RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Five different G protein-coupled sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) receptors (S1P1-S1P5) regulate a variety of physiologic and pathophysiologic processes, including lymphocyte circulation, multiple sclerosis (MS), and cancer. Although B-lymphocyte circulation plays an important role in these processes and is essential for normal immune responses, little is known about S1P receptors in human B cells. OBJECTIVE: To explore their function and signaling, we studied B-cell lines and primary B cells from control subjects, patients with leukemia, patients with S1P receptor inhibitor-treated MS, and patients with primary immunodeficiencies. METHODS: S1P receptor expression was analyzed by using multicolor immunofluorescence microscopy and quantitative PCR. Transwell assays were used to study cell migration. S1P receptor internalization was visualized by means of time-lapse imaging with fluorescent S1P receptor fusion proteins expressed by using lentiviral gene transfer. B-lymphocyte subsets were characterized by means of flow cytometry and immunofluorescence microscopy. RESULTS: Showing that different B-cell populations express different combinations of S1P receptors, we found that S1P1 promotes migration, whereas S1P4 modulates and S1P2 inhibits S1P1 signals. Expression of CD69 in activated B lymphocytes and B cells from patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia inhibited S1P-induced migration. Studying B-cell lines, normal B lymphocytes, and B cells from patients with primary immunodeficiencies, we identified Bruton tyrosine kinase, ß-arrestin 2, LPS-responsive beige-like anchor protein, dedicator of cytokinesis 8, and Wiskott-Aldrich syndrome protein as critical signaling components downstream of S1P1. CONCLUSION: Thus S1P receptor signaling regulates human B-cell circulation and might be a factor contributing to the pathology of MS, chronic lymphocytic leukemia, and primary immunodeficiencies.
Asunto(s)
Subgrupos de Linfocitos B/metabolismo , Inmunodeficiencia Variable Común/metabolismo , Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica de Células B/metabolismo , Esclerosis Múltiple/metabolismo , Receptores de Lisoesfingolípidos/metabolismo , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/genética , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/inmunología , Proteínas Adaptadoras Transductoras de Señales/metabolismo , Agammaglobulinemia Tirosina Quinasa , Antígenos CD/genética , Antígenos CD/inmunología , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígenos de Diferenciación de Linfocitos T/genética , Antígenos de Diferenciación de Linfocitos T/inmunología , Antígenos de Diferenciación de Linfocitos T/metabolismo , Arrestinas/genética , Arrestinas/inmunología , Arrestinas/metabolismo , Subgrupos de Linfocitos B/inmunología , Subgrupos de Linfocitos B/patología , Línea Celular , Movimiento Celular , Inmunodeficiencia Variable Común/genética , Inmunodeficiencia Variable Común/inmunología , Inmunodeficiencia Variable Común/patología , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Factores de Intercambio de Guanina Nucleótido/genética , Factores de Intercambio de Guanina Nucleótido/inmunología , Factores de Intercambio de Guanina Nucleótido/metabolismo , Humanos , Lectinas Tipo C/genética , Lectinas Tipo C/inmunología , Lectinas Tipo C/metabolismo , Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica de Células B/genética , Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica de Células B/inmunología , Leucemia Linfocítica Crónica de Células B/patología , Esclerosis Múltiple/genética , Esclerosis Múltiple/inmunología , Esclerosis Múltiple/patología , Cultivo Primario de Células , Isoformas de Proteínas/genética , Isoformas de Proteínas/inmunología , Isoformas de Proteínas/metabolismo , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/genética , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/inmunología , Proteínas Tirosina Quinasas/metabolismo , Receptores de Lisoesfingolípidos/genética , Receptores de Lisoesfingolípidos/inmunología , Transducción de Señal , Imagen de Lapso de Tiempo , Proteína del Síndrome de Wiskott-Aldrich/genética , Proteína del Síndrome de Wiskott-Aldrich/inmunología , Proteína del Síndrome de Wiskott-Aldrich/metabolismo , Arrestina beta 2 , beta-ArrestinasRESUMEN
Lateral roots are initiated postembryonically in response to environmental cues, enabling plants to explore efficiently their underground environment. However, the mechanisms by which the environment determines the position of lateral root formation are unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that in Arabidopsis thaliana lateral root initiation can be induced mechanically by either gravitropic curvature or by the transient bending of a root by hand. The plant hormone auxin accumulates at the site of lateral root induction before a primordium starts to form. Here we describe a subcellular relocalization of PIN1, an auxin transport protein, in a single protoxylem cell in response to gravitropic curvature. This relocalization precedes auxin-dependent gene transcription at the site of a new primordium. Auxin-dependent nuclear signaling is necessary for lateral root formation; arf7/19 double knock-out mutants normally form no lateral roots but do so upon bending when the root tip is removed. Signaling through arf7/19 can therefore be bypassed by root bending. These data support a model in which a root-tip-derived signal acts on downstream signaling molecules that specify lateral root identity.