'If I hadn't seen this picture, I'd be smoking'-perceptions about innovations in health warnings for cigarette packages in Brazil: a focus group study.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the perceptions of young people and adults, smokers and non-smokers about the current set of innovations introduced in 2018 into the Brazilian tobacco products' health warnings. METHODS: Twenty focus groups were conducted in five state capitals in Brazil. The participants (n=163) were segmented by smoking status, age (15-17 years, 18-55 years) and social grade (C, D-E classes) to examine cigarette packaging and explore the participants' perceptions of health warnings. RESULTS: Health warnings capture attention, eliciting apprehension, fear, disgust and concern about the negative consequences of cigarette consumption. The 2018 Brazil health warnings are spontaneously recalled by participants, even without the presence of cigarette packages. However, the analysis also reveals the challenges of overcoming communication barriers and distorted interpretations, especially among smokers. The inclusion of direct and provocative stimuli, such as the use of the word 'you', attracts attention and creates more proximity to the recipient of the message. The results also highlight the interest and fear elicited by warnings on toxic constituents and the importance of using contrasting colours in warnings, which differentiate them from the colours of cigarette packs. CONCLUSION: Introducing innovative components in health warnings can catch consumers' attention but considering that the interviewees encountered difficulties interpreting textual warnings about toxic constituents in cigarettes, the study reinforces the importance of adopting direct language and pictures, instead of text, which can visually transmit the warning messages and the use of specific wording that generates proximity between the emitter and receiver.

Brazilian smokers are ready for the ban on flavour additives in tobacco to be implemented.

Brazil became the first country to approve a national policy to ban all flavour additives in all tobacco leaf products in 2012. However, as of February 2022, the policy remained to be implemented. Cross-sectional data come from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Brazil Wave 3 Survey among adult smokers (N = 1216) in 2016-2017. The majority of smokers supported a ban on menthol (56.0%; 95%CI: 51.7-60.2%) and a ban on all additives (61.7%; 57.5-65.8%), with no significant differences across sociodemographic groups in adjusted logistic regression models. More than half of menthol smokers reported they would either quit or reduce the amount they smoked if menthol cigarettes were banned. Findings suggest that there is support for Brazil's ban on flavour additives, which is a determinant of successful policy implemented. Continued delays will postpone an important measure with demonstrated public health gains.

Cross-validation of four different survey methods used to estimate illicit cigarette consumption in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: To cross-validate estimates of the size of the illicit cigarette trade based on the results of four different survey methods. METHODS: In 2018/2019, four non-industry-funded, large-scale studies were conducted in selected Brazilian cities: packs discarded in household garbage/PDG (1 city), packs littered in the streets/PLS (5 cities), a phone survey of tobacco users' purchase behaviors/VIGITEL (5 cities), and a face-to-face household survey of tobacco users' purchase behaviors/FTF-household (2 cities). The proportions of illicit cigarettes consumed were based on the price paid by smokers in their last purchase (VIGITEL or FTF-household) and/or direct observation of brand names and health warnings (PDG, PLS or FTF-household). RESULTS: Based on PLS, the share of packs that avoided taxation ranged from 30.4% (95% CI 25.6% to 35.7%) in Rio de Janeiro to 70.1% (95% CI 64.6% to 75.0%) in Campo Grande; and PDG conducted in Rio de Janeiro found an even lower proportion point estimate of illicit cigarette use (26.8%, 95% CI 25.1% to 28.6%). In FTF-household, the share of illicit cigarette consumption based on the self-reported price ranged from 29.1% (95% CI 22.4% to 35.7%) in Rio de Janeiro to 37.5% (95% CI 31.2% to 43.7%) in São Paulo, while estimates based on pack observation ranged from 29.9% (95% CI 23.3% to 36.5%) in Rio de Janeiro to 40.7% (95% CI 34.3% to 47.0%) in São Paulo. For all cities, VIGITEL presented the lowest levels of illicit consumption, and most illicit brands were produced in Paraguay. CONCLUSIONS: Small differences in the estimated levels of illicit trade across methods were found, except for the phone survey. The cross-validation of estimates from independent studies is important to help effectively implement tobacco excise tax policy in Brazil and other low-income and middle-income countries.

[Behavioral changes in smokers after implementation of anti-smoking legislation in ArgentinaMudança de comportamento nos fumantes após a implementação da legislação antifumo na Argentina]. / Cambio de comportamiento en personas fumadoras posimplementación de legislación antitabaco en Argentina.

OBJECTIVE: Identify factors related to behavioral changes in smokers over 18 years of age following implementation of provincial policies for 100% smoke-free spaces in Argentina. METHODS: A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted. The multilevel technique was used with data from different hierarchies. Secondary data sources were used: National Risk Factor Surveys 2005, 2009, and 2013. RESULTS: The individual analysis of explanatory variables revealed that residents of provinces that do not have smoke-free legislation were 40% less likely to consider quitting smoking than people who live in provinces with such legislation. In provinces without smoke-free spaces, males over 65 years old are even less likely to think about quitting smoking. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that legislation based on Article 8 of the Framework Convention would be effective in promoting tobacco cessation in Argentina.

OBJETIVO: Identificar os fatores associados à mudança de comportamento nos fumantes maiores de 18 anos após a implementação de políticas provinciais de proibição do fumo na Argentina. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado um estudo analítico de corte transversal. Foi usada uma técnica de modelos multiníveis com dados de diferentes hierarquias. As fontes de dados secundários consultadas foram as iterações de 2005, 2009 e 2013 da Pesquisa Nacional de Fatores de Risco. RESULTADOS: Na análise individual das variáveis explicativas, verificou-se que os habitantes das províncias sem legislação antifumo tinham uma probabilidade 40% maior de não considerar parar de fumar quando comparados aos moradores das províncias com legislação antifumo. Em comparação às províncias com legislação antifumo, nas províncias sem esta legislação, ser do sexo masculino e ter idade acima de 65 anos foram as características associadas a uma maior chance de não considerar parar de fumar. CONCLUSÕES: Os resultados do estudo indicam que uma legislação em conformidade com o Artigo 8 da Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco da OMS seria efetiva para incentivar as pessoas a pararem de fumar na Argentina.

Cigarette flavors, package shape, and cigarette brand perceptions: an experiment among young Brazilian women.

OBJECTIVE: In 2012, a new Brazilian regulation prohibited the use of flavor additives in tobacco products. To better understand the potential impact of this regulation, this study examines how flavor descriptors on cigarette packaging influence brand perceptions among young Brazilian women. METHODS: An online cross-sectional experiment was conducted with Brazilian women aged 16-26 (N = 640: 182 smokers and 458 nonsmokers) who rated 10 cigarette packages from one of three conditions: 1) branded packs; 2) packs with the same size, shape, and verbal descriptions as in condition 1, but without brand imagery (i.e., "plain pack"); and 3) packs from condition 2 but without brand descriptors (i.e., "plain pack, no descriptors"). Mixed-effects linear regression models were utilized to determine what associations that pack features (i.e., experimental condition; flavor descriptor vs. not; slim pack vs. not) had with participant ratings of nine characteristics, including appeal, taste, smoothness, and attributes of people who smoke the brand. RESULTS: Flavored branded packs were rated as more appealing, better tasting, and smoother than flavored plain packs with descriptors. Compared to flavored plain packs with descriptors, the same packs without descriptors were rated less positively on eight of the nine characteristics. Compared to nonsusceptible nonsmokers, susceptible nonsmokers rated flavored packs more positively on eight of the nine characteristics. Slim packs were rated more positively than regular packs on eight of the nine characteristics. CONCLUSIONS: Slim packs and brands highlighting tobacco flavors appear to increase positive perceptions of tobacco products. Banning tobacco flavorings and slim packs may reduce the appeal of smoking for young Brazilian women, as well as for other vulnerable populations.

Prevalence of pre-gestational and gestational smoking and factors associated with smoking cessation during pregnancy, Brazil, 2011-2012.

Gestational smoking is associated with various adverse maternal and fetal outcomes. Over the last three decades, despite considerable advances in tobacco control policy in Brazil, gestational smoking has caused a considerable number of fetal deaths and disabilities. The aim of this study is to estimate the prevalence of pre-gestational and gestational smoking and to identify the factors associated with smoking cessation up to the 20th gestational week. METHODS: "Birth in Brazil" was a nationwide hospital-based study conducted from February 2011 to October 2012. Smoking prevalence and smoking cessation during pregnancy was estimated through face-to-face interviews with postpartum women during hospitalization for birth care. We performed multivariate logistic regression to verify the factors associated with smoking cessation up to the 5th month of pregnancy. RESULTS: prevalence of pre-gestational smoking of 16.1% (CI 95% 15.3%-16.9%); prevalence of smoking any time during pregnancy of 9.6% (CI 95% 9.0%-10.3%); and prevalence of smoking cessation up to the 5th month of pregnancy of 56.7% (CI 95% 54.0%-59.4%). The factors associated with smoking cessation were residence in the North, Northeast, and Central-West of Brazil, having received at least one prenatal consultation (OR 3.51 CI 95% 1.85-6.67), more years of schooling (15 or more vs less than 7 years of schooling OR 5.54 CI 95% 2.97-10.34), living with a partner (OR 1.35 CI 95% 1.01-1.79), no children prior to the index pregnancy (OR 2.77 CI 95% 2.13-3.61), and absence of alcohol use (1.74 CI 95% 1.39-2.18) or of suspected alcohol abuse (OR 1.62 CI 95% 1.07-2.45). CONCLUSION: The estimated smoking rate during pregnancy in Brazil is still high and is associated with factors of increased maternal social vulnerability, which may contribute to the increased occurrence of unfavorable perinatal outcomes.

ERICA: smoking is associated with more severe asthma in Brazilian adolescents.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the association between smoking and asthma, and possible associated factors in Brazilian adolescents. METHODS: A cross-sectional, national, school-based study with adolescents aged 12-17 years, participants in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes - ERICA). A total of 66,394 participants answered a self-administered questionnaire with questions about asthma, smoking, lifestyle and sociodemographic variables. Bivariate analysis between Current Asthma (CA) and Severe Asthma (SA) and the other study variables were performed using Chi-squared. Then, the crude and adjusted Prevalence Ratios (PR), and respective 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) of current asthma/severe asthma and smoking variables, corrected for sociodemographic and lifestyle variables, were estimated using generalized linear models with Poisson regression, logit link, and robust variance. RESULTS: The prevalence of current asthma and severe asthma were significantly higher in adolescents who were exposed to: experimentation (current asthma: PR=1.78, 95% CI: 1.51-2.09; severe asthma: PR=2.01; 95% CI: 1.35-2.98); current smoking (current asthma: PR=2.08, 95% CI: 1.65-2.64; severe asthma: PR=2.29; 95% CI: 1.38-3.82); regular smoking (current asthma: PR=2.25, 95% CI: 1.64-3.07; severe asthma: PR: 2.41; 95% CI: 1.23-4.73); and passive smoking (current asthma: PR=1.47, 95% CI: 1.27-1.67; severe asthma: PR=1.66; 95% CI: 1.19-2.32); these associations remained significant after adjustment. CONCLUSIONS: Asthma and smoking were significantly associated in Brazilian adolescents, regardless of the sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, notably in those with more severe disease.

[Self-rated health and physical disabilities due to health (corrected) problems]. / Auto-avaliação de saúde e limitações físicas decorrentes de problemas de saúde.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate self-rated health and physical disabilities due to health problems. METHODS: Population-based cross-sectional study carried out in 18 Brazilian cities between 2002 and 2005. There were interviewed 26,424 residents (aged 15 years or more) of households selected by a two-stage probabilistic sampling. Percentages and confidence intervals were calculated considering the study design effects. RESULTS: Poorer self-rated health status and physical disabilities were found among women, those aged 50 years old or more and those with lower education. In addition, higher percentages of fair or poor self-rated health were found in cities in Northern and Northeastern Brazil compared to those in Southern and Southeastern Brazil. CONCLUSIONS: Poorer health conditions in the North/Northeast compared to the South/Southeast regions reflect factors related to social inequalities, mainly lower education.

[Urban-rural gradient in tobacco consumption and cessation patterns in Brazil]. / Gradiente urbano-rural no padrão de consumo e cessação do tabagismo no Brasil.

The degree of urbanization has been associated with both tobacco consumption and quit rates. The current study aims to examine the importance of the urban-rural context in the determination of tobacco consumption patterns and smoking cessation. Data were used from the supplement of the Special Survey on Smoking (PETab) from the 2008 Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (PNAD). The sample included 14,420 individuals over 15 years of age, of whom 7,003 were current smokers and 7,417 former smokers in the PETab. Smoking prevalence and cessation rates were calculated. Individuals were stratified according to urban and rural residence. Other sociodemographic variables were also analyzed: sex, age bracket, race, and schooling. To explore the difference in smoking prevalence and cessation rate for each stratum in the census situation, the data were adjusted using a Poisson model. Smoking prevalence was higher in places less influenced by the urban environment. Meanwhile, smoking cessation was higher in more urbanized places. Smoking prevalence showed a decrease in consumption as the population's urban characteristics increased (PR = 0.75 for eminently urban vs eminently rural, p = 0.001). Smoking cessation trends showed that the more urban population was more prone to quitting (PR = 1.22 for eminently urban vs eminently rural, p < 0.001). The results point to the need to improve the effectiveness of services for follow-up and encouragement of cessation in rural areas.

O grau de urbanização tem sido associado ao consumo de produtos do tabaco, bem como a interrupção do hábito de fumar. Dito isso, o objetivo deste trabalho é examinar a importância do contexto urbano-rural na determinação do padrão de consumo de derivados do tabaco e da cessação do hábito de fumar. Utilizou-se dados do módulo suplementar Pesquisa Especial de Tabagismo (PETab) do inquérito Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) de 2008. Foram analisados 14.420 indivíduos maiores de 15 anos, sendo 7.003 tabagistas atuais e 7.417 ex-tabagistas na PETab. Foram calculados a prevalência e o índice de cessação de tabagismo. Houve uma estratificação espacial desses indivíduos por moradores de ambientes urbanos e rurais. Outras variáveis sociodemográficas também foram analisadas: sexo, faixa etária, raça e escolaridade. Para explorar a diferença na prevalência e na cessação de tabagismo para cada estrato da situação censitária, os dados foram ajustados usando-se um modelo de Poisson. Há uma prevalência de tabagismo maior para os locais menos influenciados pelo ambiente urbano. Por outro lado, a cessação do tabagismo é maior nos locais mais urbanizados. Observa-se que para a prevalência de tabagismo há redução no consumo na medida em que aumenta a característica urbana da população (RP = 0,75 para eminentemente urbana vs. eminentemente rural, p = 0,001). Para a cessação do tabagismo, observa-se que a população mais urbana é a mais propensa à interrupção do consumo (RP = 1,22 para eminentemente urbana vs. eminentemente rural, p < 0,001). Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de aperfeiçoar a efetividade dos serviços de acompanhamento e estímulo à cessação para o ambiente rural.

El grado de urbanización ha estado asociado al consumo de productos derivados del tabaco, así como a la interrupción del hábito de fumar. Así pues, el objetivo de este trabajo ha sido examinar la importancia del contexto urbano-rural para determinar el patrón de consumo de derivados del tabaco, así como el fin del hábito de fumar. Se utilizaron datos del módulo complementario de la Encuesta Especial sobre Tabaquismo (PETab por sus siglas en portugués) de la Encuesta Nacional por Muestras de Domicilios (PNAD) de 2008. Se analizaron a 14.420 individuos mayores de 15 años, siendo 7.003 tabaquistas actuales y 7.417 ex-tabaquistas en la PETab. Se calculó la prevalencia y el índice en el cese de tabaquismo. Hubo una estratificación espacial de esos individuos como residentes en ambientes urbanos y rurales. Se analizaron también otras variables sociodemográficas: sexo, franja de edad, raza y escolaridad. Para explorar las diferencias entre la prevalencia, y el fin del tabaquismo en cada estrato dentro de su situación censal, los datos se ajustaron usando el modelo de Poisson. Existe una prevalencia de tabaquismo mayor en los lugares menos influenciados por el ambiente urbano. Por otro lado, la eliminación del tabaquismo es mayor en los lugares más urbanizados. Se observa que para la prevalencia del tabaquismo existe una reducción en el consumo, a medida que aumenta la característica urbana de la población (RP = 0,75 para eminentemente urbana vs. eminentemente rural, p = 0,001). Para el fin del tabaquismo, se observa que la población más urbana es la más propensa a la interrupción del consumo (RP = 1,22 para eminentemente urbana vs. eminentemente rural, p < 0,001). Los resultados apuntan la necesidad de perfeccionar la efectividad de los servicios de acompañamiento y estímulo al fin del tabaquismo en el ambiente rural.

Tobacco Control Policies in Brazil: a 30-year assessment. / A Política de Controle do Tabaco no Brasil: um balanço de 30 anos.

The article presents a review of Brazilian tobacco control policies from 1986 to 2016, based on contributions from political economics and analyses of public policies. The institutionalization of tobacco control in the country was marked by more general changes in health policies and by specific events related to the theme. Brazil's international leadership role, a robust National Tobacco Control Policy, the role of civil society and the media all contributed to the success of tobacco control in this country. However, challenges remain regarding crop diversification in tobacco farms, illegal trade in cigarettes, pressure from the tobacco industry and the sustainability of the Policy. This study reinforces the importance of bearing in mind the relationship between the domestic and international context, and the articulation between different governmental and non-governmental sectors and players when analyzing complex health policies. Continuity and consolidation of the tobacco control policies depend on the persistence of a broad institutional framework to guide the State's actions in social protection, in accordance with Unified Healthcare System guidelines.

O artigo apresenta um balanço da política brasileira de controle do tabaco de 1986 a 2016, baseando-se em contribuições dos referenciais da economia política e da análise de políticas públicas. A institucionalização do controle do tabaco no país foi marcada por mudanças mais gerais da política de saúde e por eventos específicos relacionados ao tema. A liderança brasileira no cenário internacional, a sólida estruturação da Política Nacional de Controle do Tabaco e o papel da sociedade civil e dos meios de comunicação contribuíram para o sucesso do controle do tabaco no Brasil. No entanto, persistem desafios relacionados à diversificação de produção em áreas plantadas de fumo, ao comércio ilícito, à interferência da indústria do fumo e à sustentabilidade da Política. O estudo reforça a relevância de serem consideradas, na análise de políticas de saúde complexas, as relações entre contexto internacional e nacional e a articulação entre diferentes setores e atores governamentais e não governamentais. A continuidade e a consolidação da política de controle do tabaco dependem da persistência de um marco institucional amplo que norteie a atuação do Estado na proteção social, consoante com as diretrizes do Sistema Único de Saúde.

Determinants of salivary cotinine level: a population-based study in Brazil.

OBJECTIVE: A cross-sectional population-based study was conducted to assess, in active smokers, the relationship of number of cigarettes smoked and other characteristics to salivary cotinine concentrations. METHODS: A random sample of active smokers aged 15 years or older was selected using a stepwise cluster sample strategy, in the year 2000 in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The study included 401 subjects. Salivary cotinine concentration was determined using gas chromatography with nitrogen-phosphorus detection. A standard questionnaire was used to collect demographic and smoking behavioral data. The relation between the number of cigarettes smoked in the last 24h and cotinine level was examined by means of a nonparametric fitting technique of robust locally weighted regression. RESULTS: Significantly (p<0.05) higher adjusted mean cotinine levels were found in subjects smoking their first cigarette within five minutes after waking up, and in those smoking 1-20 cigarettes in the last 24h who reported inhaling more than (1/2) the time. In those smoking 1-20 cigarettes, the slope was significantly higher for those subjects waiting for more than five minutes before smoking their first cigarette after waking up, and those smoking "light" cigarettes when compared with their counterparts. These heterogeneities became negligible and non-significant when subjects with cotinine >40 ng/mL per cigarette were excluded. CONCLUSIONS: There was found a positive association between self-reporting smoking five minutes after waking up, and inhaling more than (1/2) the time are consistent and higher cotinine levels. These can be markers of dependence and higher nicotine intake. Salivary cotinine proved to be a useful biomarker of recent smoking and can be used in epidemiological studies and smoking cessation programs.

Exposure to smoking in soap operas and movies: smoking cessation and attempts to quit. / Exposição ao cigarro em telenovelas e filmes: tentativas de parar de fumar e abstinência.

The objectives of this research were to evaluate whether there was an association between seeing an actor smoke in telenovelas, Brazilian films, or international films, and trying to quit and quitting among adult Brazilian smokers. Data from 39,425 participants in the Global Adult Tobacco Survey were used. Quit ratio (former smoker/former smoker + ever smoker) and proportions of current, former, and never smokers were calculated. Multivariable weighted regression was used to determine significant associations between quitting smoking and exposure to telenovelas and films. For current smokers, the odds of trying to quit were significantly higher among those who saw an actor smoking in a Brazilian film. Those who believed smoking caused serious illness and had rules in the home prohibiting smoking were significantly more likely to have tried to quit or had quit smoking. Exposure to smoking in the media may be different in adults than adolescents. Influential factors for trying to quit and quitting are rules prohibiting smoking at home, belief that smoking causes serious illness, and hearing about dangers of smoking in media.

The use of other tobacco products among Brazilian school children (PeNSE 2012). / Uso de outros produtos do tabaco entre escolares brasileiros (PeNSE 2012).

The goal of this paper is to estimate the prevalence and to identify factors related to the use of other tobacco products among schoolchildren. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a representative sample of high school students enrolled in the 9th grade. A total of 109,104 students were interviewed, and 4.8% of them had used other tobacco products in the previous 30 days. The factors that increased the likelihood of using other tobacco products were: male gender, being administratively dependent on the school, having a job, living with mother and/or father, perception that the parents or guardians would not care if they smoked, having difficulties sleeping, not having close friends, having experienced domestic violence, skipping classes, having used tobacco and alcohol within the past 30 days, having experimented drugs, having smoking parents or guardians, having seen people smoking. The prevalence of using other tobacco products is high among Brazilian students, and is associated with higher socioeconomic conditions, presence of risk behavior, and living in an environment permissible to tobacco use.

Health perception, health conditions, and smoking cessation in Brazil / Percepção e condições de saúde e cessação de tabagismo no Brasil

Abstract Background Smoking cessation is strongly associated with motivational factors. It is possible that individuals who have successfully stopped smoking have different conditions and judgments about their own health. Objective To evaluate the relationship between tobacco-related diseases, health perception, and successful smoking cessation in Brazil. Method Cross-sectional observational study using data from the 2013 National Health Survey (PNS - 2013). Sociodemographic and health-related variables were considered in this study. Logistic regression modeling was carried out considering smoking cessation as outcome. Results Successful smoking cessation attempt was associated with age (OR=2.9, p=0.004), marital status (OR=1.69, p<0.001), level of education (OR=1.34, p<0.001), socioeconomic status (OR=1.58, p<0.001), census status (OR=1.07; p<0.001), access to pro-tobacco advertising (OR=1.74, p<0.001), anti-tobacco campaigns (OR=3.30; p<0.001) and, in particular, living with other smokers (OR=9.65; p<0.001). Conclusion Knowledge about sociodemographic and census status variables is relevant to the assessment of future specific health promotion policies.

Resumo Introdução A cessação do tabagismo tem forte relação com fatores motivacionais. É possível que indivíduos que obtiveram sucesso na cessação do tabagismo possam ter diferentes condições e julgamentos sobre sua própria saúde. Objetivo avaliar a relação entre as doenças tabaco-relacionadas, percepção de saúde e o sucesso na cessação de tabagismo no Brasil. Método estudo transversal que utilizou dados da Pesquisa Nacional de Saúde (PNS) de 2013. Foram considerados para o estudo dois grupos de variáveis: sociodemográficas e variáveis relacionadas à saúde. Foi realizada modelagem por regressão logística, cujo desfecho foi ter conseguido parar de fumar. Resultados Houve associação entre sucesso na tentativa de parar de fumar com a idade (OR=2,9, p=0,004), estado civil (OR=1,69, p<0,001), escolaridade (OR=1,34, p<0,001), classe socioeconômica (OR=1,58, p<0,001), situação censitária (OR=1,07; p<0,001), acesso à publicidade pró-tabaco (OR=1,74, p<0,001), campanhas antitabaco (OR=3,30; p<0,001) e, principalmente, para convívio domiciliar com outro fumante (OR=9,65; p<0,001). Conclusão O conhecimento de variáveis sociodemográficas e de situação de domicílio é relevante para avaliação de políticas de promoção da saúde específicas.

ERICA: smoking prevalence in Brazilian adolescents.

OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalences of tobacco use, tobacco experimentation, and frequent smoking among Brazilian adolescents. METHODS We evaluated participants of the cross-sectional, nation-wide, school-based Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), which included 12- to 17-year-old adolescents from municipalities of over 100 thousand inhabitants. The study sample had a clustered, stratified design and was representative of the whole country, its geographical regions, and all 27 state capitals. The information was obtained with self-administered questionnaires. Tobacco experimentation was defined as having tried cigarettes at least once in life. Adolescents who had smoked on at least one day over the previous 30 days were considered current cigarette smokers. Having smoked cigarettes for at least seven consecutive days was an indicator for regular consumption of tobacco. Considering the complex sampling design, prevalences and 95% confidence intervals were estimated according to sociodemographic and socio-environmental characteristics. RESULTS We evaluated 74,589 adolescents. Among these, 18.5% (95%CI 17.7-19.4) had smoked at least once in life, 5.7% (95%CI 5.3-6.2) smoked at the time of the research, and 2.5% (95%CI 2.2-2.8) smoked often. Adolescents aged 15 to 17 years had higher prevalences for all indicators than those aged 12 to 14 years. The prevalences did not differ significantly between sexes. The highest prevalences were found in the South region and the lowest ones, in the Northeast region. Regardless of sex, the prevalences were found to be higher for adolescents who had had paid jobs, who lived with only one parent, and who reported having been in contact with smokers either inside or outside their homes. Female public school adolescents were found to smoke more than the ones from private schools. CONCLUSIONS Tobacco use among adolescents is still a challenge. Intending to reduce the prevalence of tobacco use among young people, especially the ones under socioeconomic vulnerability conditions, Brazil must consolidate and increase effective public health care measures.

Cambio de comportamiento en personas fumadoras posimplementación de legislación antitabaco en Argentina / Behavioral changes in smokers after implementation of anti-smoking legislation in Argentina / Mudança de comportamento nos fumantes após a implementação da legislação antifumo na Argentina

RESUMEN Objetivo Identificar factores asociados al cambio de comportamiento en personas fumadoras mayores de 18 años luego de la implementación de políticas provinciales 100% libre de humo en Argentina. Métodos Se realizó un estudio analítico de corte transversal. Se utilizó la técnica de modelos multiniveles trabajando con datos de distintas jerarquías. Se utilizaron fuentes de datos secundarios: Encuesta Nacional de Factores de Riesgo 2005, 2009 y 2013. Resultados En el análisis individual de las variables explicativas, se obtuvo que los pobladores de las provincias que no tienen legislación tuvieron un 40% más de probabilidad de no pensar en dejar de fumar que las personas que viven en provincias con legislación. En las provincias sin legislación, el sexo masculino y la edad mayor de 65 años son las características que aumentan las chances de las personas a no pensar en dejar de fumar, en comparación con las provincias que tiene legislación. Conclusiones Los resultados sugieren que una legislación basada en el artículo 8 del Convenio Marco resultaría efectiva para estimular la cesación tabáquica en Argentina.

ABSTRACT Objective Identify factors related to behavioral changes in smokers over 18 years of age following implementation of provincial policies for 100% smoke-free spaces in Argentina. Methods A cross-sectional analytical study was conducted. The multilevel technique was used with data from different hierarchies. Secondary data sources were used: National Risk Factor Surveys 2005, 2009, and 2013. Results The individual analysis of explanatory variables revealed that residents of provinces that do not have smoke-free legislation were 40% less likely to consider quitting smoking than people who live in provinces with such legislation. In provinces without smoke-free spaces, males over 65 years old are even less likely to think about quitting smoking. Conclusions The results suggest that legislation based on Article 8 of the Framework Convention would be effective in promoting tobacco cessation in Argentina.

RESUMO Objetivo Identificar os fatores associados à mudança de comportamento nos fumantes maiores de 18 anos após a implementação de políticas provinciais de proibição do fumo na Argentina. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo analítico de corte transversal. Foi usada uma técnica de modelos multiníveis com dados de diferentes hierarquias. As fontes de dados secundários consultadas foram as iterações de 2005, 2009 e 2013 da Pesquisa Nacional de Fatores de Risco. Resultados Na análise individual das variáveis explicativas, verificou-se que os habitantes das províncias sem legislação antifumo tinham uma probabilidade 40% maior de não considerar parar de fumar quando comparados aos moradores das províncias com legislação antifumo. Em comparação às províncias com legislação antifumo, nas províncias sem esta legislação, ser do sexo masculino e ter idade acima de 65 anos foram as características associadas a uma maior chance de não considerar parar de fumar. Conclusões Os resultados do estudo indicam que uma legislação em conformidade com o Artigo 8 da Convenção-Quadro para o Controle do Tabaco da OMS seria efetiva para incentivar as pessoas a pararem de fumar na Argentina.

ERICA: smoking is associated with more severe asthma in Brazilian adolescents / ERICA: tabagismo está associado a asma mais grave em adolescentes brasileiros

Abstract Objective: To investigate the association between smoking and asthma, and possible associated factors in Brazilian adolescents. Methods: A cross-sectional, national, school-based study with adolescents aged 12-17 years, participants in the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes - ERICA). A total of 66,394 participants answered a self-administered questionnaire with questions about asthma, smoking, lifestyle and sociodemographic variables. Bivariate analysis between Current Asthma (CA) and Severe Asthma (SA) and the other study variables were performed using Chi-squared. Then, the crude and adjusted Prevalence Ratios (PR), and respective 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI) of current asthma/severe asthma and smoking variables, corrected for sociodemographic and lifestyle variables, were estimated using generalized linear models with Poisson regression, logit link, and robust variance. Results: The prevalence of current asthma and severe asthma were significantly higher in adolescents who were exposed to: experimentation (current asthma: PR = 1.78, 95% CI: 1.51-2.09; severe asthma: PR = 2.01; 95% CI: 1.35-2.98); current smoking (current asthma: PR = 2.08, 95% CI: 1.65-2.64; severe asthma: PR = 2.29; 95% CI: 1.38-3.82); regular smoking (current asthma: PR = 2.25, 95% CI: 1.64-3.07; severe asthma: PR: 2.41; 95% CI: 1.23-4.73); and passive smoking (current asthma: PR = 1.47, 95% CI: 1.27-1.67; severe asthma: PR = 1.66; 95% CI: 1.19-2.32); these associations remained significant after adjustment. Conclusions: Asthma and smoking were significantly associated in Brazilian adolescents, regardless of the sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, notably in those with more severe disease.

Resumo: Objetivo: Investigar a associação entre asma, tabagismo e possíveis fatores associados em adolescentes brasileiros. Métodos: Estudo transversal, nacional, de base escolar, envolveu adolescentes com 12 a 17 anos, participantes do Estudo de Riscos Cardiovasculares em Adolescentes (ERICA). Os 66.394 participantes responderam questionários autopreenchíveis com questões sobre asma, tabagismo, estilo de vida e dados sociodemográficos. Foram realizadas análises bivariadas entre asma ativa e asma grave e demais variáveis do estudo, com o uso de χ2. Em seguida, foram estimadas as razões de prevalência (RP) brutas e ajustadas e seus respectivos intervalos de confiança de 95% (IC 95%), entre asma ativa/asma grave e variáveis de tabagismo, corrigidas pelas variáveis sociodemográficas e de estilo de vida, através de modelos lineares generalizados com regressão de Poisson, função de ligação logarítmica e variância robusta. Resultados: A prevalência de asma ativa e asma grave foi significativamente mais elevada naqueles expostos a experimentação (asma ativa: RP = 1,78; IC 95%: 1,51-2,09; asma grave: RP = 2,01; IC 95%: 1,35-2,98); tabagismo atual (asma ativa: RP = 2,08; IC 95%: 1,65-2,64; asma grave: RP = 2,29; IC 95%: 1,38-3,82); tabagismo frequente (asma ativa: RP = 2,25; IC 95%: 1,64-3,07; AG = 2,41; IC 95%: 1,23-4,73) e tabagismo passivo (asma ativa: RP = 1,47; IC 95%: 1,27-1,67; asma grave: RP = 1,66; IC 95%: 1,19-2,32). As associações permaneceram significativas após ajuste. Conclusão: A asma e o tabagismo se associaram de modo significativo em adolescentes brasileiros independente de fatores sociodemográficos e estilo de vida, especialmente naqueles com doença mais grave.

Gradiente urbano-rural no padrão de consumo e cessação do tabagismo no Brasil / Urban-rural gradient in tobacco consumption and cessation patterns in Brazil / Gradiente urbano-rural en el patrón de consumo y fin del tabaquismo en Brasil

Resumo: O grau de urbanização tem sido associado ao consumo de produtos do tabaco, bem como a interrupção do hábito de fumar. Dito isso, o objetivo deste trabalho é examinar a importância do contexto urbano-rural na determinação do padrão de consumo de derivados do tabaco e da cessação do hábito de fumar. Utilizou-se dados do módulo suplementar Pesquisa Especial de Tabagismo (PETab) do inquérito Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD) de 2008. Foram analisados 14.420 indivíduos maiores de 15 anos, sendo 7.003 tabagistas atuais e 7.417 ex-tabagistas na PETab. Foram calculados a prevalência e o índice de cessação de tabagismo. Houve uma estratificação espacial desses indivíduos por moradores de ambientes urbanos e rurais. Outras variáveis sociodemográficas também foram analisadas: sexo, faixa etária, raça e escolaridade. Para explorar a diferença na prevalência e na cessação de tabagismo para cada estrato da situação censitária, os dados foram ajustados usando-se um modelo de Poisson. Há uma prevalência de tabagismo maior para os locais menos influenciados pelo ambiente urbano. Por outro lado, a cessação do tabagismo é maior nos locais mais urbanizados. Observa-se que para a prevalência de tabagismo há redução no consumo na medida em que aumenta a característica urbana da população (RP = 0,75 para eminentemente urbana vs. eminentemente rural, p = 0,001). Para a cessação do tabagismo, observa-se que a população mais urbana é a mais propensa à interrupção do consumo (RP = 1,22 para eminentemente urbana vs. eminentemente rural, p < 0,001). Os resultados apontam para a necessidade de aperfeiçoar a efetividade dos serviços de acompanhamento e estímulo à cessação para o ambiente rural.

Abstract: The degree of urbanization has been associated with both tobacco consumption and quit rates. The current study aims to examine the importance of the urban-rural context in the determination of tobacco consumption patterns and smoking cessation. Data were used from the supplement of the Special Survey on Smoking (PETab) from the 2008 Brazilian National Household Sample Survey (PNAD). The sample included 14,420 individuals over 15 years of age, of whom 7,003 were current smokers and 7,417 former smokers in the PETab. Smoking prevalence and cessation rates were calculated. Individuals were stratified according to urban and rural residence. Other sociodemographic variables were also analyzed: sex, age bracket, race, and schooling. To explore the difference in smoking prevalence and cessation rate for each stratum in the census situation, the data were adjusted using a Poisson model. Smoking prevalence was higher in places less influenced by the urban environment. Meanwhile, smoking cessation was higher in more urbanized places. Smoking prevalence showed a decrease in consumption as the population's urban characteristics increased (PR = 0.75 for eminently urban vs eminently rural, p = 0.001). Smoking cessation trends showed that the more urban population was more prone to quitting (PR = 1.22 for eminently urban vs eminently rural, p < 0.001). The results point to the need to improve the effectiveness of services for follow-up and encouragement of cessation in rural areas.

Resumen: El grado de urbanización ha estado asociado al consumo de productos derivados del tabaco, así como a la interrupción del hábito de fumar. Así pues, el objetivo de este trabajo ha sido examinar la importancia del contexto urbano-rural para determinar el patrón de consumo de derivados del tabaco, así como el fin del hábito de fumar. Se utilizaron datos del módulo complementario de la Encuesta Especial sobre Tabaquismo (PETab por sus siglas en portugués) de la Encuesta Nacional por Muestras de Domicilios (PNAD) de 2008. Se analizaron a 14.420 individuos mayores de 15 años, siendo 7.003 tabaquistas actuales y 7.417 ex-tabaquistas en la PETab. Se calculó la prevalencia y el índice en el cese de tabaquismo. Hubo una estratificación espacial de esos individuos como residentes en ambientes urbanos y rurales. Se analizaron también otras variables sociodemográficas: sexo, franja de edad, raza y escolaridad. Para explorar las diferencias entre la prevalencia, y el fin del tabaquismo en cada estrato dentro de su situación censal, los datos se ajustaron usando el modelo de Poisson. Existe una prevalencia de tabaquismo mayor en los lugares menos influenciados por el ambiente urbano. Por otro lado, la eliminación del tabaquismo es mayor en los lugares más urbanizados. Se observa que para la prevalencia del tabaquismo existe una reducción en el consumo, a medida que aumenta la característica urbana de la población (RP = 0,75 para eminentemente urbana vs. eminentemente rural, p = 0,001). Para el fin del tabaquismo, se observa que la población más urbana es la más propensa a la interrupción del consumo (RP = 1,22 para eminentemente urbana vs. eminentemente rural, p < 0,001). Los resultados apuntan la necesidad de perfeccionar la efectividad de los servicios de acompañamiento y estímulo al fin del tabaquismo en el ambiente rural.

Understanding the relationship between socioeconomic status, smoking cessation services provided by the health system and smoking cessation behavior in Brazil.

Increasing the effectiveness of smoking cessation policies requires greater consideration of the cultural and socioeconomic complexities of smoking. The purpose of this paper is to explore the association between socioeconomic status and "selected midpoints" linked to smoking cessation in Brazil. Data was collected from a representative sample of urban adult smokers as part of the ITC-Brazil Survey (2009, N = 1,215). After controlling for age and gender, there were no statistically significant differences quit attempts in the last six months between individuals with different socioeconomic status. However, smokers with high socioeconomic status visited a doctor 1.54 times more often than those with low socioeconomic status (p-value = 0.017), and were also 1.65 times more likely to receive advice to quit smoking (p-value = 0.025). Our results demonstrate that disparities in health and socioeconomic status are still a major challenge for policymakers to increase the population impact of tobacco control actions worldwide.

A Política de Controle do Tabaco no Brasil: um balanço de 30 anos / Tobacco Control Policies in Brazil: a 30-year assessment

Resumo O artigo apresenta um balanço da política brasileira de controle do tabaco de 1986 a 2016, baseando-se em contribuições dos referenciais da economia política e da análise de políticas públicas. A institucionalização do controle do tabaco no país foi marcada por mudanças mais gerais da política de saúde e por eventos específicos relacionados ao tema. A liderança brasileira no cenário internacional, a sólida estruturação da Política Nacional de Controle do Tabaco e o papel da sociedade civil e dos meios de comunicação contribuíram para o sucesso do controle do tabaco no Brasil. No entanto, persistem desafios relacionados à diversificação de produção em áreas plantadas de fumo, ao comércio ilícito, à interferência da indústria do fumo e à sustentabilidade da Política. O estudo reforça a relevância de serem consideradas, na análise de políticas de saúde complexas, as relações entre contexto internacional e nacional e a articulação entre diferentes setores e atores governamentais e não governamentais. A continuidade e a consolidação da política de controle do tabaco dependem da persistência de um marco institucional amplo que norteie a atuação do Estado na proteção social, consoante com as diretrizes do Sistema Único de Saúde.

Abstract The article presents a review of Brazilian tobacco control policies from 1986 to 2016, based on contributions from political economics and analyses of public policies. The institutionalization of tobacco control in the country was marked by more general changes in health policies and by specific events related to the theme. Brazil's international leadership role, a robust National Tobacco Control Policy, the role of civil society and the media all contributed to the success of tobacco control in this country. However, challenges remain regarding crop diversification in tobacco farms, illegal trade in cigarettes, pressure from the tobacco industry and the sustainability of the Policy. This study reinforces the importance of bearing in mind the relationship between the domestic and international context, and the articulation between different governmental and non-governmental sectors and players when analyzing complex health policies. Continuity and consolidation of the tobacco control policies depend on the persistence of a broad institutional framework to guide the State's actions in social protection, in accordance with Unified Healthcare System guidelines.