Impact of Custodiol-N cardioplegia on acute kidney injury after cardiopulmonary bypass.

Myocardial protection during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can be achieved using cardioplegic solutions. Although, acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication following CPB, the effects of cardioplegic solutions on AKI have rarely been investigated. Within this study, the effects of the cardioplegic solutions histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK; Custodiol) and HTK-N (Custodiol-N) on AKI in a large animal model were compared. Therefore, Landrace pigs underwent median sternotomy, CPB at 34°C, 90 minutes of cardiac arrest and 120 minutes of reperfusion. Animals were randomized for single-shot cardioplegia with either HTK (n = 10) or HTK-N (n = 10). Renal biopsies and sera were analyzed to determine AKI biomarkers and apoptosis. Compared to HTK, HTK-N induced a decreased extent of proximal tubule swelling (48.3 ± 1.6 µm vs 52.3 ± 1.1 µm, P = .05) and decreased cytochrome c release (0.26 ± 0.04 vs 0.46 ± 0.08, P = .04) without reaching statistical significance due to Bonferroni correction. Comparing baseline and postreperfusion levels, the hemoglobin (Hb) and blood calcium levels were lower in HTK-N (Hbbaseline : 6.0 ± 0.6 mmol/L, Hbreperfusion : 6.2 ± 0.7 mmol/L, P = .12; Ca2+baseline : 1.36 ± 0.05 mmol/L, Ca2+reperfusion : 1.28 ± 0.05 mmol/L, P = .16) compared to the HTK group (Hbbaseline : 5.9 ± 0.4 mmol/L, Hbreperfusion : 4.7 ± 0.8 mmol/L, P < .01; Ca2+baseline : 1.34 ± 0.07 mmol/L, Ca2+reperfusion : 1.24 ± 0.06 mmol/L, P < .01). The present study showed that HTK-N could positively affect the kidney during CPB. Hb and calcium levels were stabilized. A statistical trend was found showing that AKI-related proximal tubule swelling and cytochrome c release were diminished.

Beyond the 10-Year Horizon: Mitral Valve Repair Solely With Chordal Replacement and Annuloplasty.

BACKGROUND: The long-term outcomes of mitral valve repair by nonresection techniques, such as annuloplasty and chordal replacement, for degenerative mitral valve regurgitation were investigated. METHODS: All consecutive patients with degenerative mitral regurgitation who received solely chordal replacement and annuloplasty for mitral valve repair between 2003 and 2010 at the German Heart Center Munich were reviewed. The endpoints of this retrospective study were survival, cumulative incidence of reoperation on the mitral valve, and cumulative incidence of significant recurrent mitral regurgitation. RESULTS: A total of 346 patients were evaluated. The median follow-up period was 10.86 (range, 0.01-15.86) years. The 30-day mortality rate was 0.58% (n = 2 of 346), whereas the 5-year survival was 92.97% ± 1.41%. At 5 years, cumulative incidence of recurrent mitral regurgitation was 6.87% ± 1.57% and cumulative incidence of reoperation on the mitral valve was 3.69% ± 1.05%. Survival at 10 years was 83.35% ± 2.15%. At 10 years, cumulative incidence of recurrent mitral regurgitation was 13.31% ± 2.22% and cumulative incidence of reoperation was 7.84% ± 1.55%. Cox regression analysis identified age, diabetes mellitus, and reduced left ventricular ejection fraction <55% as independent risk factors for death. Left ventricular ejection fraction <55% was revealed as independent risk factor for significant recurrent mitral regurgitation. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated excellent long-term outcomes with low incidence of reoperation after mitral valve repair using chordal replacement in a highly selected patient cohort. Our findings emphasized the importance of early intervention in severe degenerative mitral regurgitation, especially in patients with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction.

Non-robotic minimally invasive mitral valve repair: a 20-year single-centre experience.

OBJECTIVES: Minimally invasive mitral valve repair (MVR) promises major advantages over median sternotomy regarding cosmetic results and faster recovery. However, the long-term functional outcome of minimally invasive MVR has been questioned by critics because the limited access may not exclusively promise high-quality repair. This study examines the long-term outcome regarding survival and reoperation rate. METHODS: All patients undergoing minimally invasive MVR from February 2000 until March 2020 were included in this study. Baseline clinical and surgical characteristics were summarized from the internal database. Primary end points were survival and freedom from reoperation, analysed via Kaplan-Meier curves. Secondary end points were periprocedural complications after minimally invasive MVR and incidence for recurrent mitral regurgitation >II°. RESULTS: A total of 1194 patients underwent minimally invasive MVR, in 17 cases mitral valve replacement was required. The mean age was 55.1 years [47.6; 62.7]. The successful minimally invasive repair rate was 97%. The 30-day mortality was 0.6%. Survival was 96.7% [standard deviation (SD): 5.8%], 91.6% (SD: 1.1%) and 80.0% (SD: 11.2%) at 5, 10 and 20 years. The incidence of reoperation was 4.4% (SD: 3.2%), 10.3% (SD: 7.4%) and 16.7% (SD : 7.4%) at 5, 10 and 20 years, respectively. Concomitant procedures such as tricuspid valve repair and modified Cryo-maze procedure were performed in 263 cases. CONCLUSIONS: Minimally invasive MVR for degenerative mitral regurgitation is safe, shows excellent functional long-term results and is associated with low perioperative and late mortality.

The 10-year horizon: Survival and structural valve degeneration in first-generation transcatheter aortic valves.

BACKGROUND: Transcatheter aortic valve replacement is an established treatment for high- or intermediate-risk patients with symptomatic aortic valve stenosis. As more low-risk patients are being treated, transcatheter heart valve durability is gaining importance. Data on structural valve deterioration beyond 8 years after transcatheter aortic valve replacement is limited. AIM: To evaluate the outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve replacement in high-risk patients with a follow-up of ≥10 years, focusing on survival and structural valve deterioration, according to the European Association of Percutaneous Cardiovascular Interventions/European Society of Cardiology/European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery definitions. METHODS: Only patients with a follow-up of ≥ 10 years were included in this study (n=510). Using serial echocardiographic data, the cumulative incidences of structural valve deterioration and bioprosthetic valve failure were analysed. Receiver operating characteristic analysis was used for predictor assessment. RESULTS: Mean age was 79.6±6.7 years, with a mean logistic EuroSCORE of 19.8±12.7%. Immediate procedural mortality was 2.9%, and 30-day mortality was 7.8%. Kaplan-Meier-estimated survival at 10 years was 10.3±1.5%. At 10 years, the cumulative incidences of severe and moderate structural valve deterioration were 4.3% and 13%, respectively, for the total population. The cumulative incidence of bioprosthetic valve failure at 10 years was 9.0%. There was a significant difference in the rates of structural valve deterioration and bioprosthetic valve failure depending on valve type: structural valve deterioration, SAPIEN 8.9% vs CoreValve 2.2% at 10 years (P=0.001); bioprosthetic valve failure, SAPIEN 13.9% vs CoreValve 6.7% at 10 years (P=0.021). CONCLUSIONS: Structural valve deterioration and bioprosthetic valve failure of early transcatheter heart valves was low at 10 years. The identified differences between valve types must be validated using current-generation devices in younger patients.