risk and Bias, Revman V 5.2 software was used. RESULTS: Eleven studies of 1073 publications met the inclusion criteria. The strategies used were individual consultations, phone calls, sessions via a website and use of a booklet. Glycemic Hemoglobin (HbA1c) was used to evaluate the effectiveness of the strategies, and 45.4% of the studies also used the Diabetes Empowerment Scale. Five studies (45.5%) showed significant improvements in HbA1c reduction, improvements in self-efficacy (18.2%), knowledge levels of DM (18.2%), quality of life (18.2%). However, after meta-analysis, no statistically significant improvement was found for HbA1c. CONCLUSION: This systematic review showed that individual strategies for DM empowerment were not effective in reducing HbA1c, despite contributing to improvements in psychosocial parameters. Therefore, individual strategies need to be reviewed so that they become effective in DM control.

Cardiovascular Risk in Xavante Indigenous Population.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors is little known in Brazilian indigenous populations. In the last two decades, important changes have occurred in the lifestyle and epidemiological profile of the Xavante people. OBJECTIVE: to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Xavante adults in São Marcos and Sangradouro/Volta Grande reserves, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. METHODS: Cross-sectional study carried out with 925 Xavante people aged ≥ 20 years between 2008 and 2012. The following indicators were assessed: triglycerides (TG), total, LDL and HDL-cholesterol, Castelli index I and II, TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio, apo B / Apo A1 ratio, Framingham risk score, C-reactive protein, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hypertriglyceridemic waist (HW), glycemia and blood pressure. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Student's t test and Chi-square test (χ2) were used for statistical analysis, and significance level was set at 5%. RESULTS: High prevalence of elevated cardiovascular risk was observed in men and women according to HDL-cholesterol (66.2% and 86.2%, respectively), TG (53.2% and 51.5%), TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio (60.0% and 49.1%), C-reactive protein (44.1% and 48.1%), BMI (81.3% and 81.7%), WC (59.1% and 96.2%), HW (38.0% and 50,6%) and glycemia (46.8% and 70.2%). Individuals aged 40 to 59 years had the highest cardiovascular risk. CONCLUSIONS: The Xavante have a high cardiovascular risk according to several indicators evaluated. The present analysis of cardiovascular risk factors provides support for the development of preventive measures and early treatment, in attempt to minimize the impact of cardiovascular diseases on this population.

Knowledge and practices related to dengue and its vector: a community-based study from Southeast Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: This study investigated the knowledge of users of primary healthcare services living in Ribeirão Preto, Brazil, about dengue and its vector. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey of 605 people was conducted following a major dengue outbreak in 2013. RESULTS: Participants with higher levels of education were more likely to identify correctly the vector of the disease. CONCLUSIONS: The results emphasize the relevance of health education programs, the continuous promotion of educational campaigns in the media, the role of the television as a source of information, and the importance of motivating the population to control the vector.

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in the Brazilian Xavante indigenous population.

BACKGROUND: The raising prevalence of weight excess and of non-communicable diseases in indigenous populations, as well as changes in food consumption and reduction in the frequency and intensity of physical activity, suggest that the prevalence of metabolic syndrome (MS) is also elevated. The objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of MS and the frequency of its components in the Xavante adult population living in the Indian reservations of São Marcos and Sangradouro/Volta Grande, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 932 Xavante Indians aged 20 years or more, in the 2008-2012 period. The variables analysed were gender, age, weight, height, waist circumference, blood pressure, initial and 2-h capillary glycemia in a 75 g OGTT, levels of triglycerides and HDL-cholesterol. The diagnostic criteria for MS proposed by the IDF and AHA/NHLBI were used. RESULTS: The prevalence of MS was 66.1 % (95 % CI 63.0-69.2), being 76.2 % (95 % CI 72.4-80.0) in women and 55.6 % (95 % CI 51.0-60.2) in men. Women had higher prevalence of MS in all age groups. Elevated waist circumference and lower levels of HDL-cholesterol were the more frequent components in those with MS, and elevated blood pressure was the less frequent. CONCLUSIONS: The high prevalence of MS in the Xavante Indians is mainly due to the increased prevalence of weight excess that resulted from an intense change in their life-style, in a short period of time in a population with a genetic predisposition. These findings highlight the magnitude of this health problem and make an alert about the necessity to implement specific preventive interventions.

Cardiovascular Risk in Xavante Indigenous Population / Risco Cardiovascular na População Indígena Xavante

Abstract Background: The prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors is little known in Brazilian indigenous populations. In the last two decades, important changes have occurred in the lifestyle and epidemiological profile of the Xavante people. Objective: to assess the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in Xavante adults in São Marcos and Sangradouro/Volta Grande reserves, in the state of Mato Grosso, Brazil. Methods: Cross-sectional study carried out with 925 Xavante people aged ≥ 20 years between 2008 and 2012. The following indicators were assessed: triglycerides (TG), total, LDL and HDL-cholesterol, Castelli index I and II, TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio, apo B / Apo A1 ratio, Framingham risk score, C-reactive protein, body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), hypertriglyceridemic waist (HW), glycemia and blood pressure. Kolmogorov-Smirnov, Student's t test and Chi-square test (χ2) were used for statistical analysis, and significance level was set at 5%. Results: High prevalence of elevated cardiovascular risk was observed in men and women according to HDL-cholesterol (66.2% and 86.2%, respectively), TG (53.2% and 51.5%), TG/HDL-cholesterol ratio (60.0% and 49.1%), C-reactive protein (44.1% and 48.1%), BMI (81.3% and 81.7%), WC (59.1% and 96.2%), HW (38.0% and 50,6%) and glycemia (46.8% and 70.2%). Individuals aged 40 to 59 years had the highest cardiovascular risk. Conclusions: The Xavante have a high cardiovascular risk according to several indicators evaluated. The present analysis of cardiovascular risk factors provides support for the development of preventive measures and early treatment, in attempt to minimize the impact of cardiovascular diseases on this population.

Resumo Fundamento: A prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular ainda é pouco estudada em populações indígenas brasileiras. Nas duas últimas décadas, observaram- se importantes mudanças no estilo de vida e no perfil epidemiológico dos Xavante. Objetivo: Avaliar a prevalência de fatores de risco cardiovascular na população adulta Xavante das Reservas Indígenas de São Marcos e Sangradouro/Volta Grande - MT. Métodos: Estudo transversal realizado com 925 indígenas Xavante com 20 ou mais anos de idade, no período de 2008 a 2012. Foram considerados os indicadores: níveis séricos de triglicérides (TG), colesterol (total, LDL e HDL), Índices de Castelli I (CT/HDL-c) e II (LDL-c/HDL-c), razão TG/HDL-C, relação Apo B/Apo A1, escore de Framingham, proteína C reativa (PCR), Índice de Massa Corporal (IMC), circunferência da cintura (CC), cintura hipertrigliceridêmica (CH), glicemia e pressão arterial. Foram utilizados os testes Kolmogorov-Smirnov, t de Student e Qui quadrado (χ2), sendo considerado um nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Verificaram-se altas prevalências de risco cardiovascular elevado, em homens e mulheres, respectivamente, segundo os indicadores HDL-colesterol (66,2% e 86,2%), TG (53,2% e 51,5%), razão TG/HDL-c (60,0% e 49,1%), PCR (44,1% e 48,1%), IMC (81,3% e 81,7%), CC (59,1% e 96,2%), CH (38,0% e 50,6%) e glicemia (46,8% e 70,2%). Os indivíduos de 40 a 59 anos foram os que apresentaram maior risco cardiovascular. Conclusões: Os Xavante apresentam elevado risco cardiovascular segundo vários indicadores avaliados. Este inquérito fornece subsídios para ações de prevenção e tratamento precoce, a fim de minimizar os potenciais danos causados por doenças cardiovasculares entre os Xavante.

Consumo alimentar de pacientes com diabetes mellitustipo 2 de Ribeirão Preto / Food intake by patients of Ribeirão Preto with diabetes mellitustype 2

O consumo alimentar adequado é de grande importância para pacientes com Diabetes Mellitus tipo 2 (DM2) por controlaros níveis glicêmicos e evitar complicações. Diante disso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar as variáveis associadas ao consumo alimentar de pacientes com DM2 cadastrados em Unidades de Saúde da Família (USF), da cidade de Ribeirão Preto-SP. Este é um estudo descritivo do tipo inquérito, com amostra constituída por 100 indivíduos cadastrados em Unidades de Saúde da Família, da cidade de Ribeirão Preto-SP. Para avaliação do consumo alimentar utilizou-se o Questionário de Frequência de Consumo Alimentar. Aplicou-se o Odds Ratio para verificar associações entre as variáveis sociodemográficas, de acesso ao serviço de saúde e o consumo alimentar. Foram analisados os dados por meio detestes estatísticos, com erro tipo I igual a 5% (IC 95%). Dos 100 participantes, 64% eram do sexo feminino, a média de idade dos participantes foi de 66,7 anos, com predomínio de brancos (78%), casados (58%), com ensino fundamental incompleto (56%). Foi encontrada associação entre o consumo adequado de macronutrientes e escolaridade (OR: 0,29;IC: 0,11; 0,73), e ter convenio de saúde privado (OR:0,13; IC:0,03; 0,51). No que se refere à quantidade de carboidratos,proteínas e lipídeos, 64%, 60% e 81% dos entrevistados, respectivamente, consomem quantidades adequadas; com r lação às fibras 79% consomem mais que 20 gramas/dia. A média de Valor Calórico Total observada foi de 1500 kcale da Taxa Metabólica Basal foi de 1.619,5 kcal. Assim conclui-se que, grande parte dos pacientes consome a quantidade recomendada de macronutrientes, e o consumo adequado está associado ao maior nível de escolaridade e ter convênio de saúde privado

Proper food intake is very important for patients with diabetes mellitus type 2 (DM2) for controlling blood sugar levels andpreventing complications. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the variables associated with the food consumptionof patients with DM2, registered in Unidades de Saúde da Família (USF) of Ribeirão Preto city (São Paulo state, Brazil).This is a survey-type descriptive study, with a sample of 100 individuals who are registered in Unidades de Saúde da Família, of Ribeirão Preto city. Food consumption was evaluated using the Food Frequency Questionnaire. The OddsRatio was applied to verify association between the sociodemographic variables of access to a health service, and foodconsumption. The data were analyzed by statistical tests, with a type-I error of 5 % (95 % confidence interval, CI). Womancomprised 64 % of the population studied. The subjects averaged 66.7 years of age, were predominantly white (78 %),married (58 %), with an incomplete basic education (56 %). We found a significant correlation between macronutrientconsumption and schooling level (OR: 0.29; CI: 0.11; 0.73), and having private health insurance (OR:0.13; IC:0.03; 0.51).Concerning the uptake of carbohydrates, proteins and lipids, 64 %, 60 % and 81 % of the population, respectively,consumed properly; furthermore, 79 % of the subjects consume more than 20 g of fiber daily. The average total caloricvalue was 1500 Kcal, and the basal metabolic rate was 1,619.5 Kcal. Thus, it follows that the majority of the patientsconsume the recommended amount of macronutrients, and their behavior is closely related to a higher level of educationand having private health insurance

Perfil e trajetória profissional dos egressos da residência em medicina de família e comunidade do estado de São Paulo / Profile and professional career of graduates from the São Paulo state family and community medicine residency programs

Objetivo: O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar o perfil e a trajetória profissional dos egressos dos Programas de Residência em Medicina de Família e Comunidade do Estado de São Paulo. Métodos: Estudo descritivo, transversal, de abordagem quantitativa, que caracterizou o perfil dos 129 médicos residentes egressos de 17 Programas de Residência em Medicina de Família e Comunidade (PRMFC) do Estado de São Paulo que finalizaram a residência entre 2000 e 2009. Resultados: Dos 234 residentes, (129) 55,1% responderam ao questionário da pesquisa. A maioria (96,9%) era brasileira, natural do Estado de São Paulo (71,2%); 58,1% eram mulheres; 88,4% referiram ter até 39 anos; 89,1% moravam em grandes centros urbanos, tendendo a se fixar mais no Estado de São Paulo (80,0%), onde realizaram a residência médica. Os médicos atuavam na área de Medicina de Família e Comunidade (74,0%), 49,6% ligados à Estratégia Saúde da Família. A permanência na área foi mais favorável entre aqueles que, ao terminarem a graduação, desejavam ser médicos de família (77,6%) em relação aos que não o desejavam (63,6%). Quase a metade dos egressos informou ter dois ou três postos de trabalho e 99,2% continuaram sua formação acadêmica após o término da residência. Observou-se interesse na docência por 48,1% dos entrevistados, que referiram atuar no ensino de graduação e pós-graduação stricto e lato sensu, como programas de residência médica, enquanto um terço referiu atividades de pesquisa. Conclusão: O entendimento mais aprofundado de quem são e de onde se encontram os profissionais preparados para atuar na Atenção Primária à Saúde pode contribuir para a construção da identidade dos médicos de família e, consequentemente, para o fortalecimento dessa especialidade médica. Os resultados do estudo apontaram uma perspectiva favorável da especialidade Medicina Geral de Família e Comunidade no Estado de São Paulo, que não pode ser generalizada para a realidade de um sistema de saúde tão desigual no País, mesmo considerando as melhorias promovidas pelas recentes medidas de regulação da gestão do SUS. A literatura consultada e comentada possibilita ver a potencialidade no campo da formação dos especialistas, mas a graduação tem uma latência maior para mostrar a efetividade dessas alterações.(AU)

Objective: The aim of this study was to characterize the profile and professional career of graduates from the São Paulo State residency programs in Family and Community Medicine. Methods: A descriptive, crosssectional study with a quantitative approach, which characterized the profile of the 234 graduating medical residents from 17 São Paulo State residency programs in Family and Community Medicine (PRMFC) who completed residency between 2000 and 2009. Results: Of the 234 residents, 55.1% responded to the survey questionnaire, the majority (96.9%) were Brazilian, born in the state of São Paulo (71.2%), 58.1% were women; 88.4% were 39 years of age or younger, 89.1% lived in large urban centers and they tended to settle in the state of São Paulo (80.0%), where the residency was conducted. The doctors worked in the area of Family and Community Medicine (74.0%); 49.6% related to the Family Health Strategy. Staying in the area was favored more by those who, upon graduating, wanted to be family doctors (77.6%) than thos who did not (63.6%). Almost half of the graduates reported having two or three jobs and 99.2% continued their education after the residence. Interest in teaching was observed among 48.1% of the respondents who reported teaching in undergraduate and graduate courses, including medical residency programs, while a third of the respondents reported conducting research activities. Conclusion: A better understanding of the profile and whereabouts of trained primary health care professionals can contribute towards constructing an identity for family doctors, thereby strengthening this medical specialty. The study results indicate a favorable outlook for the Community and Family Medicine speciality in São Paulo, however this cannot be generalized for such an unequal health system in Brazil, even considering the improvements brought about by recent SUS management regulation measures. The literature reviewed and discussed shed light on the potential in the field of specialist training, but for undergraduate training, the effectiveness of these changes takes longer to become apparent.(AU)

Uma agenda de pesquisa para a Atenção Primária à Saúde no estado de São Paulo, Brasil: o estudo ELECT / A research agenda for Primary Health Care in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil: the ELECT study / Una agenda de investigación para la Atención Primaria de Salud en el estado de Sao Paulo, Brasil: el estudio ELECT

A consolidação da Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS) requer políticas públicas embasadas por evidências científicas. Este artigo apresenta o estudo ELECT, cujo objetivo foi identificar temas prioritários de pesquisa para a fortalecimento da APS no estado de São Paulo, Brasil. Com a participação de especialistas e de um grupo focal com usuários, foi obtida uma lista com os vinte principais obstáculos, bem como dez temas de pesquisa prioritários, na APS. Os resultados apontam para problemas e temas de pesquisas relacionados à: organização da gestão, capacitação de profissionais e gestores, valorização profissional, criação de mecanismos de colaboração entre equipes de saúde e informatização dos recursos. Espera-se, assim, estimular o debate no contexto da APS sobre o papel da priorização de pesquisas, seus obstáculos e proposições de pesquisa. Almeja-se, também, estimular a adoção de modelos mais participativos de seleção de temas de pesquisa.(AU)

The consolidation of Primary Health Care (PHC) requires public policies based on scientific evidence. This paper presents the ELECT study, aimed to identify priority research themes for strengthening PHC in the state of Sao Paulo, Brazil. A list of the twenty main obstacles and ten priority research themes in PHC were obtained with participation of specialists and a focus group with users. The results point to problems and research issues related to organizational management, training of professionals and managers, professional development, creation of cooperation mechanisms between health teams and computerization of resources. It is expected to stimulate debate in the context of the PHC on the role of research prioritization, its obstacles and research propositions. It also aims to encourage the adoption of more participatory models of selection of research topics.(AU)

La solidificación de la Atención Primaria de Salud (APS) requiere políticas públicas con base en evidencias científicas. Este artículo presenta el estudio ELECT, cuyo objetivo fue identificar temas prioritarios de investigación para el fortalecimiento de la APS en el estado de São Paulo. Con la participación de especialistas y de un grupo de opinión formado por usuarios, se obtuvo una lista con los veinte principales obstáculos, así como diez temas de investigación prioritarios en la APS. Los resultados señalan problemas y temas de investigación relacionados a la organización de la gestión, la capacitación de profesionales y gestores, la valorización profesional, la creación de mecanismos de colaboración entre equipos de salud e informatización de los recursos. Se espera por lo tanto incentivar el debate en el contexto de la APS sobre el papel de la priorización de investigaciones, sus obstáculos y propuestas de investigación. Se anhela también incentivar la adopción de modelos más participativos de selección de temas de investigación.(AU)

Estudo indireto sobre as práticas de prescrição de médicos de Curitiba, Paraná / Indirect study about the prescription practices of physicians from Curitiba, Paraná

Os medicamentos são um recurso terapêutico que vem ganhando cada vez mais importância no tratamento dos pacientes, o que tem feito várias instituições nacionais e internacionais implementarem esforços no sentido do estímulo a boas práticas de prescrição. Entretanto, várias influências têm levado médicos a adotarem práticas irracionais de prescrição, elevando custos cada vez mais e oferecendo riscos para a saúde dos doentes. Este estudo teve por objetivos descrever as práticas de prescrição de uma amostra de médicos de Curitiba, Paraná, a partir de respostas dadas a um questionário autoaplicado, bem como investigar se médicos atuando na Estratégia Saúde da Família (ESF) prescrevem de forma diferente dos que atuam em Unidades Básicas de Saúde (UBS) e em outros serviços e explorar o uso de um questionário autoaplicado para esse fim. Trata-se de um estudo transversal, com uma amostra de conveniência. Foram entrevistados 17 indivíduos em unidades da ESF, 22 em UBS, 5 em Hospital Universitário e 5 em Centro Clínico por meio de um questionário sobre dados demográficos e com 20 questões em uma escala Likert de 5 pontos que explorava ideias a respeito da prescrição de fármacos. O escore resultante foi comparado aos dados demográficos e foi constatado que médicos sem especialidade, médicos de família e comunidade, médicos da ESF, que atuam em apenas um local de trabalho, que se encontram nas faixas etárias entre 25 e 34 anos e entre 40 e 59 anos de idade e que se formaram entre os anos de 1985 a 1994 e entre 2005 e 2012 obtiveram escores maiores.

Medicines are therapeutic options which are gaining more and more importance in the treatment of patients, leading several national and international institutions to efforts in order to stimulate good prescribing practices. However, many influences have led physicians around the world to adopt irrational prescribing practices, leading to increasingly high costs and risks to patients' health. This study aimed to describe the prescribing practices of a sample of doctors from Curitiba, Paraná, from responses to a self-applied questionnaire as well as to investigate if doctors working in the Family Health Strategy may prescribe differently of those working in Basic Health Units and in other services and to explore the use of a self-applied questionnaire for this purpose. This is a cross-sectional study with a convenience sample. 17 individuals were interviewed in Family Health Units, 22 in Basic Health Units, 5 in the University Hospital and 5 in the Clinical Center through a questionnaire on demographic data and 20 questions in a 5-point Likert scale that explored ideas concerning drug prescription. The resulting score from these questions was compared to demographic data and it was found that doctors with no medical specialty, family and community physicians, those working in Family Health Units, those working in just one workplace, who are in the age groups between 25 and 34 years and between 40 and 59 years of age and who graduated between the years 1985 to 1994 and between 2005 and 2012 had higher scores.

A SARIMA forecasting model to predict the number of cases of dengue in Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: Forecasting dengue cases in a population by using time-series models can provide useful information that can be used to facilitate the planning of public health interventions. The objective of this article was to develop a forecasting model for dengue incidence in Campinas, southeast Brazil, considering the Box-Jenkins modeling approach. METHODS: The forecasting model for dengue incidence was performed with R software using the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model. We fitted a model based on the reported monthly incidence of dengue from 1998 to 2008, and we validated the model using the data collected between January and December of 2009. RESULTS: SARIMA (2,1,2) (1,1,1)12 was the model with the best fit for data. This model indicated that the number of dengue cases in a given month can be estimated by the number of dengue cases occurring one, two and twelve months prior. The predicted values for 2009 are relatively close to the observed values. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this article indicate that SARIMA models are useful tools for monitoring dengue incidence. We also observe that the SARIMA model is capable of representing with relative precision the number of cases in a next year.

Aprendizado eletrônico na formação multiprofissional em saúde: avaliação inicial / E-learning in multi-professional health training: an initial evaluation

O objetivo deste relato é apresentar, dentro da proposta do Programa Nacional de Reorientação da Formação Profissional em Saúde (Pró-Saúde), uma parte do projeto da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto (USP). Trata-se da estratégia de inserção das Tecnologias de Informação e Comunicação (TIC) no ensino de graduação extramuros da FMRP, que visa definir e implantar recursos tecnológicos de Aprendizado Eletrônico para apoiar atividades discentes e docentes, gestão da informação, educação continuada e segunda opinião formativa. A trajetória metodológica delineou tanto o processo de atendimento de parte das ações do eixo Cenário de Prática em Atenção Básica de saúde relativa ao processo de ampliação da rede de malha ótica, essencial para suporte às atividades de desenvolvimento do uso das TIC, quanto a abordagem qualitativa de um estudo exploratório sobre a utilização do Teleduc no primeiro ano do eixo de Atenção à Saúde da Comunidade (ASC) do curso de Medicina. Nesta investigação foram realizados dois grupos focais com aplicação de questionário estruturado a discentes e docentes.

As part of the proposal of the National Program for Reorientation of Professional Training in Health (Pró-Saúde), this report discusses the project at the Ribeirão Preto School of Medicine, University of São Paulo (FMRP/USP). The focus is a strategy for the inclusion of information and communication technologies in extramural undergraduate training at FMRP, aimed at defining and deploying e-learning technological resources to support student and faculty activities, information management, continuing education, and formative second opinion. The methodological approach designed both the process of covering part of the actions from the Setting for Practice in Primary Healthcare pertaining to expansion of the fiber optic network, essential for supporting and developing ICT use, and the qualitative approach of an exploratory study on the use of e-learning in the first year of the Community Healthcare course in the undergraduate medical program. The study used two focus groups and a structured questionnaire for students and faculty.

A SARIMA forecasting model to predict the number of cases of dengue in Campinas, State of São Paulo, Brazil / Um modelo SARIMA para predição do número de casos de dengue em Campinas, Estado de São Paulo

INTRODUCTION: Forecasting dengue cases in a population by using time-series models can provide useful information that can be used to facilitate the planning of public health interventions. The objective of this article was to develop a forecasting model for dengue incidence in Campinas, southeast Brazil, considering the Box-Jenkins modeling approach. METHODS: The forecasting model for dengue incidence was performed with R software using the seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) model. We fitted a model based on the reported monthly incidence of dengue from 1998 to 2008, and we validated the model using the data collected between January and December of 2009. RESULTS: SARIMA (2,1,2) (1,1,1)12 was the model with the best fit for data. This model indicated that the number of dengue cases in a given month can be estimated by the number of dengue cases occurring one, two and twelve months prior. The predicted values for 2009 are relatively close to the observed values. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this article indicate that SARIMA models are useful tools for monitoring dengue incidence. We also observe that the SARIMA model is capable of representing with relative precision the number of cases in a next year.

INTRODUÇÃO: A predição do número de casos de dengue em uma população utilizando modelos de series temporais pode trazer informações úteis para um melhor planejamento de intervenções públicas de saúde. O objetivo deste artigo é desenvolver um modelo capaz de descrever e predizer a incidência de dengue em Campinas, sudeste do Brasil, considerando a metodologia de Box e Jenkins. MÉTODOS: O modelo seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average (SARIMA) para os dados de incidência de dengue em Campinas, foi implementado no programa R. Ajustamos um modelo baseado na incidência mensal notificada da doença de 1998 a 2008 e validado pelos dados de janeiro a dezembro de 2009. RESULTADOS: O modelo SARIMA (2,1,2) (1,1,1)12 foi o mais adequado aos dados. Este modelo indicou que o número de casos de dengue em um dado mês pode ser estimado pelo número de casos ocorridos há um, dois e doze meses. Os valores preditos para 2009 são relativamente próximos aos valores observados. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados deste artigo indicam que os modelos SARIMA são ferramentas úteis para o monitoramento da incidência da dengue. Observamos ainda que o modelo SARIMA é capaz de representar com relativa precisão o número de casos de dengue em um ano consecutivo à série de dados usada no ajuste do modelo.

Adherence to drug treatment in hypertensive patients on the Family Health Program

The aim of the present study was to analyze adherence to drug treatment in hypertensive patients enrolled on the Family Health Program in Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo State. This transversal study was conducted between August and December 2006, in which 109 patients were interviewed using the Morisky and Green Test to measure adherence level to pharmacotherapy. Variables that may be related to adherence level were also investigated, such as demographic characteristics, health care team and health service related factors, and pharmacotherapy related factors. The test scores were analyzed by two criteria: patients were categorized as "more adherent" if they had a score from 3 to 4 (criterion 1) or a score of 4 (criterion 2); patients with other scores were categorized as less adherent. Of all patients, 79.8% and 43.1% were classified as "more adherent" according to criterion 1 and criterion 2, respectively. With regard to the possible causes of non-adherence to treatment, statistically significant (p<0.05) associations were identified between "trust in the doctor" or "number of antihypertensive drugs used" and the level of adherence, according to criterion 2. These results indicated adequate adherence levels to drug treatment by the patients, and highlighted the importance of professional/patient interaction, trust in the doctor and the attitude by health professionals toward users.

Este estudo teve como objetivo estudar a adesão ao tratamento farmacológico de pacientes hipertensos seguidos no Programa de Saúde da Família em Ribeirão Preto, SP. Realizou-se um estudo transversal entre agosto e dezembro de 2006, em que foram entrevistados 109 pacientes, utilizando-se o Teste de Morisky e Green para mensurar o grau de adesão ao tratamento. Variáveis que podem se relacionar com o grau de adesão também foram estudadas, tais como: características demográficas, fatores relacionados à equipe e ao serviço de saúde e à terapia medicamentosa. Os resultados do teste foram avaliados por dois critérios: os pacientes foram classificados como "mais aderentes" se apresentassem pontuação de 3 a 4 (critério 1) ou de 4 (critério 2); pacientes com outras pontuações foram classificados como "menos aderentes". Dos pacientes, 79,8% e 43,1% foram "mais aderentes" de acordo com os critérios 1 e 2, respectivamente. Em relação às possíveis causas da não adesão, observaram-se associações significativas (p<0,05) entre as variáveis "confiança no médico" ou "quantidade de medicamentos anti-hipertensivos que utiliza" e "grau de adesão", pelo critério 2. Os resultados do presente trabalho indicam que os pacientes apresentam graus satisfatórios de adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso, a importância da interação profissional/paciente, a confiança no médico e a atitude dos profissionais de saúde em relação ao usuário.

Características do uso de métodos anticoncepcionais no Estado de Säo Paulo / Aspects of anticontracenption methods used on Säo Paulo State, Brazil

OBJETIVO: Analisar dados coletados pela Pesquisa Nacional de Demografia e Saúde, de 1996, sobre o uso de métodos anticoncepcionais no Estado de Säo Paulo, Brasil. MÉTODOS: Os dados obtidos foram analisados comparativamente com os do Brasil e com os de outra pesquisa similar realizada em 1986. Foi examinado o uso de métodos anticoncepcionais entre mulheres näo-solteiras (casadas ou em coabitaçäo), focalizando-se idade, número de filhos, escolaridade, idade na esterilizaçäo feminina e momento da esterilizaçäo. Para análise estatística, utilizaram-se o teste t-Student e o teste näo-paramétrico de Kendall. RESULTADOS: Diferentemente do Brasil, houve estabilizaçäo dos índices de esterilizaçäo feminina no Estado de Säo Paulo no período estudado. Observou-se um mesmo padräo de uso de métodos no Brasil e em Säo Paulo: até os 30 anos, o método predominante foi a pílula; e, depois dos 30 anos, predominou a esterilizaçäo feminina, que aumenta com o número de filhos e diminui com a escolaridade. O uso de métodos masculinos aumentou nos últimos anos, sendo maior em Säo Paulo, que também apresenta maior diversidade no uso de métodos reversíveis. CONCLUSOES: Apesar das diferenças, o uso predominante de apenas dois métodos anticoncepcionais, em Säo Paulo e no Brasil, reflete distorçöes na oferta do planejamento familiar e na saúde reprodutiva no contexto da nova regulamentaçäo do planejamento familiar