Bone marrow adipose tissue is associated with fracture history in anorexia nervosa.

Although bone mineral density (BMD) is decreased and fracture risk increased in anorexia nervosa, BMD does not predict fracture history in this disorder. We assessed BMD, bone microarchitecture, and bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT) in women with anorexia nervosa and found that only BMAT was associated with fracture history. INTRODUCTION: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a psychiatric disorder characterized by low body weight, low BMD, and increased risk of fracture. Although BMD is reduced and fracture risk elevated, BMD as assessed by DXA does not distinguish between individuals with versus those without prior history of fracture in AN. Despite having decreased peripheral adipose tissue stores, individuals with AN have enhanced bone marrow adipose tissue (BMAT), which is inversely associated with BMD. Whether increased BMAT is associated with fracture in AN is not known. METHODS: We conducted a cross-sectional study in 62 premenopausal women, including 34 with AN and 28 normal-weight women of similar age. Fracture history was collected during patient interviews and BMD measured by DXA, BMAT by 1H-MRS, and parameters of bone microarchitecture by HR-pQCT. RESULTS: Sixteen women (47.1%) with AN reported prior history of fracture compared to 11 normal-weight women (39.3%, p = 0.54). In the entire group and also the subset of women with AN, there were no significant differences in BMD or parameters of bone microarchitecture in women with prior fracture versus those without. In contrast, women with AN with prior fracture had greater BMAT at the spine and femur compared to those without (p = 0.01 for both). CONCLUSION: In contrast to BMD and parameters of bone microarchitecture, BMAT is able to distinguish between women with AN with prior fracture compared to those without. Prospective studies will be necessary to understand BMAT's potential pathophysiologic role in the increased fracture risk in AN.

IGF-1 is associated with estimated bone strength in anorexia nervosa.

IGF-1 and leptin are two nutritionally dependent hormones associated with low bone mass in women with anorexia nervosa. Using finite element analysis, we estimated bone strength in women with anorexia nervosa and found that IGF-1 but not leptin correlated significantly with estimated bone strength in both the radius and tibia. PURPOSE: Women with anorexia nervosa, a psychiatric disorder characterized by self-induced starvation and low body weight, have impaired bone formation, low bone mass, and an increased risk of fracture. IGF-1 and leptin are two nutritionally dependent hormones that have been associated with low bone mass in women with anorexia nervosa. We hypothesized that IGF-1 and leptin would also be positively associated with estimated bone strength in women with anorexia nervosa. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study of 38 women (19 with anorexia nervosa and 19 normal-weight controls), we measured serum IGF-1 and leptin and performed finite element analysis of high-resolution peripheral quantitative CT images to measure stiffness and failure load of the distal radius and tibia. RESULTS: IGF-1 was strongly correlated with estimated bone strength in the radius (R = 0.52, p = 0.02 for both stiffness and failure load) and tibia (R = 0.55, p = 0.01 for stiffness and R = 0.58, p = 0.01 for failure load) in the women with anorexia nervosa but not in normal-weight controls. In contrast, leptin was not associated with estimated bone strength in the group of women with anorexia nervosa or normal-weight controls. CONCLUSIONS: IGF-1 is strongly associated with estimated bone strength in the radius and tibia in women with anorexia nervosa. Further studies are needed to assess whether treatment with recombinant human IGF-1 will further improve bone strength and reduce fracture risk in this population.

Vitamin D and bisphosphonate therapy in systemic lupus erythematosus patients who receive glucocorticoids: are we offering the best care?

OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate management practices for glucocorticoid (GC)-induced osteoporosis (GIOP) in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) patients using 2017 American College of Rheumatology guidelines as a gold standard. METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using a clinical database from the years 2011 to 2016. SLE cases with >90 days continuous prednisone use at doses of ≥7.51 mg daily were identified. Osteoporosis risk factors were assessed via chart review. The Fracture Risk Assessment (FRAX) score was estimated for patients > 40 years of age. Vitamin D, bisphosphonate prescriptions, and osteoporotic (OP) fractures were ascertained through chart review. A classification tree was used to identify the key patient-related predictors of bisphosphonate prescription. RESULTS: A total of 203 SLE patients met the inclusion criteria. The recommended dose of vitamin D supplement was prescribed to 58.9% of patients < 40 years of age and 61.5% of patients ≥ 40 years of age. Among patients aged ≥ 40 years, 25% were prescribed bisphosphonates compared to 36% who met indications for bisphosphonates per the ACR guidelines. Another 10% were prescribed a bisphosphonate, despite not having indication per the ACR guidelines, which was considered as overtreatment. Among patients aged ≥ 40 years, older age and a higher FRAX score for major OP fracture and hip fracture predicted bisphosphonate prescription. In a classification tree analysis, patients with FRAX scores (for major OP fracture) of ≥ 23.5% predicted bisphosphonate prescription in this SLE population. Among patients who had OP fractures in the follow-up period, nine (6.50%) were inpatients receiving appropriate GIOP care versus 12 (13.6%) who were inpatients not receiving ACR-appropriate care (p = 0.098). CONCLUSIONS: In clinical practice, fewer SLE patients with or at risk for GIOP are prescribed vitamin D and bisphosphonates than recommended by the 2017 ACR guidelines. Also, in this study, another 10% were prescribed a bisphosphonate, despite not having an indication per the ACR guidelines. Patients were most likely to receive a bisphosphonate prescription if they had a major OP FRAX score of > 23.5%.

A pilot investigation on the effects of combination transcranial direct current stimulation and speed of processing cognitive remediation therapy on simulated driving behavior in older adults with HIV.

Cognitive impairments seen in people living with HIV (PLWH) are associated with difficulties in everyday functioning, specifically driving. This study utilized speed of processing cognitive remediation therapy (SOP-CRT) with transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) to gauge the feasibility and impact on simulated driving. Thirty PLWH (M age = 54.53, SD = 3.33) were randomly assigned to either: sham tDCS SOP-CRT or active tDCS SOP-CRT. Seven indicators of simulated driving performance and safety were obtained. Repeated measures ANOVAs controlling for driver's license status (valid and current license or expired/no license) revealed a large training effect on average driving speed. Participants who received active tDCS SOP-CRT showed a slower average driving speed (p = 0.020, d = 0.972) than those who received sham tDCS SOP-CRT. Non-significant small-to-medium effects were seen for driving violations, collisions, variability in lane positioning, and lane deviations. Combination tDCS SOP-CRT was found to increase indices of cautionary simulated driving behavior. Findings reveal a potential avenue of intervention and rehabilitation for improving driving safety among vulnerable at-risk populations, such as those aging with chronic disease.

The impact of ethnicity/race on the association between the Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Index and neurocognitive function among HIV-infected persons.

The Veterans Aging Cohort Study (VACS) Index was developed as a risk index for health outcomes in HIV, and it has been consistently associated with mortality. It shows a significant, yet relatively weak, association with neurocognitive impairment, and little is known about its utility among ethnic/racial minority groups. We examined whether the association between the VACS Index and neurocognition differed by ethnic/racial group. Participants included 674 HIV-infected individuals (369 non-Hispanic whites, 111 non-Hispanic blacks, and 194 Hispanics). Neurocognitive function was assessed via a comprehensive battery. Scaled scores for each neurocognitive test were averaged to calculate domain and global neurocognitive scores. Models adjusting for demographics and HIV disease characteristics not included in the VACS Index showed that higher VACS Index scores (indicating poorer health) were significantly associated with worse global neurocognition among non-Hispanic whites. This association was comparable in non-Hispanic blacks, but nonsignificant among Hispanics (with similar results for English and Spanish speaking). We obtained comparable findings in analyses adjusting for other covariates (psychiatric and medical comorbidities and lifestyle factors). Analyses of individual neurocognitive domains showed similar results in learning and delayed recall. For other domains, there was an effect of the VACS Index and no significant interactions with race/ethnicity. Different components of the VACS Index were associated with global neurocognition by race/ethnicity. In conclusion, the association between the VACS Index and neurocognitive function differs by ethnic/racial group. Identifying key indicators of HIV-associated neurocognitive impairment by ethnic/racial group might play an important role in furthering our understanding of the biomarkers of neuroAIDS.

Sclerostin and Pref-1 have differential effects on bone mineral density and strength parameters in adolescent athletes compared with non-athletes.

UNLABELLED: Excessive exercise can have detrimental effects on bone; however, the mechanisms leading to bone loss are not well understood. Sclerostin and preadipocyte factor (Pref)-1 are two hormones which inhibit bone formation. The present study demonstrates that these hormones may have differential effects in athletes as compared to non-athletes. INTRODUCTION: Exercise activity is common in female adolescents, however, excessive exercise can have detrimental effects on bone mineral density (BMD). Mechanisms underlying this decrease in bone mass are not well understood. We investigated the effects of sclerostin, a potent inhibitor of bone formation via WNT signaling inhibition, and Pref-1, a suppressor of osteoblast differentiation, on BMD, bone turnover markers and bone strength in adolescent athletes. METHODS: We studied 50 adolescents between 15-21 years of age: 17 amenorrheic athletes (AA), 17 eumenorrheic athletes (EA), and 16 nonathletic controls (NA). We measured spine and hip BMD by dual energy x-ray absorptiometry and estimated failure load and stiffness at the distal radius and tibia using micro-finite element analysis. We also measured fasting sclerostin, Pref-1, N-terminal propeptide of type 1 procollagen, and C-terminal collagen cross-links levels. RESULTS: Sclerostin levels were higher in AA and EA compared with NA (AA: 0.42 ± 0.15 ng/mL, EA: 0.44 ± 0.09 ng/mL, NA: 0.33 ± 0.14 ng/mL; p = 0.047). In EA, sclerostin was positively associated with lumbar spine (LS) BMD and its Z-score (R = 0.52, p = 0.03 and R = 0.55, p = 0.02, respectively) whereas in NA, sclerostin was inversely associated with LS BMD (R = -0.61, p = 0.01). Pref-1 levels were similar in all three groups and there were significant inverse associations between Pref-1, BMD, and estimated bone strength in NA. CONCLUSIONS: Sclerostin and Pref-1 may have differential effects on bone in adolescent athletes compared to non-athletes.

Screening for neurocognitive impairment in HIV-positive adults aged 50 years and older: Montreal Cognitive Assessment relates to self-reported and clinician-rated everyday functioning.

As the HIV+ population ages, the risk for and need to screen for HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) increases. The aim of this study is to determine the utility and ecological validity of the Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) among older HIV+ adults. A total of 100 HIV+ older adults aged 50 years or over completed a comprehensive neuromedical and neurocognitive battery, including the MoCA and several everyday functioning measures. The receiver operating characteristic curve indicates ≤26 as the optimal cut-off balancing sensitivity (84.2%) and specificity (55.8%) compared to "gold standard" impairment as measured on a comprehensive neuropsychological battery. Higher MoCA total scores are significantly (p < .01) associated with better performance in all individual cognitive domains except motor abilities, with the strongest association with executive functions (r = -0.49, p < .01). Higher MoCA total scores are also significantly (p <.01) associated with fewer instrumental activities of daily living declines (r = -0.28), fewer everyday cognitive symptoms (r = -0.25), and better clinician-rated functional status (i.e., Karnofsky scores; r = 0.28); these associations remain when controlling for depressive symptoms. HIV+ individuals who are neurocognitively normal demonstrate medium-to-large effect size differences in their MoCA performance compared to those with asymptomatic neurocognitive impairment (d = 0.85) or syndromic HAND (mild neurocognitive disorder or HIV-associated dementia; d = 0.78), while the latter two categories do not differ. Although limited by less than optimal specificity, the MoCA demonstrates good sensitivity and ecological validity, which lends support to its psychometric integrity as a brief cognitive screening tool among older HIV+ adults.

Everyday Multitasking Abilities in Older HIV+ Adults: Neurobehavioral Correlates and the Mediating Role of Metacognition.

OBJECTIVE: The prevalence of older adults living with HIV is rising, as is their risk for everyday functioning problems associated with neurocognitive dysfunction. Multitasking, the ability to maintain and carry out subgoals in support of a larger goal, is a multidimensional skill ubiquitous during most real-life tasks and associated with prefrontal networks that are vulnerable in HIV. Understanding factors associated with multitasking will improve characterization of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders. Metacognition is also associated with frontal systems, is impaired among individuals with HIV, and may contribute to multitasking. METHOD: Ninety-nine older (≥50 years) adults with HIV completed: the Everyday Multitasking Test (MT), a performance-based measure during which participants concurrently attempt four everyday tasks (e.g., medication management) within a time limit; a comprehensive neuropsychological battery; measures of metacognition regarding their MT performance (e.g., metacognitive knowledge and online awareness). RESULTS: Better global neuropsychological performance (i.e., average T-score across all domains) was associated with better Everyday MT total scores (rho = 0.34; p < .001), as was global metacognition (rho = 0.37, p < .01). Bootstrapping mediation analysis revealed global metacognition was a significant partial mediator between neurocognition and Everyday MT (b = 0.09, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.01, 0.25). Specifically, metacognitive knowledge (but not online awareness) drove this mediation (b = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.03, 0.27). CONCLUSIONS: Consistent with findings among younger persons with HIV, neuropsychological performance is strongly associated with a complex, laboratory-based test of everyday multitasking, and metacognition of task performance was a pathway through which successful multitasking occurred. Interventions aimed at modifying metacognition to improve daily functioning may be warranted among older adults with HIV.

Determinants of IGF1 and GH across the weight spectrum: from anorexia nervosa to obesity.

CONTEXT: Chronic starvation is characterized by GH resistance, and obesity is characterized by decreased GH secretion. In both extremes, IGF1 levels may be low and androgen levels may be abnormal. OBJECTIVE: To investigate the determinants of IGF1 and GH across the weight spectrum in women. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SETTING: Clinical research center. STUDY PARTICIPANTS: In total, 32 women had participated in the study: 11 women with anorexia nervosa (AN), 11 normal-weight women, and 10 obese women of comparable mean age. INTERVENTION: None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Pooled hourly overnight serum samples assayed for IGF1, GH, estradiol (E(2)), testosterone, SHBG, insulin, free fatty acids, and trunk fat. RESULTS: Free testosterone was higher in obese women and lower in women with AN than in normal-weight women, and was the only independent (and positive) predictor of IGF1 levels, accounting for 14% of the variability (P=0.032) in the group as a whole. This relationship was stronger when obese women were excluded, with free testosterone accounting for 36% of the variability (P=0.003). Trunk fat accounted for 49% of the variability (P<0.0001) of GH, with an additional 7% of the variability attributable to E(2) (P=0.042) in the group as a whole, but was not a significant determinant of GH secretion when obese women were excluded. CONCLUSIONS: Free testosterone is a significant determinant of IGF1 levels in women across the body weight spectrum. In contrast, GH secretion is differentially regulated at the extremes of the weight spectrum.

The effect of different concentrations of glycerol and DMSO on viability of Markhoz goat spermatozoa during different freezing temperatures steps.

The present study was conducted to determine the following; (1) the influence of different concentrations of glycerol (1, 3, 5 or 7%, v/v) in experiment 1 and DMSO (1, 1.25, 1.5 or 1.75% v/v) in experiment 2 added either at 37 or 5 degrees C and (2) the comparing of best concentration of glycerol with the best of DMSO, obtained in this study, on post-thaw motility, progressive motility, viability and normal acrosome of Markhoz goat sperm. In experiment 1, motility, progressive motility and viability of sperm were improved significantly (p < 0.05) by increasing of glycerol concentrations in the extenders, with the best results obtained with glycerol at 7% added at 37 degrees C. However, the rate of normal acrosome showed an opposite trend, i.e., the extender containing 1% glycerol added at 5 degrees C showed better results (p < 0.05). In experiment 2, the observed results showed similar tendencies to experiment 1. The data showed that the extender containing 1.75% DMSO concentration (the highest level) added at 37 degrees C was significantly (p < 0.05) better than others. The percentage of intact acrosomes decreased significantly (p < 0.05) by increasing of DMSO concentrations, when added at 37 degrees C. Further, the results of 1% DMSO added at 5 degrees C was (p < 0.05) better than other groups. In regard to all evaluated parameters, the observed results in experiment 3 showed that extender containing 7% glycerol added at 37 degrees C was significantly (p < 0.05) better than 7% glycerol added at 5 degrees C and extender containing 1.75% DMSO added at both temperatures. In conclusion, the results of presented study indicated that glycerol is still the cryoprotectant of choice for freezing of Markhoz goat sperm.