Bariatric metabolic surgery: An effective treatment of type 2 diabetes.

Background: Bariatric metabolic surgery is evolving as an option for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) in patients with obesity and T2DM, warranting more studies on the efficacy of bariatric metabolic surgery on T2DM. Objective: To determine T2DM remission in patients with obesity and T2DM with up to two years follow-up after bariatric metabolic surgery. Materials and Methods: A retrospective review of prospectively maintained data was undertaken to identify patients who had T2DM and underwent bariatric surgery at a single centre in 2016. Data collected included age, gender, body mass index (BMI), fasting plasma glucose, haemoglobin A1c, hypertension, (HTN), Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), initial weight and the weight at intervals of 6, 12, and 24 months. Data on the treatment of T2DM before the surgery was also collected. The criteria of the American Diabetes Association were used for the definition of T2DM remission. Only the data on patients in this study who had more than 12 months' follow-up information was analysed. Results: Two hundred and eighty patients with T2DM were identified. 191 patients had more than 12 months' follow-up information. Mean age and BMI were 49.58 ± 10.64 years and 44.03 ± 7.86 kg/m2 respectively. There were 29 patients on insulin, 21 (10.9%) on insulin only and 8 (4.2%) on insulin and oral hypoglycaemic agents (OHA). One hundred and forty-six patients (76.4%) were on OHA, 134 on a single OHA and 12 on more than one OHA. Twenty-six patients (13.6%) were newly diagnosed with T2DM when they came in for bariatric metabolic surgery. One hundred and fifty-six patients (81.7%) achieved complete remission. 14 (7.3%) of these patients used to be on insulin with or without OHA and 142 (74.3%) were patients either on OHA or no OHA. There were 12 (6.4%) patients in partial remission. There was improvement in 23 (12.04%). Eight patients were on insulin but at lower doses and 15 were on a single OHA. The average percentage of total weight loss at 6, 12 and 24 months was 29.7%, 33.9% and 35.6% respectively. Patients with shorter duration of T2DM had higher remission rates as compared to patients with longer duration (r = -0.874, P = 0.001). There was also a significant resolution of HTN (81.8%) and OSA (82.3%) after bariatric metabolic surgery. Conclusion: This study collaborates reports that there is significant remission of T2DM after bariatric metabolic surgery in patients with obesity and T2DM. There is a need for prospective, multi-centre, and long-term studies on bariatric metabolic surgery to treat patients with obesity and T2DM.

Complications after bariatric surgery: A multicentric study of 11,568 patients from Indian bariatric surgery outcomes reporting group.

BACKGROUND: Complications after bariatric surgery are not uncommon occurrences that influence the choice of operations both by patients and by surgeons. Complications may be classified as intra-operative, early (<30 days post-operatively) or late (beyond 30 days). The prevalence of complications is influenced by the sample size, surgeon's experience and length and percentage of follow-up. There are no multicentric reports of post-bariatric complications from India. OBJECTIVES: To examine the various complications after different bariatric operations that currently performed in India. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A scientific committee designed a questionnaire to examine the post-bariatric surgery complications during a fixed time period in India. Data requested included demographic data, co-morbidities, type of procedure, complications, investigations and management of complications. This questionnaire was sent to all centres where bariatric surgery is performed in India. Data collected were reviewed, were analysed and are presented. RESULTS: Twenty-four centres responded with a report on 11,568 bariatric procedures. These included 4776 (41.3%) sleeve gastrectomy (SG), 3187 (27.5%) one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB), 2993 (25.9%) Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) and 612 (5.3%) other procedures. Total reported complications were 363 (3.13%). Post-operative bleeding (0.75%) and nutritional deficiency (0.75%) were the two most common complications. Leaks (P = 0.009) and gastro-oesophageal reflux disease (P = 0.019) were significantly higher in SG, marginal ulcers in OAGB (P = 0.000), intestinal obstruction in RYGB (P = 0.001) and nutritional complications in other procedures (P = 0.000). Overall, the percentage of complications was higher in 'other' procedures (6.05%, P = 0.000). There were 18 (0.16%) reported mortalities. CONCLUSIONS: The post-bariatric composite complication rate from the 24 participating centres in this study from India is at par with the published data. Aggressive post-bariatric follow-up is required to improve nutritional outcomes.

Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty is an effective and safe minimally invasive approach for treatment of obesity: First Indian experience.

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty (ESG) is gaining acceptance as a non-surgical option for the treatment of obesity. However, its role is still not consolidated for all populations and the ideal indications are yet to be determined. We aimed to study the efficacy and safety of ESG in Indian patients. METHODS: We conducted a single-center retrospective study of obese patients who underwent consecutive ESG at our tertiary care center. Data on weight loss and adverse events at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months were collected and analyzed. RESULTS: Fifty-three patients underwent ESG from March 2017 to October 2018. Eighty one percent of patients were female (43/53). Mean baseline age and body mass index were 40.54 ±â€Š13.79 years and 34.78 ±â€Š5.20 kg/m2 , respectively. Mean duration of procedure was 68.96 ± 11.19 min. Immediate postoperative complications included mainly epigastric pain (45.2%) and nausea (22.6%) but there was no serious adverse event. Average percentage of total weight loss (%TWL) was 8.26%, 11.96%, 14.25%, and 19.94% at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months, respectively. Eighty-eight percent of patients achieved >15% TWL at 12 months. Younger patients (<30 years old) and female patients had greater %TWL at 12 months (P = 0.01 and P = 0.021, respectively). Last 18 procedures were significantly faster than the first 35 cases (P = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic sleeve gastroplasty is effective and safe at promoting weight loss in the Indian population. Young age and female gender are related to better outcomes.

Metabolic and Bariatric Surgery in Patients with Obesity Class V (BMI > 60 kg/m2): a Modified Delphi Study.

BACKGROUND: Metabolic and bariatric surgery (MBS) is the preferred method to achieve significant weight loss in patients with Obesity Class V (BMI > 60 kg/m2). However, there is no consensus regarding the best procedure(s) for this population. Additionally, these patients will likely have a higher risk of complications and mortality. The aim of this study was to achieve a consensus among a global panel of expert bariatric surgeons using a modified Delphi methodology. METHODS: A total of 36 recognized opinion-makers and highly experienced metabolic and bariatric surgeons participated in the present Delphi consensus. 81 statements on preoperative management, selection of the procedure, perioperative management, weight loss parameters, follow-up, and metabolic outcomes were voted on in two rounds. A consensus was considered reached when an agreement of ≥ 70% of experts' votes was achieved. RESULTS: A total of 54 out of 81 statements reached consensus. Remarkably, more than 90% of the experts agreed that patients should be notified of the greater risk of complications, the possibility of modifications to the surgical procedure, and the early start of chemical thromboprophylaxis. Regarding the choice of the procedure, SADI-S, RYGB, and OAGB were the top 3 preferred operations. However, no consensus was reached on the limb length in these operations. CONCLUSION: This study represents the first attempt to reach consensus on the choice of procedures as well as perioperative management in patients with obesity class V. Although overall consensus was reached in different areas, more research is needed to better serve this high-risk population.

Revision/Conversion Surgeries After One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass-An Experts' Modified Delphi Consensus.

PURPOSE: There is a lack of evidence for treatment of some conditions including complication management, suboptimal initial weight loss, recurrent weight gain, or worsening of a significant obesity complication after one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB). This study was designed to respond to the existing lack of agreement and to provide a valuable resource for clinicians by employing an expert-modified Delphi consensus method. METHODS: Forty-eight recognized bariatric surgeons from 28 countries participated in the modified Delphi consensus to vote on 64 statements in two rounds. An agreement/disagreement among ≥ 70.0% of the experts was regarded to indicate a consensus. RESULTS: A consensus was achieved for 46 statements. For recurrent weight gain or worsening of a significant obesity complication after OAGB, more than 85% of experts reached a consensus that elongation of the biliopancreatic limb (BPL) is an acceptable option and the total bowel length measurement is mandatory during BPL elongation to preserve at least 300-400 cm of common channel limb length to avoid nutritional deficiencies. Also, more than 85% of experts reached a consensus on conversion to Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) with or without pouch downsizing as an acceptable option for the treatment of persistent bile reflux after OAGB and recommend detecting and repairing any size of hiatal hernia during conversion to RYGB. CONCLUSION: While the experts reached a consensus on several aspects regarding revision/conversion surgeries after OAGB, there are still lingering areas of disagreement. This highlights the importance of conducting further studies in the future to address these unresolved issues.

Comparison of Outcomes Between Banded and Non-banded Sleeve Gastrectomy: a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) is the most common bariatric procedure performed worldwide. It accounts for more than 50% of primary bariatric surgeries performed each year. Recent long-term data has shown an alarming trend of weight recidivism. Some authors have proposed the concurrent use of a non-adjustable gastric band to decrease long-term sleeve failure. OBJECTIVE: To compare the outcomes (weight loss) and safety (rate of complication and presence of upper GI symptoms) between SG and BSG. METHODS: A systematic search with no language or time restrictions was performed to identify relevant observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCT) evaluating people with morbid obesity undergoing SG or SGB for weight loss. An inverse-of-the-variance meta-analysis was performed by random effects model. Heterogeneity was assessed using Cochrane X2 and I2 analysis. RESULTS: A total of 7 observational studies and 3 RCT were included in the final analysis. There were 911 participants pooled from observational studies and 194 from RCT. BSG showed a significant higher excess of weight loss (% EWL). The difference among groups was clinically relevant after the third year where the weighted mean difference (SMD) was 16.8 (CI 95% 12.45, 21.15, p < 0.0001), while at 5 years, a SMD of 25.59 (16.31, 34.87, p < 0.0001) was noticed. No differences related to overall complications were noticed. Upper GI symptoms were up to three times more frequent in the BSG group (OR 3.26. CI 95% 1.96, 5.42, p < 0.0001). CONCLUSIONS: According to the results, BSG is superior to SG in weight loss at 5 years but is associated with a higher incidence of upper GI symptoms. However, these conclusions are based mainly on data obtained from observational studies. Further RCT are needed to evaluate the effect and safety of BSG.

Emerging Procedures in Bariatric Metabolic Surgery.

Bariatric/metabolic surgery has emerged as an option for significant and durable weight loss in the treatment of clinically severe obesity; there is increasing demand for bariatric/metabolic surgery worldwide. New procedures have been developed and changed the face of modern bariatric surgery. Gastrointestinal metabolic surgery is a new treatment modality for obesity-related type 2 diabetes mellitus for patients with body mass index greater than 35 kg/m2. Providing safe bariatric/metabolic surgery, training qualified bariatric surgeons, and developing better techniques are important issues. This article discusses emerging procedures; a multitude of bariatric metabolic procedures enables surgeons to tailor treatment to patients' needs.

The IFSO Worldwide One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass Survey: Techniques and Outcomes?

INTRODUCTION: One anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) has become one of the most commonly performed gastric bypass procedures in some countries. OBJECTIVES: To assess how surgeons viewed the OAGB, perceptions, indications, techniques, and outcomes, as well as the incidence of short- and long-term complications and how they were managed worldwide. METHODS: A questionnaire was sent to all IFSO members in all 5 chapters to study the pattern of practice and outcomes of OAGB. RESULTS: Seven hundred and forty-two surgeons responded. The most commonly performed procedures were sleeve gastrectomy (SG), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), and OAGB. Preoperatively, 70% of the surgeons performed endoscopy routinely. In regards to weight loss, 83% (570 surgeons) responded that OAGB produces better weight loss than SG, and 49% (342 surgeons) responded that OAGB produces better weight loss than RYGB. The most common length of the biliopancreatic limb (BPL) utilized was 200 cm. Sixty-seven percent of surgeons did not measure the total length of the small bowel. In patients with reflux disease and history of smoking, 53% and 22% of surgeons respectively still offered OAGB as a treatment option. Postoperatively, leak was documented in 963 patients, and it was the leading cause for mortality. Leak management was conservative in 35%. Conversion to RYGB was performed in 31%. In 16% the anastomosis was reinforced, 6% of the patients were reversed, and other procedures were performed in 12%. Revision of OAGB for malnutrition/steatorrhea or severe bile reflux was reported at least once by 37% and 45% of surgeons, respectively (200 cm was the most commonly encountered biliopancreatic limb BPL in those revised for malnutrition). Most common strategy for revision was conversion to RYGB (43%), reversal to normal anatomy (32%), shortening of the BPL (20%), and conversion to SG (5%). Nevertheless, 5 out of 98 mortalities (5%) were due to liver failure/malnutrition. CONCLUSION: There are infrequent but potentially severe specific complications including malnutrition, liver failure, and bile reflux that may require surgical correction after OAGB.

The First Modified Delphi Consensus Statement for Resuming Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery in the COVID-19 Times.

The purpose of this study was to achieve consensus amongst a global panel of expert bariatric surgeons on various aspects of resuming Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery (BMS) during the Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. A modified Delphi consensus-building protocol was used to build consensus amongst 44 globally recognised bariatric surgeons. The experts were asked to either agree or disagree with 111 statements they collectively proposed over two separate rounds. An agreement amongst ≥ 70.0% of experts was construed as consensus as per the predetermined methodology. We present here 38 of our key recommendations. This first global consensus statement on the resumption of BMS can provide a framework for multidisciplinary BMS teams planning to resume local services as well as guide future research in this area.

Banded Sleeve Gastrectomy and One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass/Mini-gastric Bypass for Treatment of Obesity: a Retrospective Cohort Comparative Study with 6 years follow-up.

BACKGROUND: Banded sleeve gastrectomy (BSG), a modification of the laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (SG), and one anastomotic gastric bypass/mini-gastric bypass (OAGB/MGB), a modification to the Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB), have been reported to enhance weight loss and minimize significant weight regain when compared with the SG and RYGB respectively. However, there has not been any report or study comparing these two operations. OBJECTIVE: We did a retrospective cohort study comparing these two operations and present a review and analysis with follow-up for 6 years. METHOD: A review of all the operations performed at MBRSC in 2011 from a prospectively maintained database was done. Patients who had either a BSG or OAGB/MGB were identified. Data on the patients' profile, co-morbid conditions, perioperative complications, late complications, weight loss, resolution of comorbidities, and changes in quality of life (QLF) were collected reviewed and analyzed. RESULT: Sixty-eight patients were identified who had a primary BSG and 55 who had an OAGB/MGB in 2011. The follow-up rate, the age, BMI, and gender composition were similar in both groups. There were more patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) in the BSG group than in the OAGB/MGB group (44.1% vs. 27.2%). The incidences of hypertension (HTN) and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) were higher in the OAGB/MGB group (62% vs. 36% and 96.3% vs. 2.9% respectively). The weight loss was faster in the OAGB/MGB group in the first year, but by the sixth year, the weight loss was slightly higher in the BSG group (84% vs. 79%). Resolution rate of T2D and HTN was higher after the OAGB/MGB group, 86.6% vs. 75.7% and 85.3% vs. 64.0% respectively. There was a 20% incidence of nutrient deficiencies in OAGB/MGB group and none in the BSG group. CONCLUSION: Both operations produced excellent weight loss and maintenance in the short to intermediate term. There was better resolution of T2D and HTN after OAGB/MGB at the expense of a higher incidence of nutrient deficiency and some protein caloric malnutrition. There is need for prospective and larger series studies to confirm these findings.

Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy versus laparoscopic gastric bypass: A retrospective cohort study.

BACKGROUND: There are many reports on short-term outcomes following sleeve gastrectomy, which demonstrate that it has comparable efficacy to gastric bypass. However, there are very few long-term comparative reports. This study compared the outcomes from laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and laparoscopic gastric bypass (LGB) in a cohort of patients who had surgery in 2011 with a six-year follow up. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Data on patients who had either LSG or LGB at a single centre in Mohak Bariatric and Robotic Surgery Centre, Indore, M.P. India in 2011 were identified from a database of routinely collected data. This retrospective cohort was analysed for weight loss, resolution of comorbidities and nutritional status over six years. Patients who had revision operations or for whom six-year follow-up data were not available were excluded from the analysis. RESULTS: 154 patients had LGB and 152 had LSG. The six-year follow up rate was 61.7% (n = 95) and 64.5% (n = 98) respectively for LGB and LSG. Percentage of excess bodyweight loss (%EWL) peaked at approximately 70% after two years in the LSG group and after three years in the LGB group. However, after six years %EWL was 61% for LGB and 50% for LSG (p = 0.001). Resolution of type-2 diabetes was more common in the LGB group compared to the LSG group (79% vs 62%, p = 0.126). Resolution of hypertension and dyslipidaemia was similar in both groups at approximately half of patients in each group for each condition. Nutrient deficiencies were found in both groups but were generally more pronounced in the LGB group. CONCLUSION: LGB is a better operation for weight loss, weight loss maintenance, and resolution of type-2 diabetes than LSG. This is at the expense of an increased incidence of nutrient deficiencies. LSG appears to have greater treatment failure by six years follow up and this should be further investigated.

Assessment of functional ability of nonambulatory patients with obesity: after and before bariatric surgery.

INTRODUCTION: Functional ability is often impaired as a direct consequence of severe obesity. Bariatric surgery is the most effective treatment for severe obesity. OBJECTIVE: To examine the effect of weight loss after bariatric surgery on patients with impaired functional ambulatory abilities due to obesity. SETTINGS: A high-volume university-affiliated bariatric surgery center in India. METHOD: We conducted a prospective study in a cohort of nonambulatory patients with functional disabilities (bedridden, wheelchair-bound, or walker-dependent) who underwent bariatric surgery. Data on sex, body mass index, co-morbid conditions, the severity of pain, and types of limitations in functional abilities were collected at baseline and at 1 year after bariatric surgery and analyzed. RESULTS: Forty-five patients were enrolled in this study with 100% follow-up at 1 year. The mean age and body mass index of the patients were 54.7 ± 8.5 years and 54.2 ± 8.6 kg/m2, respectively. Thirty-four (75.5%) were female, 27 (60%) were walker-dependent, 14 (31.1%) were wheelchair-bound, and 4 (8.9%) were bedridden. At baseline 88.8% and 75.5% patients had severe knee and back pain, respectively. The percentage of total weight loss was 22% and 31% at 6 and 12 months, respectively. At 1 year, 37 (82.2%) patients were ambulating independently, only 1 (2.2%) patient was still bedridden, and 7 (15.5%) patients were walker-dependent. Mild, moderate, and severe classification on all functional ability scales were significantly improved. CONCLUSION: Weight loss after bariatric surgery results in significant amelioration of knee and/or back pain with an improvement in functional abilities and quality of life.

Outcomes of bariatric surgery in geriatric patients ≥ 65 years: single institution study.

BACKGROUND: Obesity is an epidemic with an increasing incidence in geriatric individuals also. The aim of the present study is to determine the outcomes in geriatric patients ≥ 65 years, who underwent Bariatric Surgery. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective review was performed of prospectively collected data on geriatric patients (age 65 to 80 years) who had undergone bariatric surgery at a single institution from Jan. 2010 to Dec. 2013. A cohort of adult patients (age 17 to 64 years) were matched for comparative evaluation who also underwent bariatric surgery in the same period. The data analyzed included gender, co-morbidities, weight (loss), complications, and resolution of co-morbidities. RESULTS: 184 (7.3%) patients 65 years and older were identified out of 2508 patients who had bariatric surgery between January 2010 and December 2013. These were compared with 184 patients matched for types of surgery. Out of 184 patients in each group, 53 (28.8%) had undergone Roux-en-Y gastric bypass, 39 (21.2%) one anastomosis gastric bypass, and 92 (50%) sleeve gastrectomy. The average age was 68.7 years and 49.85 years in the geriatric and adult groups respectively. Average preoperative weight and BMI were 106.71 kg and117.69 kg and 42.59 kg/m2 and 43.08 kg/m2 in the geriatric and adult groups respectively. The co-morbid conditions were significantly more in the geriatric group. The weight (loss), nutrient deficiencies, and resolution of co-morbid conditions were similar in both groups. There were three major complications in the adult group and two in the geriatric group. One mortality was documented in the adult group from pulmonary embolus. CONCLUSION: The outcomes of bariatric surgery in geriatric patients in this study were similar to that in adults. Our study confirms the findings of previous published studies that bariatric surgery could be a safe and effective treatment option in a selected geriatric population.

Comparison of one-anastomosis gastric bypass and Roux-en-Y gastric bypass for treatment of obesity: a 5-year study.

BACKGROUND: Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) is the gold standard in bariatric surgery. One-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) has been reported to have equivalent or better weight loss, with added advantages of being technically easy, amenable to reintervention/reversal, and offering better food tolerance. OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to compare weight loss, metabolic syndrome outcome, complications, and long-term nutritional outcomes between the 2 procedures. SETTINGS: A high-volume, private-practice bariatric surgery center in India. METHOD: This retrospective study is based on prospectively maintained data in a cohort of patients who had either RYGB or OAGB in 2012 at a single institution by a single surgeon. Patients were all eligible for 5-year follow-up. RESULTS: On hundred twenty-two patients had RYGB and 90 had OAGB. The mean age was 44 and 46.4 years, body mass index was 45.8 and 42, percentage of total weight loss was 36.4 and 25.9, and percentage of excess weight loss was 81.6 and 66.7 for OAGB and RYGB groups, respectively. Resolution of type 2 diabetes was 79%, hypertension 57%, dyslipidemia 56%, and sleep apnea 94.54% in OAGB patients compared with type 2 diabetes of 61%, hypertension of 43%, dyslipidemia of 53%, and sleep apnea of 90.74% in RYGB patients. OAGB patients had more nutritional deficiencies than RYGB patients: anemia 44% versus 17%, hypoalbuminemia 32% versus 15%, and hypocalcemia 19% versus 8%, and other complications 7.8% versus 1.6%, respectively. There were no deaths in this study. CONCLUSION: OAGB is associated with more weight loss and better resolution of co-morbid conditions. However, it is also associated with more nutritional deficiencies. There is a need for long-term follow-up and multicenter reports to confirm these findings.

Revision operation to one-anastomosis gastric bypass for failed sleeve gastrectomy.

BACKGROUND: There are few publications on revising sleeve gastrectomy (SG) to one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB). OBJECTIVE: This study was undertaken to determine outcomes in terms of weight loss and resolution of co-morbidities in patients who had SG revised to OAGB. SETTINGS: A high-volume university-affiliated bariatric surgery center in India. METHOD: Information was collected from patients identified in a prospectively maintained database of patients who had a revision from SG to OAGB. An analysis of outcomes in terms of weight loss and maintenance with up to 3-years follow-up is reported. RESULTS: Thirty-two patients were revised from SG to OAGB. Of the 32 revised patients, 9 (28%) had type 2 diabetes, 15 (47%) had hypertension, and 2 (6%) had sleep apnea at the time of the initial SG. At the time of revision only 2 of 32 (6.25%) had type 2 diabetes, 3 (9.4%) had hypertension, and none had sleep apnea. The average initial weight in this study before SG was 118 kg and body mass index was 44.04 kg/m2. The average weight at the nadir and at revision was 92.1 and 103.5 kg, respectively. Average weight was 93.5, 94.3, and 100.6 kg (P < .002) at 1-, 2-, and 3-year follow-up, respectively. There was reoccurrence of type 2 diabetes in 1 patient at 3 years after revision due to weight regain. There were no complications in this study. CONCLUSION: In this study, revision of SG to OAGB because of inadequate weight loss or significant weight regain was safe and effective at 2-year follow-up; however, there was a tendency toward weight regain at 3 years. Multicenter studies with larger series of patients and longer-term follow-up after SG revision to OAGB are needed.

Surgery in Patients with Super Obesity: Medium-Term Follow-Up Outcomes at a High-Volume Center.

OBJECTIVE: There is a need to determine which bariatric operations are the most effective for patients with super obesity and super-super obesity. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was performed on patients with super obesity and super-super obesity at Mohak Bariatrics and Robotics Surgery Center in Indore, India. RESULTS: Five hundred fourteen patients with super obesity and super-super obesity had surgery at our center from January 2010 through December 2013. The baseline characteristics were different in different operations. The initial average age, weight, and BMI were 44.4 (SD 11.9) years, 145.4 (SD 24.2) kg, and 55.48 (SD 5.32) kg/m2 , respectively. Sleeve gastrectomy (SG) (227 [44.2%]) was the most common procedure, followed by one-anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) (124 [24.1%]), Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (RYGB) (102 [19.8%]), banded sleeve gastrectomy (BSG) (33 [6.4%]), and banded Roux-en-Y gastric bypass (BRYGB) (28 [5.4%]). After 3 years, the percentages of excess body weight loss (%EBWL) for SG, OAGB, RYGB, BSG, and BRYGB were 62.38%, 78.59%, 69.55%, 85.11%, and 75.77% (P < 0.0001), respectively. Failure to achieve BMI < 35 kg/m2 was more frequent in the group who underwent SG (67.9%), followed by RYGB (29.16%), BRYGB (22.2%), OAGB (9.87%), and none in the BSG group. CONCLUSIONS: BSG, OAGB, and BRYGB have very good to excellent midterm outcomes for patients with super obesity and super-super obesity, whereas RYGB and SG have average outcomes at 3 years. There is a need for multicenter, long-term, and prospective studies to be performed to confirm these findings.

Outcomes of One Anastomosis Gastric Bypass in the IFSO Middle East North Africa (MENA) Region.

INTRODUCTION: Since it was first described in 2001, the one anastomosis gastric bypass (OAGB) has been gaining popularity in the Middle East region and worldwide. We designed a survey to evaluate the trends, techniques, and outcomes of OAGB in our region. METHODS: A questionnaire to study OAGB was sent to the members of the IFSO MENA chapter. RESULTS: One-hundred and forty-eight surgeons (74%) responded. Forty-six percent of all respondents (64 surgeons) performed OAGB routinely. The most commonly performed procedures were the laparoscopic sleeve gastrostomy (LSG), followed by OAGB, and then Roux-en-Y (RYGB). Of the surgeons who responded, 65% did not perform routine pre-operative endoscopy. Seventy-two percent believed that OAGB produces better weight loss than the LSG while 58% did not believe it produced better results to RYGB. The most common length of biliopancreatic limb utilized was 200 cm, and 72% of surgeons did not measure the total length of the small bowel. Fifty percent of the surgeons offered OAGB as a treatment for acid reflux and 33% offered it to active smokers. Early complications included leak (< 1%), venous thromboembolism (< 1%), and mortality (< 0.5%) in most centers. Leaks were managed conservatively (23%), by conversion to RYGB (20%), reinforcing the anastomosis (19%), reversal to normal anatomy (6%), and others (32%). Of the total surgeons, 41% reported revising at least one patient for malnutrition and steatorrhea, and 32% reported revising at least one patient for sever bile reflux. CONCLUSION: OAGB is a commonly performed and safe procedure in the MENA region. Malnutrition and bile reflux requiring surgical intervention are serious long-term concerns.

Placement of the GaBP ring system in the banded gastric bypass operation.

Currently, bariatric surgeons fashion the band or ring reinforcement prosthesis, to control the stoma in the vertical banded gastroplasty and gastric bypass operations for morbid obesity. To meet this need, the GaBP Ring system has been developed in various sizes, and consists of 4 main parts to provide a means for inserting a ring around the gastric pouch in the banded gastric bypass or the vertical banded gastroplasty. The pre-manufactured and sterilized device provides for better standardization and quality control than individually surgeon-fashioned devices. The GaBP Ring system is described, and the technique of placement and the pertinent initial clinical results are presented.

Choosing an operation for weight control, and the transected banded gastric bypass.

Obesity and particularly morbid obesity is a lifelong problem that currently cannot be cured but can be controlled. Attempted control of obesity non-surgically results in 98% recividism. Weight loss is readily attainable, but weight loss maintenance is recalcitrant. Surgery currently provides the only long-term control of obesity. Surgery at best is a tool that the patient can use to effect the weight loss and weight loss maintenance. We have celebrated the golden anniversary of bariatric surgery in 2004. Obesity surgery is thus a relatively young field which is evolving. Operations currently used for the treatment of obesity fall into 3 categories: 1) restrictive operations such as vertical banded gastroplasty, silastic ring gastroplasty and gastric banding; 2) malabsorptive operations which include all the variations of the intestinal bypass; and 3) combined operations which utilize both restriction and malabsorption which include all the variations of short-limb gastric bypass, long-limb or distal gastric bypass and biliopancreatic diversion. The choice of the operation will be guided by the extent of the patient's obesity, the age of the patient, other co-morbid conditions of the patient, the cost of the operation, the patient's choice, and the surgeon's choice based on training, experience and geographical location. First and foremost, the operation chosen should be effective in causing weight loss and providing long-term weight loss maintenance with acceptable morbidity and mortality. Recommendations are made for choosing an operation for weight control based on effectiveness and safety.

Fifty consecutive patients with the GaBP ring system used in the banded gastric bypass operation for obesity with follow up of at least 1 year.

BACKGROUND: The premanufactured GaBP ring system can be used in the banded gastric bypass operation instead of a surgeon-fashioned ring or band in current use. METHODS: The GaBP ring system was used in 50 consecutive patients, and the outcomes were reviewed after 1 year of follow-up. Data were kept prospectively. RESULTS: The GaBP ring system was used in 50 patients undergoing gastric bypass surgery, 9 with an open procedure and 41 with a laparoscopic approach. Placement took an average of < 5 minutes, and there were no GaBP ring system-related complications at the 1-year follow-up. The outcomes in terms of weight loss and resolution of comorbidities are similar to those previously reported for banded gastric bypass. CONCLUSION: The GaBP ring system provides a premanufactured standardized ring for use in the banded gastric bypass operation.