Ultra-processed foods and obesity and adiposity parameters among children and adolescents: a systematic review.

PURPOSE: According to the NOVA classification, ultra-processed foods are products made through physical, biological and chemical processes and typically with multiple ingredients and additives, in which whole foods are mostly or entirely absent. From a nutritional point of view, they are typically energy-dense foods high in fat, sugar, and salt and low in fiber. The association between the consumption of ultra-processed food and obesity and adiposity measurements has been established in adults. However, the situation remains unclear in children and adolescents. METHODS: We carried out a systematic review, in which we summarize observational studies investigating the association between the consumption of ultra-processed food, as defined by NOVA classification, and obesity and adiposity parameters among children and adolescents. A literature search was performed using PUBMED and Web of Science databases for relevant articles published prior to May 2021. RESULTS: Ten studies, five longitudinal and five cross-sectional, mainly conducted in Brazil, were included in this review. Four longitudinal studies in children with a follow-up longer than 4 years found a positive association between the consumption of ultra-processed food and obesity and adiposity parameters, whereas cross-sectional studies failed to find an association. CONCLUSION: These data suggest that a consistent intake of ultra-processed foods over time is needed to impact nutritional status and body composition of children and adolescents. Further well-designed prospective studies worldwide are needed to confirm these findings considering country-related differences in dietary habits and food production technologies.

Isocaloric Ketogenic Diet in Adults with High-Grade Gliomas: A Prospective Metabolic Study.

The use of the ketogenic diet (KD) as an adjuvant therapy in high-grade gliomas (HGG) is supported by preclinical studies, but clinical data on its effects on metabolism are currently lacking. In this study, we describe the effects of a KD on glucose profile, ketonemia, energy metabolism, and nutritional status, in adults affected by HGG. This was a single-arm prospective study. An isocaloric 3:1 KD was administered for 1 mo. Glucose profile was assessed by using fasting glycemia, insulin, and glycated hemoglobin. To evaluate ketonemia changes, a hand-held ketone meter was used from home. Energy metabolism was assessed by indirect calorimetry. Nutritional status was evaluated through changes in body composition and in lipid and hepatic profile. No changes in fasting glycemia were observed; however, insulinemia dropped to half of baseline levels. The KD shifted the metabolism, rising ketonemia and decreasing glucose oxidation rate to a quarter of the initial values. Moreover, the KD was generally safe. One-month intervention with the KD was able to act upon key metabolic substrates potentially involved in HGG metabolism. The lack of a significant reduction in fasting glycemia should be investigated in future studies.

Evaluation of body composition as a potential biomarker in spinal muscular atrophy.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to investigate the correlation between body composition (BC) and spinal muscular atrophy (SMA)-specific motor function assessments. METHODS: Patients with SMA types I or II, aged 1 to 10 years, were recruited in this cross-sectional study. The protocol included anthropometric measurements, and dual-energy X-ray absoprtiometry to assess fat mass (FM), lean mass (LM), fat-free mass (FFM), FM and FFM indexes (FMI, FFMI), and motor function assessments (Children's Hospital of Philadelphia Infant Test of Neuromuscular Disorders scale for SMAI, and Hammersmith Functional Motor Scale-Expanded for SMAII). RESULTS: Eighty-eight children were included. All had a higher FM percentage than reference values. Motor function was moderately correlated with body mass index (BMI), FFMI, and LMI in SMAI, and weakly correlated with FFMI, LMI, and LM:FM ratio in SMAII. DISCUSSION: BC shows promise as a potential biomarker for SMA, but further studies are needed.

Anthropometrics and Body Composition in Adults with High-Grade Gliomas: Effects of Disease-Related Variables.

Nutritional status in adults with high-grade gliomas (HGGs) has been poorly investigated. We studied anthropometrics and fat mass (FM), fat free mass (FFM), and body water in HGGs patients also in relation to disease-related variables. Fifty-one patients (17 III and 34 IV-grade) and fifty-one control group (CG) matched for sex, age, and BMI were enrolled. Neurological scales, anthropometry, bioimpedance, and blood sampling were performed and analyzed according to grade, lesion location, extent of resection, phase of treatment, current steroids and antiepileptic therapy, and age of patient. 41.2% were overweight and 15.7% obese. Compared to the CG, HGGs had similar anthropometrics and body composition. IV-grade, compared to the III, had higher BMI, waist circumference, FM and lower FFM. Only patients during concomitant radio and chemotherapy showed a negative BMI variation from baseline. In conclusion, overnutrition occurs in almost 6 out of 10 HGGs patients and is more relevant in IV-grade. Throughout all the treatment phases, there is a higher risk of weight loss occurred only during concomitant radio and chemotherapy. Body composition showed no specific features compared to controls. These results may assist intervention studies directed towards neurometabolic dietary treatment. Nutritional screening is warranted during the time course of disease.

Mediterranean Diet and Cognitive Status in Free-Living Elderly: A Cross-Sectional Study in Northern Italy.

OBJECTIVE: Few data are available on the Italian elderly population with regard to adherence to the Mediterranean diet (MD) and cognitive impairment. Our aim was to investigate adherence to the MD and its association with cognitive function in an Italian urban sample. METHODS: A cross-sectional study of 279 participants aged ≥ 65 years (80 men, 199 women) was carried out at a nutritional center. Adherence to the MD was evaluated using a 14-item questionnaire. Cognitive function was assessed with the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). RESULTS: The clinical and nutritional assessments performed revealed 30.1% to have a dietary pattern in accordance with the MD; 13.6% had suspected or mild cognitive impairment (MMSE score ≤ 23). The MD pattern was associated with a lower risk of cognitive impairment (odds ratio [OR] = 0.39; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15-0.99; p = 0.045), as was the consumption of wine (OR = 0.37; 95% CI, 0.16-0.84; p = 0.018) and nuts (OR = 0.30; 95% CI, 0.13-0.69, p = 0.005). No association was found with other food groups. CONCLUSION: A closer adherence to the MD was associated with a better cognitive status. Further cohort studies and randomized controlled trials are warranted.

A pediatric telecardiology system that facilitates integration between hospital-based services and community-based primary care.

INTRODUCTION: Telecardiology has emerged as a vital field within telemedicine, fostering collaboration between hospital and community medicine. This pilot study introduces an innovative pediatric telecardiology system, comprising a telecardiology system seamlessly integrated with a hospital telemedicine platform. A smooth flow of ECG execution, transmission, and reporting between Primary Care Pediatrician clinics and the hospital was tested as the primary objective. User experience surveys were also considered. METHODS: The study involved three Primary Care Pediatrician clinics, and the enrollment of children took place consecutively from January to July 2023. We integrated a digital electrocardiographic signal acquisition unit and online information transmission-capable tablets, that were provided to the pediatricians, with a telemedicine multitenant platform that facilitated the transmission of the patient's ECG data from the community to the Hospital Pediatric Cardiologist. RESULTS: A total of 158 children (80 M/78F, 8.9 ± 2.8 yrs) underwent ECG recording (78.5 % medical certificates, 21.5 % presence of symptoms) The transmission and reporting of ECGs were successfully completed in all cases, without technical issues. Normal findings on the ECG were demonstrated in 94.9 % of children. 70.8 % of respondents completed all parts of the survey. Respondents had a high level of education (90 %) and demonstrated excellent or good competence in using digital technologies (89 %). 51 % of respondents were not familiar with the term "Telemedicine" and 81 % of the cases had no previous telemedicine experience. 90 % of users were very satisfied or satisfied with the service. Connection problems (2.8 %) and concerns about the service's reliability compared to standard care (3.7 %) were mentioned as possible limitations of the telecardiology. CONCLUSIONS: Our pediatric telecardiology system offers a valuable diagnostic tool to enhance patient management in the community.

Short-term effects of Mediterranean diet on nutritional status in adults affected by Osteogenesis Imperfecta: a pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Osteogenesis Imperfecta (OI) is a heterogeneous group of connective tissue disorders, characterized by varying degrees of skeletal fragility. Patients experience a range of comorbidities, such as obesity, cardiovascular, and gastrointestinal complications, especially in adulthood. All aspects that could benefit from dietary intervention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a 6-months restricted Mediterranean Diet (rMD) on nutritional status in adult patients affected by OI. We carried out a 6-months longitudinal pilot study. 14 adults (median age: 35 years; 7 women; 7 OI type III) where recruited in 2019 among the members of As.It.O.I., the Italian Association of Osteogenesis Imperfecta. As.It.O.I. All the evaluations were performed at the University of Milan, Italy. The rMD provided a reduction of 30% from daily total energy expenditure. 45% of calories derived from carbohydrates, 35% from fat and 0.7-1.0 g/kg of body weight from proteins. Comparisons of continuous variables after 6 months of intervention were performed by the paired t-test. All P-values were two-tailed, and p < 0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Patients showed significant improvement in anthropometric measurements (BMI = 30.5 vs 28.1 kg/cm2, p < 0.001; Body Fat % = 32.9 vs 29.9, p = 0.006; Waist circumferences = 83.6 vs 79.6 cm; p < 0.001; Arm Fat Area = 29.8 vs 23.07 cm2; p < 0.011) and energy expenditure (REE/kg = 27.2 vs 29.2 kcal/kg, p < 0.001). Glucose and lipid profiles improved (Δglycemia = - 8.6 ± 7.3 mg/dL, p = 0.003; ΔTC = - 14.6 ± 20.1 mg/dL, p = 0.036; ΔLDL = - 12.0 ± 12.1 mg/dL, p = 0.009). Adherence to the MD significantly increased, moving from a moderate to a strong adherence and reporting an increased consumption of white meat, legumes, fish, nuts, fruits and vegetables. CONCLUSION: A rMD was effective in improving nutritional status and dietary quality in adults with OI. These results underscores the need to raise awareness of nutrition as part of the multidisciplinary treatment of this disease.

Long COVID in Children, Adults, and Vulnerable Populations: A Comprehensive Overview for an Integrated Approach.

Long COVID affects both children and adults, including subjects who experienced severe, mild, or even asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 infection. We have provided a comprehensive overview of the incidence, clinical characteristics, risk factors, and outcomes of persistent COVID-19 symptoms in both children and adults, encompassing vulnerable populations, such as pregnant women and oncological patients. Our objective is to emphasize the critical significance of adopting an integrated approach for the early detection and appropriate management of long COVID. The incidence and severity of long COVID symptoms can have a significant impact on the quality of life of patients and the course of disease in the case of pre-existing pathologies. Particularly, in fragile and vulnerable patients, the presence of PASC is related to significantly worse survival, independent from pre-existing vulnerabilities and treatment. It is important try to achieve an early recognition and management. Various mechanisms are implicated, resulting in a wide range of clinical presentations. Understanding the specific mechanisms and risk factors involved in long COVID is crucial for tailoring effective interventions and support strategies. Management approaches involve comprehensive biopsychosocial assessments and treatment of symptoms and comorbidities, such as autonomic dysfunction, as well as multidisciplinary rehabilitation. The overall course of long COVID is one of gradual improvement, with recovery observed in the majority, though not all, of patients. As the research on long-COVID continues to evolve, ongoing studies are likely to shed more light on the intricate relationship between chronic diseases, such as oncological status, cardiovascular diseases, psychiatric disorders, and the persistent effects of SARS-CoV-2 infection. This information could guide healthcare providers, researchers, and policymakers in developing targeted interventions.

Present and future of telemedicine for pediatric care: an Italian regional experience.

Telemedicine has been recognized as an integral part of the National Health Service in Italy. Telemedicine can be adopted in the diagnostic therapeutic assistance pathway and in individual assistance plans. In the region of Lombardy, home care models from the perspective of the project of a public virtual hospital have been introduced. A regional operational center was proposed to ensure continuing care utilising organizational and technological solutions to deliver healthcare services remotely, with high quality standards, a positive economic impact and user friendly services for both the user and the professional. In the field of pediatrics telemedicine was also introduced at the Vittore Buzzi Children' Hospital, in Milan, the capital of the region of Lombardy. These included routine pediatric hospital activities and innovative programs, such as early discharge, telecardiology, online supervised exercise training and preventive healthcare. Telehealth represents the evolution of health care delivery systems to adapt to new technology and the needs of the pediatric population, offering a strategic system to invest in children's health.

Acute Insulin Secretory Effects of a Classic Ketogenic Meal in Healthy Subjects: A Randomized Cross-Over Study.

The classic ketogenic diet (KD) is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet that mimics a starvation state with sufficient caloric intake to sustain growth and development. KD is an established treatment for several diseases, and it is currently evaluated in the management of insulin-resistant states, although insulin secretion after a classic ketogenic meal has never been investigated. We measured the insulin secretion to a ketogenic meal in 12 healthy subjects (50% females, age range 19-31 years, BMI range 19.7-24.7 kg/m2) after cross-over administrations of a Mediterranean meal and a ketogenic meal both satisfying ~40% of an individual's total energy requirement, in random order and separated by a 7-day washout period. Venous blood was sampled at baseline and at 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120, and 180 min to measure glucose, insulin, and C-peptide concentrations. Insulin secretion was calculated from C-peptide deconvolution and normalized to the estimated body surface area. Glucose, insulin concentrations, and insulin secretory rate were markedly reduced after the ketogenic meal with respect to the Mediterranean meal: glucose AUC in the first OGTT hour -643 mg × dL-1 × min-1, 95% CI -1134, -152, p = 0.015; total insulin concentration -44,943 pmol/L, 95% CI -59,181, -3706, p < 0.001; peak rate of insulin secretion -535 pmol × min-1 × m-2, 95% CI -763, -308, p < 0.001. We have shown that a ketogenic meal is disposed of with only a minimal insulin secretory response compared to a Mediterranean meal. This finding may be of interest to patients with insulin resistance and or insulin secretory defects.

Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Incidence of Obesity and Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Adults: A Systematic Review of Prospective Studies.

Ultra-processed foods (UPF) are energy-dense, nutritionally unbalanced products, low in fiber but high in saturated fat, salt, and sugar. Recently, UPF consumption has increased likewise the incidence of obesity and cardiometabolic diseases. To highlight a possible relationship, we conducted a systematic review of prospective studies from PubMed and Web of Science investigating the association between UPF consumption and the incidence of obesity and cardiometabolic risk factors. Seventeen studies were selected. Eight evaluated the incidence of general and abdominal obesity, one the incidence of impaired fasting blood glucose, four the incidence of diabetes, two the incidence of dyslipidemia, and only one the incidence of metabolic syndrome. Studies' quality was assessed according to the Critical Appraisal Checklist for cohort studies proposed by the Joanna Briggs Institute. Substantial agreement emerged among the studies in defining UPF consumption as being associated with the incident risk of general and abdominal obesity. More limited was the evidence on cardiometabolic risk. Nevertheless, most studies reported that UPF consumption as being associated with an increased risk of hypertension, diabetes, and dyslipidemia. In conclusion, evidence supports the existence of a relationship between UPF consumption and the incidence of obesity and cardiometabolic risk. However, further longitudinal studies considering diet quality and changes over time are needed.

Distribution of OGTT-Related Variables in Patients with Cystic Fibrosis from Puberty to Adulthood: An Italian Multicenter Study.

BACKGROUND: Insulin secretion and glucose tolerance is annually assessed in patients with cystic fibrosis (PwCF) through oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) as a screening measure for cystic fibrosis-related diabetes. We aimed to describe the distribution and provide reference quartiles of OGTT-related variables in the Italian cystic fibrosis population. METHODS: Cross-sectional study of PwCF receiving care in three Italian cystic fibrosis centers of excellence, from 2016 to 2020. We performed a modified 2-h OGTT protocol (1.75 g/kg, maximum 75 g), sampling at baseline and at 30-min intervals, analyzing plasma glucose, serum insulin, and C-peptide. The modified OGTT allowed for the modeling of ß cell function. For all variables, multivariable quantile regression was performed to estimate the median, the 25th, and 75th percentiles, with age, sex, and pancreatic insufficiency as predictors. RESULTS: We have quantified the deterioration of glucose tolerance and insulin secretion with age according to sex and pancreatic insufficiency, highlighting a deviation from linearity both for patients <10 years and >35 years of age. CONCLUSIONS: References of OGTT variables for PwCF provide a necessary tool to not only identify patients at risk for CFRD or other cystic fibrosis-related complications, but also to evaluate the effects of promising pharmacological therapies.

Sex Differences in the Relationship between Chronotype and Eating Behaviour: A Focus on Binge Eating and Food Addiction.

BACKGROUND: Men are more likely than women to have subthreshold overeating disorders. Lifestyle plays a role as a determinant, while chronotype is an emerging factor. Chronotype explains the natural preferences of wakefulness and activity throughout the day: evening chronotypes (E-Types), those most productive in the evening, have been linked with unhealthy dietary patterns and a higher propensity to substance addiction than morning types (M-Types). METHODS: We carried out a cross-sectional study on 750 overweight or obese adults (70% females, 48 ± 10 years, BMI 31.7 ± 5.8 kg/m2). The Binge-Eating Scale, the Yale Food Addiction Scale 2.0 (YFAS 2.0), the reduced Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire (rMEQ), and the MEDAS questionnaire were used to assess binge eating, food addiction, chronotype, and adherence to the Mediterranean diet, respectively. RESULTS: No differences in BES binge-eating and FA food-addiction scores occurred between chronotypes, but we found significant interactions between sex × rMEQ score. While women showed the same prevalence for binge eating and food addiction across all chronotypes, binge eating and food addiction risk increased with reducing rMEQ score in men, indicating that being male and E-Type increases the risk association of binge eating and/or food addiction prevalence. CONCLUSIONS: chronotype is associated with binge eating and food addiction in men, emphasizing the link between chronobiology and sex differences as determinants in appetite and eating behaviour dysregulation and in overweight and obesity.

Long-term follow-up of nutritional status in children with GLUT1 Deficiency Syndrome treated with classic ketogenic diet: a 5-year prospective study.

Introduction: The classic ketogenic diet (cKD) is an isocaloric, high fat, low-carbohydrate diet that induces the production of ketone bodies. High consumption of dietary fatty acids, particularly long-chain saturated fatty acids, could impair nutritional status and increase cardiovascular risk. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the long-term effects of a 5-year cKD on body composition, resting energy expenditure, and biochemical parameters in children affected by Glucose Transporter 1 Deficiency Syndrome (GLUT1DS). Methods: This was a prospective, multicenter, 5-year longitudinal study of children with GLUT1DS treated with a cKD. The primary outcome was to assess the change in nutritional status compared with pre-intervention, considering anthropometric measurements, body composition, resting energy expenditure, and biochemical parameters such as glucose and lipid profiles, liver enzymes, uric acid, creatinine, and ketonemia. Assessments were conducted at pre-intervention and every 12 months of cKD interventions. Results: Ketone bodies increased significantly in children and adolescents, and remained stable at 5 years, depending on the diet. No significant differences were reported in anthropometric and body composition standards, as well as in resting energy expenditure and biochemical parameters. Bone mineral density increased significantly over time according to increasing age. Body fat percentage significantly and gradually decreased in line with the increase in body weight and the consequent growth in lean mass. As expected, we observed a negative trend in respiratory quotient, while fasting insulin and insulin resistance were found to decrease significantly after cKD initiation. Conclusion: Long-term adherence to cKD showed a good safety profile on anthropometric measurements, body composition, resting energy expenditure, and biochemical parameters, and we found no evidence of potential adverse effects on the nutritional status of children and adolescents.

Systematic Review on the Potential Effect of Berry Intake in the Cognitive Functions of Healthy People.

The increase in life expectancy poses health challenges, such as increasing the impairment of cognitive functions. Berries show a neuroprotective effect thanks to flavonoids, able to reduce neuroinflammatory and to increase neuronal connections. The aim of this systematic review is to explore the impact of berries supplementation on cognitive function in healthy adults and the elderly. Twelve studies were included for a total of 399 participants, aged 18-81 years (mean age: 41.8 ± 4.7 years). Six studies involved young adults (23.9 ± 3.7 years), and four studies involved the elderly (60.6 ± 6.4 years). Most studies investigated effects of a single berry product, but one used a mixture of 4 berries. Non-significant differences were detected across cognition domains and methodologies, but significant and positive effects were found for all cognitive domains (attention and concentration, executive functioning, memory, motor skills and construction, and processing speed), and in most cases they were present in more than one study and detected using different methodologies. Although some limitations should be taken into account to explain these results, the positive findings across studies and methodologies elicit further studies on this topic, to endorse the consumption of berries in healthy populations to prevent cognitive decline.

Weight Loss Management and Lifestyle Changes during COVID-19 Lockdown: A Matched Italian Cohort Study.

During the COVID-19 lockdown, lifestyle deterioration had a negative impact on weight, and yet no study has focused on patients already undergoing dietary therapy. We performed a cohort study among adults to evaluate the effect of lockdown on weight loss programs, and we investigated changes in eating habits and chronotype. We matched confined cases with non-confined cases among individuals who followed the same diet in 2017-2019. At baseline, all patients underwent a clinical examination and completed questionnaires on lifestyle. At follow-up, patients of the confined group were interviewed by a web call, and questionnaires were re-evaluated. We recruited 61 patients. The confined sample was mainly composed of middle-aged (52 (43,58) years) females (46 (75%)) with overweight (27 (44%)) or obesity (24 (39%)) and a moderate physical activity level (48 (81%)). Body weight at follow-up was significantly higher (1.1 (95% CI: 0.14, 2.1) kg) in the confined group adjusting for all matching variables. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet and eating behavior generally improved. Concerning chronotype, patients differentiated from Neither-types to Evening- and Morning-types. A well-monitored dietary therapy maintains weight loss during lockdown. Improvement in eating habits was observed; however, a shift of the circadian typology occurred.

Prepuberal insulin secretory indices are long-term predictors of short adult stature in cystic fibrosis.

Objective: Diabetes is a frequent comorbidity in cystic fibrosis (CF), related to multiple unfavorable outcomes. During the progression of ß-cell dysfunction to diabetes, insulin deficiency could possibly reduce the anabolic support to grow even in the absence of significant glycemic derangements. To test this hypothesis, we evaluated whether prepuberal insulin secretory indices are independent predictors of adult height. Design: Observational cohort study. Research design and methods: A longitudinal analysis of 66 CF patients (33 females) from an ongoing cohort received at prepuberal age (median age of 12 years) modified 3-h oral glucose tolerance tests with 30-min insulin and C-peptide sampling, modeling of insulin secretory and sensitivity parameters, anthropometric evaluation. The latter was repeated when adults after a median follow-up of 9 years. Results: In alternative models, we found a positive association with either basal insulin secretion (mean 0.22, 95% CI 0.01, 0.44 z-scores) or prepuberal ß-cell glucose sensitivity (mean 0.23, 95% CI 0.00, 0.46 z-scores) and adult height, while total insulin secretion was negatively related to adult height (mean -0.36, 95% CI -0.57, -0.15 z-scores or mean -0.42, 95% CI -0.69, -0.16 z-scores, respectively). The high total insulin secretion of low adult height patients was mainly due to late (>60 min) secretion and was associated with a worse glucose response during OGTT. Conclusions: Abnormal insulin secretion associated with high glucose response during OGTT predicts a decrease in adult height z-score. Our results suggest that insulin secretory defects in CF affect growth prior to the development of fasting hyperglycemia.

Prevalence of symptoms in 1512 COVID-19 patients: have dizziness and vertigo been underestimated thus far?

The relationship between SARS-CoV-2 infection and dizziness is still unclear. The aim of this study is to assess the prevalence and characteristics of dizziness and vertigo among patients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. Patients discharged from the emergency rooms with a confirmed SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis were assisted by daily telephone calls until nasopharyngeal swab negativization, and specific symptoms concerning balance disorders were investigated through targeted questions posed by experienced physicians. The study included 1512 subjects (765 females, 747 males), with a median age of 51 ± 18.4 years. New-onset dizziness was reported by 251 (16.6%) patients, among whom 110 (43.8%) complained of lightheadedness, 70 (27.9%) of disequilibrium, 41 (16.3%) of presyncope, and 30 (12%) of vertigo. This study analyzed in detail the prevalence and pathophysiological mechanisms of the different types of balance disorders in a large sample, and the results suggest that dizziness should be included among the main symptoms of COVID-19 because one-sixth of patients reported this symptom, with females being significantly more affected than males (20.3 vs 12.9%, P < 0.001). Most cases of dizziness were attributable to lightheadedness, which was probably exacerbated by psychophysical stress following acute infection and mandatory quarantine. Vertigo should not be underestimated because it might underlie serious vestibular disorders, and disequilibrium in elderly individuals should be monitored due to the possible risk of falls.

Effects of wearing a FFP2 mask on indirect calorimetry measurements: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND & AIMS: During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic the use of Indirect calorimetry (IC) during nutritional rehabilitation program requires special precautions due to possible contagions for patients and health professionals. We evaluated in a sample of healthy subjects the agreement between oxygen consumption (VO2 mL/min), carbon dioxide production (VCO2 mL/min), respiratory quotient (RQ) and resting energy expenditure (REE kcal/24 h/day) measured by IC with and without a filtering facepiece mask. MATERIALS: 10 subjects with a mean (SD) age of 43 (10) years and a body mass index of 25.2 (5.8) kg/m2 underwent indirect calorimetry both with and without a class 2 filtering facepiece mask (FFP2), in random order. The limits of agreement (LOA) and the concordance correlation coefficient (CCC) were used to evaluate the interchangeability of the measurement conditions. RESULTS: The LOA between REE measured with and without FFP2 (-111 to 189 kcal/day) were comparable to those for repeated IC tests without wearing masks and CCC (0.95) showed substantial agreement. CONCLUSIONS: We observed high agreement between REE measured by IC with and without FFP2 mask. These procedures are interchangeable in clinical practice.