RESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To report the clinical findings, outcome, and complications associated with urethrotomy performed in combination with or after temporary tube cystostomy for treatment of obstructive urolithiasis in male goats. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case series. SAMPLE POPULATION: Castrated male goats (n = 15). METHODS: The medical records of male goats admitted for obstructive urolithiasis were reviewed. Goats that underwent aurethrotomy performed in combination with or after a temporary tube cystostomy were included in the study population. Follow-up information was obtained through hospital records and telephone communication. RESULTS: Thirteen of 15 goats were discharged from the hospital a median of 13 days (range, 7-25) after urethrotomy. Complications related to the urinary system occurred in 5 goats and included recurrent obstruction, urination from open urethrotomy, uroabdomen and intra-abdominal adhesions after removal of the Foley catheter, and incisional infection. Five of 7 goats with long-term follow-up (2-24 months after surgery) were healthy, with normal urinary function. The remaining 2 goats returned to the hospital with signs of reobstruction that were attributed to uroliths at necropsy in 1 goat. CONCLUSION: Goats treated with urethrotomy for persistent urethral obstruction after temporary tube cystostomy generally survived the procedure. Normal long-term urinary function was obtained in some goats, although recurrence was the most common complication. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Urethrotomy is a surgical option for male goats with persistent urethral obstruction due to urethral calculi after temporary tube cystostomy.
Asunto(s)
Cistostomía/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Cabras/cirugía , Obstrucción Uretral/veterinaria , Animales , Cabras , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Uretra/cirugía , Obstrucción Uretral/etiología , Obstrucción Uretral/cirugía , Cálculos Urinarios/complicaciones , Cálculos Urinarios/veterinaria , Urolitiasis/cirugíaRESUMEN
The goal of this study was to determine the persistence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) in soil, crops, and ensiled feeds following manure spreading. This bacterium was often found in soil samples, but less frequently in harvested feeds and silage. Spreading of manure on fields used for crop harvest is preferred to spreading on grazing pastures.
Persistance deMycobacterium aviumssp.paratuberculosisdans le sol, les récoltes et l'ensilage après l'épandage de fumier dans des fermes laitières infectées. Le but de cette étude était de déterminer la persistance de Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) dans le sol, les récoltes et l'ensilage après l'épandage de fumier. Cette bactérie se trouvait souvent dans des échantillons de sol, mais moins fréquemment dans les récoltes d'aliments pour le bétail et l'ensilage. L'épandage de fumier dans les champs utilisés pour la récolte des cultures est préféré à l'épandage dans les pâturages.(Traduit par Isabelle Vallières).
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Productos Agrícolas/microbiología , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Paratuberculosis/microbiología , Ensilaje/microbiología , Microbiología del Suelo , Animales , Bovinos , Industria Lechera , Estiércol/microbiología , Reacción en Cadena en Tiempo Real de la Polimerasa , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Introduction: Never has the anatomy, the procedure of the transversus abdominis plane (TAP) block, or the perioperative analgesic effects of a bupivacaine TAP block been described in goats. Methods: This report details the relevant anatomy in a cadaveric study combined with the description/use of a TAP block in a controlled, randomized, prospective, blinded clinical study in which 20 goats with urolithiasis presenting for either ventral midline or paramedian celiotomy were enrolled. Anesthesia was induced with ketamine and midazolam and maintained with desflurane in oxygen. An ultrasound-guided TAP block was performed using 0.25% bupivacaine (4 sites, 0.4 mL/kg each site) (bupivacaine-TAP, n = 10) or equal volume of saline (control-TAP, n = 10). When indicated, urethral amputation was performed followed by celiotomy with cystotomy or tube cystostomy. Urethrotomy was performed if warranted. Intraoperatively, a 20% increase in mean arterial pressure (MAP), heart rate (HR) and/or respiratory frequency was treated with an increase in desflurane concentration of 0.5 Vol.%. Goats received ketamine boluses (0.2 mg/kg IV) when moving spontaneously. At 2, 12, and 24 h post-extubation, pain was scored with a descriptive scale. Data were analyzed with an analysis of variance (ANOVA) or the Wilcoxon signed-rank test, and P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Bupivacaine-TAP goats exhibited lower end-tidal desflurane concentration requirements (P = 0.03), lower pain scores at 2-h post-extubation (P = 0.02), shorter anesthetic recovery times (P = 0.03) and decreased HR and MAP during surgical stimulation. Goats receiving a bupivacaine TAP block experienced less intraoperative nociceptive input requiring less inhalant anesthetic leading to faster anesthetic recoveries and decreased postoperative pain. Discussion: Ultrasound-guided TAP block is a simple technique to decrease anesthetic requirement while providing additional postoperative comfort in goats undergoing celiotomy.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Goats are increasingly popular as both production animals and pets. The frequency of and factors associated with periparturient reproductive complications in goats are largely unreported. OBJECTIVES: (1) To report the frequency of periparturient reproductive complications in does presented to university veterinary hospitals and (2) to identify factors associated with uterine tears in the study population. ANIMALS: A total of 198 periparturient does presented to 9 university veterinary hospitals from October 2021 to June 2022. METHODS: Multicenter, cross-sectional study, with data collected from questionnaires completed by attending veterinarians. Logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with diagnosis of uterine tears. RESULTS: Ninety-three (47%) does had at least 1 periparturient reproductive complication. Periparturient complications included retained fetal membranes (n = 38, 26%), vaginal or perineal trauma (n = 33, 19%), uterine tears (n = 32, 18%), metritis (n = 22, 13%), uterine or vaginal hemorrhage (n = 8, 5%), Cesarean section complications (n = 8, 8%), and uterine prolapse (n = 1, 0.5%). A positive interaction effect was found between small breeds (Nigerian Dwarf and Pygmy) and manipulation on the farm by a layperson upon diagnosis of uterine tears (odd ratios [OR], 5.48; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.41, 21.25; P = .01). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Periparturient reproductive complications were common. Small breed combined with manipulation on the farm by layperson was associated with diagnosis of uterine tears. Clients should be educated that in the event of dystocia, small breed does are at greater risk of uterine tears and prompt veterinary intervention is critical.
Asunto(s)
Hospitales Veterinarios , Hospitales de Enseñanza , Humanos , Embarazo , Animales , Femenino , Cesárea/veterinaria , Cabras , Estudios TransversalesRESUMEN
Treatment and outcome of camelids with long-bone fractures are described. Medical records (1998-2008) of camelids (n = 28) with long-bone fractures were reviewed for signalment, time to presentation, fracture type, method of repair, duration of hospitalization, and post-operative complications. Follow-up information was obtained via telephone interviews with owners. Mean age and weight at presentation were 3.4 years and 56.3 kg, respectively. Twenty-six fractures were treated with internal fixation (n = 11), external fixation (n = 10), combination of internal and external fixation (n = 3), amputation (n = 1), and external fixation followed by amputation (n = 1). Long-term follow-up information was obtained for 19 of the 26 animals. The post-operative complication rate was 23% and owner satisfaction was high. Animals with open fractures were more likely to experience complications. Internal fixation was associated with superior alignment and outcome. Internal fixation techniques should be recommended for camelids.
Asunto(s)
Camélidos del Nuevo Mundo/lesiones , Fijación Interna de Fracturas/veterinaria , Fijación de Fractura/veterinaria , Fracturas Óseas/veterinaria , Amputación Quirúrgica/veterinaria , Animales , Femenino , Fijación de Fractura/métodos , Fijación de Fractura/normas , Fijación Interna de Fracturas/métodos , Fijación Interna de Fracturas/normas , Fracturas Óseas/cirugía , Fracturas Abiertas/cirugía , Fracturas Abiertas/veterinaria , Masculino , Satisfacción del Paciente , Complicaciones Posoperatorias/veterinaria , Estudios Retrospectivos , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Apelin, a ligand of the G protein-coupled putative angiotensin II-like receptor (APJ-R), exerts strong vasodilating, cardiac inotropic and chronotropic actions. Its expression is highly up-regulated during heart failure. Apelin also increases cardiac conduction speed and excitability. While our knowledge of apelin cardiovascular actions is growing, our understanding of the physiological mechanisms behind the cardiac effects remains limited. We tested the effects of apelin on the cardiac sodium current (I(Na)) using patch clamp technique on cardiac myocytes acutely dissociated from dog ventricle. We found that apelin-13 and apelin-17 increased peak I(Na) by 39% and 61% and shifted its mid-activation potential by -6.8+/-0.6 mV and -17+/-1 mV respectively thus increasing channel opening at negative voltage. Apelin also slowed I(Na) recovery from inactivation. The effects of apelin on I(Na) amplitude were linked to activation of protein kinase C. Apelin also increased I(Na) "window" current by up to 600% suggesting that changes in intracellular sodium may contribute to the apelin inotropic effects. Our results reveal for the first time the effects of apelin on I(Na). These effects are likely to modulate cardiac conduction and excitability and may have beneficial antiarrhythmic action in sodium chanelopathies such as Brugada Syndrome where I(Na) amplitude is reduced.
Asunto(s)
Proteínas Portadoras/farmacología , Miocardio/metabolismo , Sodio/química , Potenciales de Acción , Animales , Apelina , Perros , Electrofisiología/métodos , Corazón/fisiología , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica/métodos , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intercelular , Ratones , Técnicas de Placa-Clamp , Pericardio/metabolismo , Ratas , Canales de Sodio/químicaRESUMEN
This study investigated the susceptibility of 1- to 2-year-old cattle to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) on pasture previously grazed by infected cattle. The exposure of yearling cattle to pastures contaminated with MAP resulted in infection with MAP, showing that age resistance to infection can be overcome by pressure of infection.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Exposición a Riesgos Ambientales , Paratuberculosis/transmisión , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/transmisión , Industria Lechera , Heces/microbiología , Masculino , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis , Paratuberculosis/genética , Poaceae/microbiología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa de Transcriptasa InversaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To assess the prevalence of tubular genital tract neoplasia in does evaluated at 2 veterinary teaching hospitals; describe the main clinical, surgical, and histopathologic or necropsy findings in affected does; and assess factors potentially associated with short-term prognosis in these animals. ANIMALS: 42 does. PROCEDURES: Medical records of 2 veterinary teaching hospitals were searched to identify does with neoplasia of the tubular genital tract. Signalment; history; physical and diagnostic imaging results; biopsy, surgery, and necropsy findings; and short-term outcome were recorded. Age and breed frequencies for the sample were compared with those of the overall hospital population, and variables of interest were tested for associations with a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma and with short-term outcome by statistical methods. RESULTS: Median age at hospital admission (10 years) was greater for the study sample than for the general hospital population (2 years). Pygmy goats were overrepresented (22/42 [52%]). Common reasons for evaluation were bloody vaginal discharge or hematuria and abdominal straining. Adenocarcinoma (13/42 [31%]), leiomyoma (13 [31%]), and leiomyosarcoma (11 [26%]) were the most common tumors. Does with distant metastasis had greater odds of a diagnosis of adenocarcinoma (OR, 40.5) than does without distant metastasis. In the analysis adjusted for hemorrhagic discharge, odds of euthanasia for does with straining were 13 times those for does without straining. In the analysis adjusted for straining status, does with hemorrhagic discharge had almost 7 times the odds of euthanasia for does without this finding. The survival-to-discharge rate was low (13/42 [31%]). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The frequency of adenocarcinomas in the study sample was unexpectedly high. Further research is needed to confirm the study findings.
Asunto(s)
Cabras , Hospitales Veterinarios , Animales , Femenino , Genitales , Pronóstico , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to describe the signalment, clinical presentation, diagnostic findings, medical and surgical treatment and outcome of 22 farm animals diagnosed with a vertebral fracture or luxation. STUDY DESIGN: Medical records of 22 farm animals (7 goats, 6 alpacas, 5 cattle, 3 sheep and 1 deer) were reviewed for signalment, history, presenting clinical signs and neurological examination findings, clinicopathological results, diagnostic imaging, final diagnosis, medical and surgical management, clinical progression and outcome. RESULTS: Animals' age ranged from 1 day to 15 years. Neurological examination findings included decreased motor function (20/22), recumbency (14/22), altered mentation (13/22), cranial nerve deficits (4/22) and lack of nociception (3/22). Lesions were localized to the atlanto-occipital region (2/22), C1 to C5 (7/22), C6 to T2 (4/22), T3 to L3 (3/22), and L4 to S1 (6/22). Diagnoses included vertebral fracture only (4/22), luxation only (5/22) or both vertebral fracture and luxation (13/22). In five cases, no therapy was attempted, while 12 cases were treated medically and five cases were treated surgically. Surgical interventions included manual reduction (n = 1); arthrodesis (n = 2); laminectomy (n = 1); and laminectomy with pin fixation, cerclage wire and polymethylmethacrylate bridging (n = 1). Five of the 22 cases survived to hospital discharge; two of these were treated surgically. CONCLUSION: The cervical region was most commonly affected. Prognosis for these injuries in farm animals is guarded.
Asunto(s)
Fracturas Óseas/veterinaria , Luxaciones Articulares/veterinaria , Ganado/lesiones , Fracturas de la Columna Vertebral/veterinaria , Animales , Femenino , Fracturas Óseas/patología , Fracturas Óseas/terapia , Luxaciones Articulares/patología , Luxaciones Articulares/terapia , Masculino , Estudios Retrospectivos , Fracturas de la Columna Vertebral/patología , Fracturas de la Columna Vertebral/terapia , Traumatismos Vertebrales/patología , Traumatismos Vertebrales/terapia , Traumatismos Vertebrales/veterinaria , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Paratuberculosis remains one of the most important diseases of cattle worldwide. In cattle, the disease is debilitating and is characterized by weight loss and chronic diarrhea in the later stages of infection. However, cattle in the subclinical stages of the disease often show decreased milk production and are at higher risk for development of other common production diseases. Infections with Mycobacterium avium ssp paratuberculosis are difficult to control because of long incubation periods, the absence of clinical signs until advanced stages of the disease, and the lack of completely reliable diagnostic methods in the preclinical stages of the disease.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/fisiopatología , Paratuberculosis/fisiopatología , Animales , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/prevención & control , Heces/microbiología , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , Paratuberculosis/microbiología , Paratuberculosis/prevención & controlRESUMEN
Many neoplasms have been reported in goats; however, neoplasia of the rumen is rarely reported. A 9-y-old castrated male pygmy goat was presented with a history of respiratory stertor, fever, and anorexia. A respiratory diagnostic work-up including skull and thorax radiographs and endoscopy revealed minor enlargement of the arytenoids but no other abnormal findings. After a month of little improvement on symptomatic treatment and worsening general health, the goat was euthanized. On autopsy, the forestomachs, liver, spleen, diaphragm, and the ventral and lateral aspects of the cranial third of the walls of the peritoneal cavity were adhered to one another by fibrinous and fibrous adhesions. Numerous firm, white, up to 2 cm diameter nodules were found throughout the liver. A large sessile mass extended from the rumen wall into the lumen. The rumen mass was a gastrointestinal stromal tumor with metastasis to the liver.
Asunto(s)
Neoplasias Gastrointestinales/veterinaria , Tumores del Estroma Gastrointestinal/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Cabras/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/veterinaria , Rumen , Animales , Diagnóstico Diferencial , Neoplasias Gastrointestinales/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Gastrointestinales/patología , Tumores del Estroma Gastrointestinal/diagnóstico , Tumores del Estroma Gastrointestinal/secundario , Enfermedades de las Cabras/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de las Cabras/patología , Cabras , Neoplasias Hepáticas/diagnóstico , Neoplasias Hepáticas/secundario , Masculino , Metástasis de la Neoplasia , Radiografía/veterinariaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Eastern equine encephalitis (EEE) virus is a mosquito-borne togavirus (alphavirus) that causes severe (often fatal) encephalitis in many mammalian species, but it has not been reported previously in South American camelids. HYPOTHESIS: South American camelids can become naturally infected with EEE virus and show encephalitic signs similar to those observed in other affected species. ANIMALS: Nine cases (8 alpacas and 1 llama, aged 3.5 weeks to 12 years) were identified; 4 of 9 were 510 weeks old. All cases were from the East Coast of the United States and presented in late summer and fall. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed to include confirmed cases of EEE in camelids in North America before 2006. RESULTS: Eight of nine (89%) camelids died or were euthanized in extremis, with the mean time to death of 2 days. Clinical signs were consistent with encephalitis and included fever, lethargy, ataxia, seizures, recumbency, torticollis, opisthotonus, and vestibular signs. No consistent hematologic abnormalities were identified, and cerebrospinal fluid contained an increased protein concentration in the single camelid analyzed. No successful therapy was identified. EEE was confirmed by alphavirus detection by using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in the central nervous system (CNS) and by serology. Findings included polioencephalitis with lymphocytic perivascular cuffing; neutrophil infiltration; gliosis; neuron satellitosis; necrosis; and edema, with intracytoplasmic alphavirus within neurons and glial cells. No virus was detected in extraneural tissues. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: In endemic areas, EEE should be considered a differential diagnosis for young and adult camelids with CNS disease. Brain histopathology with indirect IHC or PCR is diagnostic.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Animales/diagnóstico , Camélidos del Nuevo Mundo/virología , Encefalomielitis Equina Oriental/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Animales/patología , Enfermedades de los Animales/virología , Animales , Encéfalo/patología , Encefalomielitis Equina Oriental/diagnóstico , Encefalomielitis Equina Oriental/virología , Femenino , Masculino , Estudios RetrospectivosRESUMEN
On March 24 and 25, 2017 researchers and clinicians from around the world met at Temple University in Philadelphia to discuss the current knowledge of Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (MAP) and its relationship to human disease. The conference was held because of shared concern that MAP is a zoonotic bacterium that poses a threat not only to animal health but also human health. In order to further study this problem, the conferees discussed ways to improve MAP diagnostic tests and discussed potential future anti-MAP clinical trials. The conference proceedings may be viewed on the www.Humanpara.org website. A summary of the salient work in this field is followed by recommendations from a majority of the conferees.
RESUMEN
We investigated whether blood vessels contribute to the production of ET-1(1-31) from exogenous big endothelin-1 (BigET-1) in the rabbit and assessed which enzymes are involved in this process. Vascular reactivity experiments, using standard muscle bath procedures, showed that BigET-1 induces contraction in endothelium-intact rabbit aortic rings. Preincubation of the rings with phosphoramidon, CGS35066 or thiorphan reduced BigET-1-induced contraction. Conversely, chymostatin did not affect BigET-1-induced contraction. Thiorphan and phosphoramidon, but not CGS35066 or chymostatin, reduced ET-1(1-31)-induced contraction. None of the enzymatic inhibitors affected the contraction afforded by ET-1.BQ123-, but not BQ788-, selective antagonists for ET(A) and ET(B) receptors, respectively, produced concentration-dependent rightward displacements of the ET-1(1-31) and ET-1 concentration-response curves. By the use of enzymatic assays, we found that the aorta, as well as the heart, lung, kidney and liver, possess a chymase-like activity. Enzyme immunoassays detected significant levels of Ir-ET-1(1-31) in bathing medium of aortas after the addition of BigET-1 (30 nM). Neither thiorphan nor chymostatin altered the levels of Ir-ET-1(1-31). Conversely, the levels of Ir-ET-1(1-31) were increased in the presence of phosphoramidon. This marked increase of the 31-amino-acid peptide was abolished when phosphoramidon and chymostatin were added simultaneously. The major new finding of the present work is that the rabbit aorta generates ET-1(1-31) from exogenously administered BigET-1. Additionally, by measuring the production of ET-1(1-31), we showed that a chymase-like enzyme is involved in this process when ECE and NEP are inhibited by phosphoramidon. Our results also suggest that ET-1(1-31) is an alternate intermediate in the production of ET-1 following BigET-1 administration. Finally, we showed that NEP is the predominant enzymatic pathway involved in the cleavage of ET-1(1-31) to a bioactive metabolite that will act on ET(A) receptors to induce contraction in the rabbit aorta.
Asunto(s)
Aorta/metabolismo , Endotelina-1/análogos & derivados , Endotelina-1/metabolismo , Fragmentos de Péptidos/biosíntesis , Animales , Aorta/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Aspártico Endopeptidasas/fisiología , Quimasas , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Endotelina-1/biosíntesis , Endotelina-1/farmacología , Enzimas Convertidoras de Endotelina , Femenino , Masculino , Metaloendopeptidasas/fisiología , Neprilisina/fisiología , Oligopéptidos/farmacología , Fragmentos de Péptidos/farmacología , Péptidos Cíclicos/farmacología , Piperidinas/farmacología , Conejos , Serina Endopeptidasas/fisiología , Vasoconstricción/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To determine serum and tissue concentrations of gallium (Ga) after oral administration of gallium nitrate (GaN) and gallium maltolate (GaM) to neonatal calves. ANIMALS: 8 healthy neonatal calves. PROCEDURES: Calves were assigned to 1 of 2 groups (4 calves/group). Gallium (50 mg/kg) was administered as GaN or GaM (equivalent to 13.15 mg of Ga/kg for GaN and 7.85 mg of Ga/kg for GaM) by oral gavage once daily for 5 days. Blood samples were collected 0, 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, and 24 hours after Ga administration on day 1; 4 and 24 hours after Ga administration on days 2, 3, and 4; and 4, 12, and 24 hours after Ga administration on day 5. On day 6, calves were euthanized and tissue samples were obtained. Serum and tissue Ga concentrations were measured by use of mass spectrometry. RESULTS: Data were adjusted for total Ga dose, and comparisons were made between the 2 groups. Calves receiving GaM had a significantly higher dose-adjusted area under the curve and dose-adjusted maximum serum Ga concentration than did calves receiving GaN. Despite receiving less Ga per dose, calves receiving GaM had tissue Ga concentrations similar to those for calves receiving GaN. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: In this study, calves receiving GaM had significantly higher Ga absorption than did calves receiving GaN. These findings suggested that GaM might be useful as a prophylactic agent against Mycobacterium avium subsp paratuberculosis infection in neonatal calves.
Asunto(s)
Galio/sangre , Compuestos Organometálicos/farmacocinética , Pironas/farmacocinética , Administración Oral , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Bovinos , Galio/administración & dosificación , Galio/metabolismo , Galio/farmacocinética , Masculino , Espectrometría de Masas , Compuestos Organometálicos/administración & dosificación , Compuestos Organometálicos/sangre , Pironas/administración & dosificación , Pironas/sangreRESUMEN
Johne's disease (JD) is a chronic, intestinal infection of cattle, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). It results in granulomatous inflammation of the intestinal lining, leading to malabsorption, diarrhea, and weight loss. Crohn's disease (CD), a chronic, inflammatory gastrointestinal disease of humans, has many clinical and pathologic similarities to JD. Dysbiosis of the enteric microbiota has been demonstrated in CD patients. It is speculated that this dysbiosis may contribute to the intestinal inflammation observed in those patients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the diversity patterns of fecal bacterial populations in cattle infected with MAP, compared to those of uninfected control cattle, using phylogenomic analysis. Fecal samples were selected to include samples from 20 MAP-positive cows; 25 MAP-negative herdmates; and 25 MAP-negative cows from a MAP-free herd. The genomic DNA was extracted; PCR amplified sequenced on a 454 Roche platform, and analyzed using QIIME. Approximately 199,077 reads were analyzed from 70 bacterial communities (average of 2,843 reads/sample). The composition of bacterial communities differed between the 3 treatment groups (P < 0.001; Permanova test). Taxonomic assignment of the operational taxonomic units (OTUs) identified 17 bacterial phyla across all samples. Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes constituted more than 95% of the bacterial population in the negative and exposed groups. In the positive group, lineages of Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria increased and those of Bacteroidetes and Firmicutes decreased (P < 0.001). Actinobacteria was highly abundant (30% of the total bacteria) in the positive group compared to exposed and negative groups (0.1-0.2%). Notably, the genus Arthrobacter was found to predominate Actinobacteria in the positive group. This study indicates that MAP-infected cattle have a different composition of their fecal microbiota than MAP-negative cattle.
Asunto(s)
Disbiosis , Heces/microbiología , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/patogenicidad , Paratuberculosis/microbiología , Animales , Biodiversidad , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Femenino , Microbioma Gastrointestinal/genética , Consorcios Microbianos/genética , Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis/aislamiento & purificación , FilogeniaRESUMEN
In order to assess the physiological balance existing between vasoconstrictor and vasodilator endothelin-B receptor actions associated with their dual locations (i.e. on vascular smooth muscle and endothelial cells), we investigated the effects of selective and non-selective endothelin receptor antagonists on endothelin-1-induced increase in blood pressure. Atrasentan (a selective endothelin-A receptor antagonist; 6 mg/kg) and A-192621 (a selective endothelin-B receptor antagonist; 0.03, 0.3, or 30 mg/kg) were administered intravenously to anaesthetized Syrian Golden hamsters, alone or in combination, to induce respectively selective or non-selective receptor antagonism. Atrasentan partially blocked the blood pressure response induced by endothelin-1 (0.5 nmol/kg), whereas a selective endothelin-B receptor antagonism potentiated this response, independently of the dose of A-192621. Interestingly, combination of the very low dose of A-192621 (which selectively blocked putatively endothelium-located endothelin-B receptors) with atrasentan, suppressed the protective effect previously observed with atrasentan alone. Nevertheless, combination of atrasentan with the two highest doses of A-192621 tested, dose-dependently reduced the response triggered by endothelin-1. Our results suggest that endothelial endothelin-B receptors are important to control the vascular reactivity to endothelin-1. Furthermore, our data suggest that the efficacy of a non-selective endothelin-A/ endothelin-B receptor antagonist relies upon its potency to block endothelin-B receptors in the hamster.
Asunto(s)
Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Antagonistas de los Receptores de la Endotelina A , Antagonistas de los Receptores de la Endotelina B , Endotelina-1/metabolismo , Pirrolidinas/farmacología , Animales , Atrasentán , Cricetinae , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Endotelinas/farmacología , Inyecciones Intravenosas , Masculino , Mesocricetus , Fragmentos de Péptidos/farmacología , Pirrolidinas/administración & dosificación , Receptor de Endotelina A/metabolismo , Receptor de Endotelina B/metabolismoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate therapeutic efficacy of a high extralabel dose of ceftiofur for treatment of experimental salmonellosis in neonatal calves. ANIMALS: Forty-two 1- to 4-day-old Holstein bull calves. PROCEDURE: 36 calves were orally challenged with Salmonella enteritica serovar Typhimurium (6.5 x 10(8) colony-forming units). Six additional calves were retained as nonmedicated nonchallenged control calves. Four days following Salmonella challenge, surviving calves were randomly allocated to ceftiofur-treated (5 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h) or nonmedicated control groups. Calves assigned to the treated group were medicated daily for 5 days starting on day 4 after challenge. Calves were monitored for 18 days following Salmonella challenge. Outcome assessments included clinical parameters (attitude, appetite, fecal characteristics, and rectal temperature), mortality rate, and quantitative Salmonella culture of fecal samples, mesenteric lymph nodes, and cecal contents. RESULTS: Ceftiofur treatment was associated with a significant decrease in rectal temperature and diarrhea. Three of 15 medicated calves and 4 of 14 non-medicated calves died or were euthanatized between days 4 and 18. A significant decrease in fecal shedding of Salmonella organisms was observed in treated calves, compared with nonmedicated calves. Salmonella organisms were isolated from all 10 non-medicated calves at necropsy, whereas no Salmonella organisms were isolated from 5 of 12 medicated calves. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Treatment of salmonellosis in neonatal calves with a high extralabel dose of ceftiofur (5 mg/kg, IM, q 24 h) promotes animal welfare, reduces fecal shedding of Salmonella organisms, and may promote clearance of Salmonella infections when plasma ceftiofur concentrations are maintained above minimal inhibitory concentrations.
Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Bovinos/tratamiento farmacológico , Cefalosporinas/uso terapéutico , Salmonelosis Animal/tratamiento farmacológico , Animales , Animales Recién Nacidos , Bovinos , Enfermedades de los Bovinos/microbiología , Cefalosporinas/administración & dosificación , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Farmacorresistencia Bacteriana , Heces/microbiología , Salmonella/efectos de los fármacos , Salmonella/aislamiento & purificación , Salmonelosis Animal/microbiología , Resultado del TratamientoRESUMEN
Johne's disease (JD) is an enteric infection of cattle and other ruminants caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). This study compared the antimicrobial activities of gallium nitrate (GaN) and gallium maltolate (GaM) against two field MAP isolates by use of broth culture. The concentrations that resulted in 99% growth inhibition of isolates 1 and 2 were, respectively, 636 µM and 183 µM for GaN, and 251 µM and 142 µM for GaM. For both isolates, time to detection was significantly higher for GaM than GaN. These results suggest that GaM is more efficient than GaN in inhibiting MAP growth in vitro.