Image features and clinical analysis of retroperitoneal pelvic schwannoma: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Schwannomas are benign usually encapsulated nerve sheath tumors derived from the Schwann cells, and affecting single or multiple nerves. The tumors commonly arise from the cranial nerves as acoustic neurinomas but they are extremely rare in the pelvis and the retroperitoneal area. Retroperitoneal pelvic schwannomas often present with non-specific symptoms leading to misdiagnosis and prolonged morbidity. CASE PRESENTATION: We report the case of a 59-year-old woman presenting with a feeling of heaviness in the lower abdomen who was found to have a retroperitoneal pelvic schwannoma originating from the right femoral nerve. She had a history of two resections of peripheral schwannomas at four different sites of limbs. After conducting magnetic resonance imaging, this pelvic schwannoma was misdiagnosed as a gynecological malignancy. The tumor was successfully removed by laparoscopic surgery. Pathological analysis of the mass revealed a benign schwannoma of the femoral nerve sheath with demonstrating strong, diffuse positivity for S-100 protein. CONCLUSIONS: Although retroperitoneal pelvic schwannoma is rare, it should be considered in the differential diagnosis of pelvic masses, especially in patients with a history of neurogenic mass or the presence of neurogenic mass elsewhere.

The application of risk models based on machine learning to predict endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer in patients with endometriosis.

INTRODUCTION: There is currently no satisfactory model for predicting malignant transformation of endometriosis. The aim of this study was to construct and evaluate a risk model incorporating noninvasive clinical parameters to predict endometriosis-associated ovarian cancer (EAOC) in patients with endometriosis. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We enrolled 6809 patients with endometriosis confirmed by pathology, and randomly allocated them to training (n = 4766) and testing cohorts (n = 2043). The proportion of patients with EAOC in each cohort was similar. We extracted a total of 94 demographic and clinicopathologic features from the medical records using natural language processing. We used a machine learning method - gradient-boosting decision tree - to construct a predictive model for EAOC and to evaluate the accuracy of the model. We also constructed a multivariate logistic regression model inclusive of the EAOC-associated risk factors using a back stepwise procedure. Then we compared the performance of the two risk-predicting models using DeLong's test. RESULTS: The occurrence of EAOC was 1.84% in this study. The logistic regression model comprised 10 selected features and demonstrated good discrimination in the testing cohort, with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.891 (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.821-0.960), sensitivity of 88.9%, and specificity of 76.7%. The risk model based on machine learning had an AUC of 0.942 (95% CI 0.914-0.969), sensitivity of 86.8%, and specificity of 86.7%. The machine learning-based risk model performed better than the logistic regression model in DeLong's test (p = 0.036). Furthermore, in a prospective dataset, the machine learning-based risk model had an AUC of 0.8758, a sensitivity of 94.4%, and a specificity of 73.8%. CONCLUSIONS: The machine learning-based risk model was constructed to predict EAOC and had high sensitivity and specificity. This model could be of considerable use in helping reduce medical costs and designing follow-up schedules.

A randomized controlled study of vaginal fractional CO2 laser therapy for female sexual dysfunction.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the efficacy and safety of vaginal fractional CO2 laser therapy for female sexual dysfunction (FSD). A total of 84 women at high risk of sexual dysfunction were randomly divided into two groups. Women in the laser group received vaginal fractional CO2 laser therapy. Others in the Kegel group were advised to participate in Kegel exercise training. Sexual distress and sexual function were evaluated by using the Female Sexual Distress Scale-Revised (FSDS-R) and the Chinese version Female Sexual Function Index (CVFSFI), respectively. Adverse events were recorded during the 12-month follow-up. At the end of the 6th and 12th months, the lubrication scores of the CVFSFI in the laser group (4.55±0.05, 4.58±0.09) were significantly higher than those in the Kegel group (4.19±0.15, 4.20±0.14) (P<0.05). The satisfaction scores in the laser group (4.43±0.08) were higher than those in the Kegel group (4.20±0.16) at the end of the 6th month (P<0.05). The self-contrast test in the laser group showed significant improvement in lubrication, pain, satisfaction and total scores after CO2 laser therapy (p<0.05). These improvements were maintained for 1 year. The improvement of FSDS-R in the laser group (10.0±0.2) was more evident than in the Kegel group (11.1±0.4) at the end of the 12th month. There were no major adverse events reported during laser therapy. Vaginal fractional CO2 laser therapy can effectively improve sexual function without any serious adverse events. It might be an effective and relatively safe treatment option for improving vaginal mucosa status in sexually active women with sexual dysfunction.

A prospective, open-label, single-arm study to evaluate the efficacy of dydrogesterone in the treatment of endometrial polyps.

OBJECT: To evaluate the efficacy of dydrogesterone for the treatment of premenopausal patients with endometrial polyps (EPs). METHODS: A single-center, open-label, prospective, single-arm clinical treatment trial was conducted in patients of reproductive age with EP(s). Patients were prescribed dydrogesterone from day 15 to day 24 of the menstrual cycle over a period of 3 months. At the 3-month follow-up, the efficacy of dydrogesterone was evaluated based on changes in self-report symptoms and ultrasonographic characteristics. The predictive factors of efficacy as well as the predictive value of the significant factors were also assessed. RESULTS: A total of 60 patients were included. Improvements in both symptoms and ultrasound findings occurred in 31 patients, achieving an efficacy rate of 51.67%. Of 41 patients with clinical presentations, 39 (95.1%) reported improvements in symptoms. In terms of ultrasound findings, 33 (55%) of patients demonstrated improvements. Significant decreases were observed in the mean endometrial thickness (1.17 ± 0.33 cm vs 0.90 ± 0.35 cm, p < .001) and polyp size (1.10 ± 0.34 cm vs 0.74 ± 0.65 cm, p = .001) after the application of dydrogesterone. Age (p = .006), polyp size (p = .006), and blood flow within polyps (p = .035) were significant predictors of dydrogesterone efficacy. These factors, when combined, demonstrated a good predictive value ([area under the curve (AUC)=0.81]). CONCLUSION: Dydrogesterone is effective in the management of EPs in premenopausal patients. Age, polyp size and blood flow should be taken into consideration when prescribing dydrogesterone for this population of women.

Preoperative clinical characteristics scoring system for differentiating uterine leiomyosarcoma from fibroid.

BACKGROUND: Morcellation may lead to intraperitoneal spread of tumor cells, thus making prognosis of undiagnosed uterine leiomyosarcoma (ULMS) worse. However, preoperative diagnosis of ULMS remains challenging. This study aimed to design a preoperative clinical characteristics scoring system for differentiating ULMS from uterine fibroid. METHODS: This study enrolled 45 ULMS patients and 180 uterine fibroid patients in Peking Union Medical College Hospital from January 2013 to December 2018. RESULTS: The incidence of occult ULMS was 0.59% (95% CI, 0.39-0.71%). Age ≥ 40 years old (OR 2.826, 95%CI 1.326-5.461), tumor size ≥7 cm (OR 6.930, 95% CI 2.872-16.724), neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) ≥ 2.8 (OR 3.032, 95%CI 1.288-7.13), number of platelet ≥298 × 109/L (OR 3.688, 95%CI 1.452-9.266) and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) ≥ 193 U/L (OR 6.479, 95%CI 2.658-15.792) were independent predictors of ULMS. A preoperative clinical characteristics scoring system was designed based on OR values, with a total score of 7 points. Tumor size ≥7 cm, LDH ≥ 193 U/L were assigned 2 points, while age ≥ 40 years old, NLR ≥ 2.8 and number of platelet ≥298 × 109/L were assigned 1 point. Score ≥ 4 points was a useful predictor in diagnosing ULMS from fibroid (sensitivity 0.800, specificity 0.778). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of occult ULMS was low. Age ≥ 40 years old, tumor size ≥7 cm, LDH ≥ 193 U/L, NLR ≥ 2.8 and number of platelet ≥298 × 109/L were independent predictors of ULMS. The preoperative clinical characteristics scoring system could be helpful in preoperative diagnosis of occult ULMS.

Analysis of the role of the human papillomavirus 16/18 E7 protein assay in screening for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a case control study.

BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is the second-most common gynecological cancer, early screening plays a key role in the diagnosis and treatment of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN). Sustained E7 protein expression is the pathological basis for CIN and cervical cancer. METHODS: We collected the cervical cell samples of women who visited the gynecological clinic of Peking Union Medical College Hospital between September 2018 and September 2019 and submitted them to the high-risk human papillomavirus (Hr-HPV) test. We performed a magnetic particle-based chemiluminescence enzyme immunoassay to analyze the HPV16/18 E7 protein level in CIN of different severities and compared the results with those of cervical pathology (gold standard) and the HPV test. RESULTS: The positive rate of HPV16/18 E7 protein increased with the severity of CIN: 26.6% in normal tissue, 58.3% in CIN1, and 70.6% in CIN2 or higher (CIN2+). For CIN2+, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), and negative predictive value (NPV) of the E7 protein were 70.6, 67.9, 52.2, and 82.3%, respectively. These values of the HPV test were 86.8, 44.5, 43.7, and 87.1%, respectively. With the combination of the E7 protein assay and HPV test, the specificity for diagnosing CIN2+ was 78.1%, which was significantly higher than that of the HPV test alone. CONCLUSIONS: HPV16/18 E7 protein level is correlated with the severity of CIN and has a high concordance rate with the pathological result. For cervical cancer screening, the combination of HPV16/18 E7 protein assay and HPV test improves the CIN diagnostic specificity, detection rate, and detection accuracy.

Correction to: Analysis of the role of the human papillomavirus 16/18 E7 protein assay in screening for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: a case control study.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Correlation between the diversity of vaginal microbiota and the risk of high-risk human papillomavirus infection.

OBJECTIVES: Since other genital infections enhance HIV susceptibility by inducing inflammation and evidence suggests that the vaginal microbiome plays a functional role in the persistence or regression of high-risk human papillomavirus (HPV) infections, we investigated the relationship between the composition of the vaginal microbiota and the risk of high-risk HPV infection. METHODS: The study included 151 healthy women (65 HPV-positive and 86 HPV-negative) aged 20-65 at enrollment. Total genome DNA from samples was extracted using the hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) CTAB method. The vaginal microbiota composition was determined by sequencing barcoded 16S rDNA gene fragments (V4) on Illumina HiSeq2500. RESULTS: Of the 30 most abundant bacteria at the genus level, we found only six bacteria with a statistical difference between HPV-positive and HPV-negative women: Bacteroides, Acinetobacter, Faecalibacterium, Streptococcus, Finegoldia, and Moryella. Lactobacillus was the predominant genus and was detected in all women, but there was no significant difference between the two groups for L. iners, L. jensenii, and L. gasseri. Furthermore, we found 26 types of bacteria with a statistical difference at the species level between the two groups. Anaerobic bacteria such as Bacteroides plebeius, Acinetobacter lwoffii, and Prevotella buccae were found significantly more frequently in HPV-positive women, which is the most important finding of our study. CONCLUSION: Our findings suggest a possible role for the composition of the vaginal microbiota as a modifier of high-risk HPV infection, and specific microbiota species may serve as sensors for changes in the cervical microenvironment associated with high-risk HPV infection. The exact molecular mechanism of the vaginal microbiota in the course of high-risk HPV infection and cervical neoplasia should be further explored. Future research should include intervention in the composition of the vaginal microbiota to reverse the course of high-risk HPV infection and the natural history of cervical neoplasia.

Transvaginal Natural Orifice Transluminal Endoscopic Surgery for Tubal Pregnancy and a Device Innovation from Our Institution.

Natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery (NOTES) is a relatively new technique currently being studied around the world. Between June 2015 and June 2017, 12 patients diagnosed with ectopic pregnancy underwent transvaginal NOTES to remove their fallopian tubes. All 12 surgeries were completed successfully. The median age of patients was 33years (range, 28-42), and the median body mass index was 23.47 (range, 20.55-27.68). The median duration of amenorrhea was 53days (range, 41-60). The median serum ß-human chorionic gonadotropin was 8887 U/mL (range, 392-25 695). The median ectopic mass longest diameter was 2.95 cm (range, 2.1-5.0). The median surgical time was 47.5 minutes (range, 40-70). The median hemoperitoneum was 52.5 mL (range, 20-300), and the median blood loss was 7.5 mL (range, 2-20). Our study has proven the feasibility and repeatability of transvaginal NOTES for less difficult ectopic pregnancies. The success of transvaginal NOTES lies in the choice of patients and the establishment of the transvaginal operating platform. We added a plastic ring between the inner and outer rings outside the wound retractor. The modified platform can lessen the technical difficulties of performing transvaginal NOTES and broaden its applicability to other procedures.

Cyclin Y regulates the proliferation, migration, and invasion of ovarian cancer cells via Wnt signaling pathway.

This study is designated to investigate the roles of cyclin Y (CCNY) and Wnt signaling pathway in regulating ovarian cancer (OC) cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), Western blot, MTT assay, cell scratch, and transwell test were used in our study, and transplanted tumor model was constructed on nude mice. C-Myc, cyclin D1, PFTK1, ki67, OGT, and ß-catenin protein expressions in tumor tissues were detected. CCNY was significantly upregulated in OC cell lines and tissues (both P < 0.05); significant association was observed between CCNY expression and clinicopathological stage, lymph node metastasis (LNM) (P < 0.05); and the CCNY expression in stages III to IV was higher than that in stages I to II, and patients with LNM had higher CCNY expression when compared with those in patients without LNM (P < 0.05); expressions of c-Myc, cyclin D, PFTK1, ki67, and OGT were upregulated in OC tissues compared with ovarian benign tissues, suggesting that these expressions were significantly different between the two groups (P < 0.05); CCNY significantly exacerbated proliferation, migration, and invasion of A2780 cells; c-Myc and cyclin D1 protein expressions increased as the expression of CCNY increased (P < 0.001); ß-catenin expressions in A2780 cells with over-expression of CCNY were significantly increased in the nucleus, but significantly decreased in the cytoplasm (both P < 0.05); high expressions of CCNY exacerbated the proliferation of A2780 cells in nude mice and significantly increased c-Myc, cyclin D1, PFTK1, ki67, and OGT protein expressions in tumor tissues which were transplanted into nude mice (P < 0.01). CCNY might exacerbate the proliferation, migration, and invasion of OC cells via activating the Wnt signaling pathway. Thus, this study provides a theoretical foundation for the development of therapeutic drugs that are able to cure OC by targeting CCNY.

Clinical characteristics and treatment of Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the clinical characteristics and treatment of the Herlyn-Werner-Wunderlich syndrome (HWWS). METHODS: Sixty-one patients diagnosed with HWWS were retrospectively analyzed. HWWS is categorized into three types in China. RESULTS: Age at presentation of all the cases was after menarche. The most common clinical presentations were dysmenorrhea for type I and vaginal discharge for types II and III. Clinical presentations of types II and III may not occur until reproductive age. HWWS occurred on the right in 39/61. Excision of the obstructed vaginal septum was the treatment utilized in this cohort. After surgery, subsequent pregnancies were ipsilateral in 52.9 %. CONCLUSIONS: Clinical presentation in untreated HWWS suggests the anatomic anomaly. Early recognition and treatment can reduce symptoms. Pregnancies occur in both the affected and unaffected uterus.

[Primary pelvic retroperitoneal tumors: clinical analysis of 36 cases].

OBJECTIVE: To explorer the diagnostic rationales for primary pelvic retroperitoneal tumors and summarize their clinical characteristics and treatments. METHODS: The clinicopathological data of total of 36 patients with primary pelvic retroperitoneal tumor, who visited Peking Union Medical Collage Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences because of pelvic mass from January 1986 and September 2013 were analysed retrospectively. And their clinical manifestations, accessory examination, surgical findings, postoperative pathological results and prognosis were summarized. RESULTS: Among the 36 patients, twenty-nine cases were treated by gynecology department firstly, 7 cases were treated by surgical department firstly. Only 7 cases complained abdominal expanding while others had no uncomfortable complains before the discovery of the tumor. Among 27 cases who took color Doppler ultrasonography examination, only 3 cases reminded that the tumors might come from the pelvic retroperitoneal space. CT and MRI results were respectively 6/16 and 3/6, that the tumor might come from the pelvic retroperitoneal space. The level of CA125 of 18 cases were tested before the surgery: 17 out of 18 cases were normal or elevated lightly. The tumors of 8 cases were excised incompletely because of the blood vessels around the tumors and the close relationship between the tumors and the pelvic wall, while other's were excised completely. Among the 25 cases that had operation at the gynecological department, ten cases underwent operations collaboratively with surgical department; two cases had complications of urinary system injures. Postoperative pathological examinations revealed there were 28 cases (78%, 28/36)with benign lesions including 11 schwannoma, 6 leiomyoma, 3 teratoma, 1 lymphangioleiomyoma, 1 neurofibroma, 1 paraganglioma, 2 fibromatosis, 1 aggressive angiomyxoma, 1 mucinous cystadenoma and 1 solitary fibrous tumor; and 8 cases(22% , 8/36)with malignant lesions including 3 leiomyosarcoma, 2 liposarcoma, 2 adenocarcinoma and 1 squamous carcinoma. During the follow-up period, 28 cases whose tumors were excised completely had no recurrence. While, 3 out of 8 cases excised incompletely recurred. CONCLUSIONS: Primary pelvic retroperitoneal tumors have no typical manifestations, CT and MRI are more accurate. Surgery is a key for retroperitoneal tumors. Considering the complexity of the anatomy of the pelvic retroperitoneal space and the resulted difficulties of the surgeries, multidisiciplinary cooperation is needed and important.

Evaluation of different treatment modalities for diffuse uterine leiomyomatosis: A case series report and review of the literature.

OBJECTIVE: To provide perspectives on preoperative diagnosis and conservative treatment for diffuse uterine leiomyomatosis (DUL). METHODS: The clinical characteristics, management, and outcome of the five cases diagnosed with DUL receiving surgical treatment at Peking Union Medical College Hospital between January 2010 and December 2021 were retrospectively analyzed. RESULTS: DUL is a diagnosis based on histopathology. It is a subtype of uterine leiomyoma, characterized by innumerable, poorly circumscribed hypercellular nodules of bland smooth muscle cells with no cytologic atypia diffusely involving the myometrium. Clinical manifestations, including menorrhagia, anemia, and infertility, are similar to those of typical uterine leiomyomas, making a definitive preoperative diagnosis difficult. Magnetic resonance imaging plays an important role in the pre-treatment mapping. Conservative surgery can reduce the uterine volume and improve the contour of the uterine cavity, thereby relieving symptoms of menorrhagia and improving the chance of conception. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist therapy is of great significance for controlling vaginal bleeding, reducing uterine volume, and delaying postoperative recurrence, and can be used alone or as postoperative adjuvant therapy for conservative surgery. CONCLUSION: The treatment goal for DUL patients with fertility-sparing request should not aim at complete fibroid removal. A successful pregnancy can be achieved following conservative surgery and/or GnRH agonist therapy.

The clinical features and management of perineal endometriosis with anal sphincter involvement: a clinical analysis of 31 cases.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the appropriate measures for diagnosing and treating perineal endometriosis (PEM) with anal sphincter involvement. METHODS: Between January 1992 and April 2011, the clinical features, diagnosis and management of 31 patients who were diagnosed with PEM with anal sphincter involvement at the Peking Union Medical College Hospital were retrospectively analyzed using their clinical records. A range of 6-78 months of outpatient follow-up after surgery were conducted for these 31 patients but was extended by telephone interviews with 29 patients conducted in December 2011. RESULTS: All 31 patients had a history of vaginal delivery. The level of serum CA(125) was elevated in only 2 (6.5%) cases. All cases received surgical treatment, which included narrow excision (NE, close to the edge of the endometrioma) with primary sphincteroplasty (PSp) for 30 cases and incomplete excision (IE) for 1 case. Of the 30 cases in the NE group, 20 (66.7%) received hormone therapy preoperatively. Up until December 2011, there was one recurrence (3.6%) of PEM in the NE group. PEM relapse occurred in the IE patient 6 years after the initial IE surgery. Perineal abscesses were found in one patient post-operatively. No complaint of dyspareunia and no fecal incontinence episodes were observed during follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Based on our own experience, NE and PSp may be indicated for the treatment of PEM with anal sphincter involvement.

Giant retroperitoneal lipoma presenting with abdominal distention: A case report and review of the literature.

BACKGROUND: Retroperitoneal lipomas are extremely rare tumors and tend to be large in size (> 10 cm) when diagnosed, causing various clinical manifestations. Preoperative diagnosis of retroperitoneal lipomas is difficult. There is a lack of relevant information about the management and prognosis of these benign tumors due to limited reports. CASE SUMMARY: A 53-year-old woman who complained about progressive abdominal distention and aggravating satiety was referred to the gynecological outpatient department of Peking Union Medical College Hospital. Computerized tomography (CT) revealed an immense mass with fat density, measuring 28.6 cm× 16.6 cm in size. Adjacent organs, including the intestinal tract and uterus, were squeezed to the right side of the abdomen. An exploratory laparotomy was performed with suspicion of liposarcoma. Intraoperatively, a giant yellowish lobulated mass was found occupying the retroperitoneum and it was removed by tumor debulking. Postoperative histopathological results confirmed the diagnosis of retroperitoneal lipoma. CONCLUSION: Retroperitoneal lipoma is a very rare condition and is difficult to differentiate from well-differentiated liposarcoma. Radiographic investigations, especially CT and magnetic resonance imaging, are important for preoperative diagnosis. Surgical resection is the fundamental treatment, which is difficult due to its size and relation to neighboring structures.

[Diagnosis and treatment of ureter endometriosis].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate strategies of diagnosis and treatment of ureter endometriosis. METHODS: From 1983 to 2010, the cases registered in Peking Union Medical College Hospital and confirmed as ureter endometriosis by surgery were enrolled in this study. Clinical manifestations, pre-operative examinations, surgical categories and routes, surgical and pathological findings, post-operative medical treatment, relapse and relating factors were collected and studied. RESULTS: Totally 46 patients with ureter endometriosis underwent one or two surgeries. Forty-eight per cent (22/46) of patients were not be diagnosed with ureter endometriosis pre-operatively, and 46% (21/46) only presented dysmenorrhea or even no symptoms. Ureterolysis (72%, 33/46) and laparotomy (63%, 29/46) were the most common surgical category and surgical approach. There were 64% (25/39) of patients had left ureter involved and 80% (37/46) had extrinsic ureter endometriosis. Fifteen per cent (7/46) of patients had relapsed disease with median recurrent time of 24 months (13-49 months), and they all received second surgeries. Logistic regression analysis showed that only gonadotropin releasing hormone analogue agents were related with recurrence when compared with those patients without medical treatment post-operatively significantly (OR=23.2, 95%CI: 2.4-221.7, P=0.002). CONCLUSIONS: Ureter endometriosis was related with reproductive tract endometriosis. It has insidious process resulting in difficulty for early diagnosis. It's important to treat pelvic deep infiltrating endometriosis and ovarian endometrioma to prevent ureter from further involvement. Post-operative treatment of pelvic endometriosis is the key point of preventing relapse of ureter endometriosis.

Evaluation of anti-TNF therapeutic response in patients with inflammatory bowel disease: Current and novel biomarkers.

Neutralizing tumour necrosis factor (TNF) antibodies have been widely used to treat inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in the clinical practice. In this review, the principal biomarker analysis revealed that faecal calprotectin, C-reactive protein, serum or mucosal concentrations of anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibodies to anti-TNF mAbs are commonly used as current biomarkers in the evaluation of anti-TNF therapeutic efficacy. However, mucosal cytokine transcripts. microRNAs, proteomics and faecal and mucosal gut microbiota profile and mucosal histological features are reported to be novel candidates of biomarkers with high clinical utility in the evaluation of anti-TNF therapeutic efficacy in patients with IBD. Therefore, a robust validation of novel promising biomarkers and comparison studies between current used and novel biomarkers are urgently required to improve their value in the evaluation of therapeutic efficacy and optimization of personalized medicine and identification of IBD candidates for anti-TNF therapy in future clinical practice.

The role of the vaginal microbiome in distinguishing female chronic pelvic pain caused by endometriosis/adenomyosis.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the specific vaginal microbiome in the differential diagnosis of endometriosis/adenomyosis (EM/AM)-associated chronic pelvic pain (CPP) from other types of CPP, and to explore the role of the vaginal microbiome in the mechanism of EM/AM-associated CPP. METHODS: We recruited 37 women with EM/AM-associated CPP, 25 women with chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CPPS) without EM/AM, and 66 women without CPPS into our study. All of the participants were free from human papillomavirus (HPV) infection. Sequencing of barcoded 16S rRNA gene fragments (V4) was used to determine the vaginal microbiome composition on the Illumina HiSeq2500 System. Taxonomic and functional bioinformatics analyses were performed using t-test, linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe), MetaStat, and PICRUSt algorithms. RESULTS: At the species level, EM/AM-associated CPP was found to be associated with a predominance of Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium disporicum, Alloscardovia omnicolens, and Veillonella montpellierensis, and a concomitant paucity of Lactobacillus jensenii, Lactobacillus reuteri, and Lactobacillus iners. When the relative abundance of Clostridium disporicum was over 0.001105% and that of Lactobacillus reuteri was under 0.1911349%, the differential diagnostic sensitivity and specificity were 81.08% and 52.0%, respectively. When serum CA125 was combined, the sensitivity increased to 89.19%, but the specificity remained at 52.0%. The PICRUSt results identified 7 differentially regulated pathways within the 3 groups that may be of relevance. CONCLUSIONS: Compared to that of CPPS patients without EM/AM and women without CPPS, the vaginal microbiome of patients with EM/AM-associated CPP shows significantly higher alpha (phylogenetic) diversity, as well as higher counts of Clostridium butyricum, Clostridium disporicum, Alloscardovia omnicolens, and Veillonella montpellierensis. These differences in the vaginal microbiome may interfere with local functional pathways, which could provide a direction for innovative metabolite-specific targeted treatment. The combination of vaginal biomarkers and serum CA125 may provide an original method to differentiate EM/AM-associated CPP.

Case Report: Two Cases of Abdominal Aggressive Fibromatosis That Mimicked Abdominal Wall Endometriosis and Review of Literature.

Background: Abdominal aggressive fibromatosis (AF) can be confounded with abdominal wall endomentriosis (AWE) because they share considerable similarity. Because of the different patient prognoses and treatment strategies available, accurate pre-operative diagnosis is important. Case Presentation: We here report two cases of abdominal masses presenting as periodic changes in tumor sizes, which occurred in correlation with the menstrual cycle. The clinical findings were highly suggestive of AWE. However, the final pathological findings revealed AF. The estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor expressions were negative in the two cases. The differences between the two diseases have been discussed in detail. Conclusion: A diagnosis of AWE should be scrutinized closely if the patient does not complain of cyclic pain. Fine-needle aspiration cytology is a suitable tool for pre-operative evaluation.