Environmental factors associated with etiology of microbiologically confirmed reconstructive breast implant infections: impact on clinical management and treatment.

Even if wide differences exist in the incidence of Gram-negative infections following breast cancer implant reconstructions (2-20%), its occurrence needs to be considered to optimize antibiotic therapy, which is usually directed towards Gram-positive cocci. There is a general notion on the possible source of Gram-negative microorganisms during outdoor activities. For this reason, we administered a specific questionnaire to infected patients to investigate this aspect. In 450 consecutive implant reconstructions between January 1, 2016 and March 31, 2018, 27 patients (6%) developed proven infection. For each patient, we collected age, tumor stage and recurrence, chemo/radiotherapy, infecting microorganism, fate of implant, type and duration of antibiotic treatment, and administered a questionnaire on exposure to contaminated environments. Twenty patients (74%) had Gram-positive and 7 (26%) had implants infected by Gram-negative agents. The two groups were homogeneous as regards age and no statistically significant difference was observed for other parameters. A significant difference was detected with regard to environmental risk factors in the Gram-negative group (p=0,049). Length of antibiotic therapy was longer in the Gram-negative patients (17.4 vs 11.05 days) and antibiotic treatment was ineffective in 43% of the Gram-negative group. Environmental factors may be an element to evaluate in order to improve patient management. Surveys on larger cohorts are warranted.

Is current clinical practice modified about intraoperative breast irradiation?

After the results obtained in the two randomized clinical trial, the ELIOT trial and the TARGIT-A trial, a heated debate is going on concerning the question of applying intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) instead of postoperative whole breast irradiation (WBI) after breast conservative treatment. Currently, many centers are applying the IORT following the strict selection criteria dictated by the working groups American Society for Radiation Oncology (ASTRO) and Groupe Européen de Curiethérapie-European Society for Therapeutic Radiology and Oncology (GEC-ESTRO) and monitoring the oncological outcome together with radiation toxicity on breast tissue. The clinical experience of the Geneva University Hospital regarding the use of the Intrabeam system is evaluated and compared with current evidences.

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Staphylococci causing breast peri-implant infections in oncologic patients.

BACKGROUND: Staphylococcus epidermidis and S. aureus have been identified as the most common bacteria responsible for sub-clinical and overt breast implant infections and their ability to form biofilm on the implant as been reported as the essential factor in the development of this type of infections. Biofilm formation is a complex process with the participation of several distinct molecules, whose relative importance in different clinical settings has not yet been fully elucidated. To our knowledge this is the first study aimed at characterizing isolates causing breast peri-implant infections. RESULTS: Thirteen S. aureus and seven S. epidermidis causing breast peri-implant infections were studied. Using the broth microdilution method and the E-test, the majority of the strains were susceptible to all antibiotics tested. Methicillin resistance was detected in two S. epidermidis. All strains had different RAPD profiles and were able to produce biofilms in microtitre plate assays but, while all S. aureus carried and were able to express icaA and icaD genes, this was only true for one S. epidermidis. Biofilm development was glucose- and NaCl-induced (5 S. aureus and 1 S. epidermidis) or glucose-induced (the remaining strains). Proteinase K and sodium metaperiodate treatment had different effects on biofilms dispersion revealing that the strains studied were able to produce chemically different types of extracellular matrix mediating biofilm formation. All S. aureus strains harboured and expressed the atlA, clfA, FnA, eno and cna genes and the majority also carried and expressed the sasG (10/13), ebpS (10/13) genes. All S. epidermidis strains harboured and expressed the atlE, aae, embp genes, and the majority (six strains) also carried and expressed the fbe, aap genes. Genes for S. aureus capsular types 5 and 8 were almost equally distributed. The only leukotoxin genes detected were lukE/lukD (6/13). CONCLUSIONS: S. aureus and S. epidermidis breast peri-implant infections are caused by heterogeneous strains with different biofilm development mechanisms. Since the collagen adhesin (cna) gene is not ubiquitously distributed among S. aureus, this protein could have an important role in the cause of breast peri-implant infections.

Multidisciplinary and Tailored Treatment of Locally Advanced Breast Cancer in Progression during Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy: Case Report.

Locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) is a complex disease that requires a multidisciplinary approach. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC) is usually performed in order to achieve loco-regional radical resection; although its importance in the multidisciplinary approach to LABC is well recognized, a small number of patients show Progressive Disease (PD). No standard salvage treatment (ST) has been defined and different strategies can be adopted, such as second-line systemic therapies, radiation therapy, and surgery. Herein, a case of LABC in PD during NAC is reported with a literature review, with the aim of highlighting the importance of a tailored multidisciplinary treatment for each patient.

Oncoplastic level II volume displacement surgery for breast cancer: oncological and aesthetic outcomes.

Oncoplastic breast-conserving surgery (OBCS) is increasingly used to treat breast cancer with the dual purpose of performing a radical oncological resection while minimizing the risk of post-operative deformities. The aim of the study was to evaluate the patient outcomes after Level II OBCS as regards oncological safety and patient satisfaction. Between 2015 and 2020, a cohort of 109 women consecutively underwent treatment for breast cancer with bilateral oncoplastic breast-conserving volume displacement surgery; patient satisfaction was measured with BREAST-Q questionnaire. The 5-year overall survival and disease-free survival were 97% (95%CI 92, 100) and 94% (95%CI 90, 99), respectively. In two patients (1.8%), mastectomy was finally performed due to margin involvement. The median patient-reported score for "satisfaction with breast" (BREAST-Q) was 74/100. Factors associated with a lower aesthetic satisfaction index included: location of tumour in central quadrant (p = 0.007); triple negative breast cancer (p = 0.045), and re-intervention (p = 0.044). OBCS represents a valid option in terms of oncological outcomes for patients otherwise candidate to more extensive breast conserving surgery; the high satisfaction index also suggests a superiority in terms of aesthetic outcomes.

A Case of Life-Threatening Bleeding Due to a Locally Advanced Breast Carcinoma Successfully Treated with Transcatheter Arterial Embolization.

Locally advanced breast cancer (LABC) may rarely present with acute severe bleeding. A case report dealing with transcatheter arterial embolization to control acute bleeding in a patient with a voluminous ulcerated breast mass is described. Our findings confirm that the endovascular approach is effective in such patients in order to stabilize the patient whenever conventional treatments have failed or bleeding may be life-threatening.

Inferior Pedicle Reduction Mammoplasty as Corrective Surgery after Breast Conserving Surgery and Radiation Therapy.

Background/Aim-Twenty patients had corrective reconstruction surgery by means of a reduction mammaplasty or mastopexy after a previous BCS (Breast Conserving Surgery) and RT (Radiation Therapy); the risk factors and post-operative complications were reported in order to define a safe and effective technique for reduction mammaplasty in previously irradiated breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods-From June 2011 to December 2019, 20 pts. were operated on at the Breast Surgery Clinic of San Martino Policlinic Hospital, Genoa, Italy. Pre- and post-operative parameters included clinic-pathological features of the primary tumor; a lapse of time from primary radio-surgery; the extent of follow-up; the rate of post-operative wound infections; the persistence of breast asymmetry, and a post-operative patient satisfaction index by means of a BREAST-Q questionnaire. Results-Three patients (15%) developed minor complications in the irradiated breast, but no complication was observed into the non-irradiated breast. No statistically significant correlation was found between the post-operative complications and the risk factors. The statistical analysis of BREAST-Q questionnaire responses gave an average patient's satisfaction index that was equal to 90.8/100 (range: 44 to 100). Conclusions-Inferior pedicle reduction mammoplasty is an effective reduction mammoplasty technique in regard to the extent of breast tissues that are to be removed both in irradiated and contralateral breast; moreover, the incidence of post-operative complications is clearly limited when a careful technique is adopted, and it can be reasonably applied also in patients with co-morbidity factors.

"No Ink on Tumor" in Breast-Conserving Surgery after Neoadjuvant Chemotherapy.

Background/Aim: Patients with Stage I-II breast cancer undergoing breast-conserving surgery after neoadjuvant chemotherapy (BCS-NAC) were retrospectively assessed in order to evaluate the extent of a safe excision margin. Materials and Methods: Between 2003 and 2020, 151 patients underwent risk-adapted BCS-NAC; margin involvement was always assessed at definitive histology. Patients with complete pathological response (pCR) were classified as the RX group, whereas those with residual disease and negative margins were stratified as R0 < 1 mm (margin < 1 mm) and R0 > 1 mm (margin > 1 mm). Results: Totals of 29 (19.2%), 64 (42.4%), and 58 patients (38.4%) were included in the R0 < 1 mm, R0 > 1 mm, and RX groups, respectively, and 2 patients with margin involvement had a mastectomy. Ten instances of local recurrence (6.6%) occurred, with no statistically significant difference in local recurrence-free survival (LRFS) between the three groups. A statistically significant advantage of disease-free survival (p = 0.002) and overall survival (p = 0.010) was observed in patients with pCR. Conclusions: BCS-NAC was increased, especially in HER-2-positive and triple-negative tumors; risk-adapted BCS should be preferably pursued to highlight the cosmetic benefit of NAC. The similar rate of LRFS in the three groups of patients suggests a shift toward the "no ink on tumor" paradigm for patients undergoing BCS-NAC.

The Margins' Challenge: Risk Factors of Residual Disease After Breast Conserving Surgery in Early-stage Breast Cancer.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Clinicopathological features of patients undergoing margin enlargement after lumpectomy for early breast cancer with positive/close excision margins were analyzed in order to define whether a re-operative procedure could have been avoided. Furthermore, a standardized protocol of specimen orientation was adopted in order to optimize both the widening procedure as well as the oncologic outcome. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed including pre-, peri-, and post-operative parameters, and a predictive score by means of a multivariate model was developed using all clinically and statistically significant variables associated with residual disease (RD). RESULTS: RD was significantly related to positive tumor margins, hormone receptor negative, HER2-positive, and tumors with high Ki67 proliferation index (p<0.001); the corresponding contribution to the prognostic score was as follows: close margins, 3 points; hormone receptor positive disease, 2 points; low Ki67, 2 points; HER2 negativity, 1 point. In 102 patients with a score >3, only 2 patients (2.0%) had RD, while in 81 patients with a score ≤3, 55 patients (67.9%) had RD (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: This predictive model might aid in clinical-decision making of patients with positive margins who actually require a widening procedure after intraoperative and/or definitive histology.

Factors affecting symmetrization of the contralateral breast: a 7-year unilateral postmastectomy breast reconstruction experience.

Although a number of studies compare different techniques of breast reconstruction, information documenting the factors that affect breast symmetry after unilateral mastectomy and reconstruction seems to be scarce. A statistical analysis of 606 patients undergoing unilateral mastectomy and breast reconstruction performed during a 7 year period was undertaken in an endeavor to identify these factors. Patients were classified according to time of reconstruction, method of reconstruction, type of implant, and mastectomy type. Contralateral procedures included mastopexy, augmentation, and reduction mammaplasty. Delayed reconstruction more frequently required a symmetrization than an immediate reconstruction. The percentage of contralateral procedures was higher for implant reconstructions than for autologous reconstructions, and the type of mastectomy was significantly associated with the symmetrization procedure. The findings showed that non-skin-sparing mastectomy (non-SSM) needed symmetrization surgery more frequently than did SSM procedures. The data suggest a preoperative collaboration and case study between oncologic and plastic surgeons to apply, when possible, SSM with immediate implant breast reconstruction, resulting in fewer symmetrization procedures and the best aesthetic follow-up result. These factors need to be considered when mastectomy and reconstruction are planned in order to optimize the aesthetic result together with the development of breast surgery specialty units.

Preliminary experience using oncoplastic techniques of reduction mammaplasty and intraoperative radiotherapy: report of 2 cases.

BACKGROUND: Since 2004 in the Department of Oncological Integrated Surgery at the National Institute for Cancer Research of Genoa, we have applied different techniques of reduction mammaplasty for a subgroup of 26 patients with medium- to large-sized and ptotic breasts who are candidates for conservative surgery. METHODS: In this series of patients, the choice between different techniques of breast reduction (superior or inferior pedicled or with free areola-nipple graft) depended only on cancer position. The chosen technique minimized reshaping and displacement of residual glandular flaps. In September 2009, the radiotherapists at the Institute began to apply intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) to early breast cancer, and at the time of this report, more than 200 patients have been treated. RESULTS: This report describes two cases of reduction mammaplasty associated with this new and easily performed radiotherapy option (IORT) and discusses its advantages and cautions. CONCLUSIONS: Close collaboration between surgical oncologist, plastic surgeon, and radiotherapist is essential before and during surgery to obtain adequate tumor resection and good aesthetic results and to minimize postoperative complications.

Analysis of clinical management of infected breast implants and of factors associated to successful breast pocket salvage in infections occurring after breast reconstruction.

OBJECTIVES: Considerable efforts have been devoted so far to improve salvage procedures of infected breast implants in absence of defined guidelines or validated clinical protocols. Within a cohort of prospectively recruited patients who underwent breast reconstruction, we performed a retrospective review of proven implant infections in order to describe factors contributing to management success. METHODS: We collected data in 1293 consecutive patients who underwent two stage (expander+prosthesis) breast reconstruction with at least 12 months of follow-up. Demographic data, timing of infection, type of microorganism, intent of salvage, fate of the implant, type of antibiotic treatment and follow-up were recorded in a prospective data collection on clinical records. RESULTS: Implant infections occurred in 103 of 1293 patients (8%). Among these, 73 (71%) were proven infections with confirmed microbiology. Implant pocket salvage was attempted in 43/73 (59%). patients A higher proportion of expander implant pockets were successfully saved compared to prosthetic pocket (p=0,04). Gram-positive microrganisms represented the majority of etiologic agents, with coagulase negative staphylococci prevailing over Staphylococcus aureus. No association was observed between success rate and type of infecting microorganism. A higher proportion of patients with previous or intraoperative radiotherapy or with perioperative chemotherapy underwent an attempt of implant salvage (p=0,081 and 0,0571 trend, respectively). No single antibiotic regimen was superior to the others in terms of success rate. Implant pocket salvage was higher in expanders compared to prostheses (74% vs 33% p=0,04). Higher success rates in implant pocket salvage were evident when implant replacement was preceded and followed by antibiotic treatment compared to inpatient antibiotic treatment alone (100% versus 57%, p=0,035). CONCLUSION: Patient selection in clinical practice leads to differences in patients with breast implant infection who are considered for attempts at implant salvage vs. those who are treated with implant removal. Salvage of breast implant pockets can be obtained in the majority of patients with combined one-step implant replacement surgery and antibiotic treatment. Increased efforts and protocols to recruit patients into pocket salvage management are needed.

Body Image Disorders and Surgical Timing in Patients Affected by Poland Syndrome: Data Analysis of 58 Case Studies.

BACKGROUND: Poland syndrome is a congenital anomaly of pectoralis muscles, breast, chest, and upper arm. Several studies have reported that patients affected by chest wall deformities often experience body image disorders and decreased quality of life. Cosmetic corrective surgery is generally postponed until physical development is achieved, and latissimus dorsi flap surgery is usually suggested. This study aims to propose a new surgical timing for these patients. METHODS: Patients affected by Poland syndrome (n = 58) and control patients (n = 50) were included in the study, and their body-related psychopathology was evaluated through the Body Uneasiness Test, a valuable multidimensional tool for the clinical assessment of body uneasiness. The Global Severity Index and several subscales were considered. Age and surgical status were taken into account. RESULTS: Significant differences were detected between Poland syndrome patients and controls with respect to all Body Uneasiness Test subscales. Among subjects aged younger than 20 years, the group of patients not operated on was the most affected, whereas the group of peers after surgery showed scores similar to those detected in the control group. CONCLUSIONS: Surgical planning for patients with Poland syndrome should start in the period of growth to allow proper body image stabilization. Current surgical options allow for reduction of the use of invasive interventions such as the latissimus dorsi flap, in favor of less invasive surgical techniques such as expanders, implants, and autologous fat grafting. This new surgical timing will help to ameliorate problems with physical and mental development. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, III.

Implant-Based Breast Reconstruction Using a Polyester Mesh (Surgimesh-PET): A Retrospective Single-Center Study.

BACKGROUND: Although the introduction of acellular dermal matrices is considered one of the most important advancements in alloplastic breast reconstruction, costs and local policy limit their use in Italy. The purpose of this study was to assess short-term outcomes following Surgimesh-PET-based breast reconstruction. METHODS: A single-center, retrospective, case-control study was performed from January 1, 2012, to December 31, 2013, by enrolling 206 breast reconstructions performed in 196 patients after oncologic (n = 200) or prophylactic (n = 6) mastectomy. Group A included 63 patients who underwent 70 immediate Surgimesh-PET-assisted breast reconstructions, and group B included 133 patients who underwent 136 standard breast reconstructions. RESULTS: No significant differences between groups occurred for early postoperative complications (p = 0.610), major complications that required surgical revision (p = 0.887), volume (p = 0.498) or width of the prosthesis (p = 0.201), skin-sparing mastectomy (p = 0.315), or axillary surgery (p = 0.265). Multivariate logistic regression showed that prior radiotherapy was the only significant variable for early postoperative complications in both whole series (p = 0.011) and group B (p = 0.046), whereas body mass index greater than 25 was an independent predictor in group A (p = 0.041). Prior radiotherapy was the only variable that reached statistical significance in the multivariate model for major complications in the whole series (p = 0.005). CONCLUSIONS: Short-term outcomes of Surgimesh-PET-based alloplastic breast reconstruction are promising. Further studies are needed to evaluate the long-term results of this surgical approach. CLINICAL QUESTION/LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: Therapeutic, III.

Aesthetic evaluation in oncoplastic and conservative breast surgery: a comparative analysis.

BACKGROUND: In conservative breast surgery, the achievement of a satisfactory cosmetic result could be challenging; oncoplastic techniques may be helpful in many cases. A comparative analysis was performed among 3 groups of patients undergoing oncoplastic techniques plus external radiation therapy or intraoperative radiotherapy (IORT) and breast conservative surgery plus external radiation therapy; long-term oncologic results in terms of disease relapse and aesthetic outcomes were compared. METHODS: Ninety-six patients were considered: 32 patients treated with oncoplastic surgery, 16 then subjected to radiotherapy (group 1) and another 16 treated with IORT (group 2); 64 patients treated by conservative surgery and radiotherapy formed the control group (group 3). Patients were asked to give a judgment on the cosmetic result considering the following parameters: breast symmetry, appearance of the residual scar, symmetry between the 2 nipple-areola complexes, global aesthetic judgment, and satisfaction about the result. RESULTS: With respect to the oncological and aesthetic outcome, the statistical significance of the results obtained in the 3 groups was calculated using the chi-square test. The results, processed by the chi-square test, were not statistically significant; however, the overall judgments expressed by the patients of all 3 groups were more than satisfactory (scores greater than or equal to 6). CONCLUSIONS: In our experience, when the inclusion criteria are satisfied and the equipment is available, oncoplastic techniques associated with IORT should be considered the treatment of choice for breast cancer in early stage. The excellent cosmetic results and patient's satisfaction encourage us to continue on this way.

Clinical and Microbiological Characterization of Late Breast Implant Infections after Reconstructive Breast Cancer Surgery.

BACKGROUND: Implant infections represent a relevant problem after immediate breast cancer reconstruction. In addition to difficulties in distinguishing early infections from other post-surgical complications (such as hematoma, seroma, and liponecrosis) late breast implant infections still represent a grey area of our knowledge with regards to heir definition and management. To address this issue, we prospectively monitored breast cancer patients at their center. METHODS: Between February 1, 2009, and May 31, 2013, we enrolled all patients undergoing breast implant reconstruction or expander-to-prosthesis substitution. Patients without at least 6 mo of post-operative observation were excluded. We collected data from patient records including age, days from surgery (DFS), chemotherapy/radiotherapy, infecting microorganism, type of implant, antibiotic management and eventual implant removal. Sixty days from surgery were defined as the clinical threshold between early and late infection. Infections were further classified according to a graded scale into possible, probable and microbiologically proved. RESULTS: Seventy-eight infections were recorded out of 766 surgical procedures (10.2%). Fifty-three (67%) cases occurred early ≤60 DFS, and 25 (33%) occurred late (i.e., beyond 60 d). By defining infection types as possible, probable or proved, the majority of late infections were classified as proved (84%) compared with 56% of early infections (p=0.0014). Microbiological isolate distribution was similar in proved early infections compared with proved late infections. Among late infections, a delayed occurrence was observed after prosthesis placement compared with expander insertion. Late infections were fraught with lower treatment success rates (12% vs. 41%, p=0.009). CONCLUSION: Late infection represents a consistent proportion of infections after immediate breast implant reconstruction or prosthesis placement and bear lower chance of salvage after treatment. An increased attention is warranted to improve prevention and treatment strategies.

Breast implant infections after surgical reconstruction in patients with breast cancer: assessment of risk factors and pathogens over extended post-operative observation.

BACKGROUND: Infection is a severe potential complication of breast implant positioning in women with cancer. There still is some degree of uncertainty regarding optimal antibiotic prophylaxis regimens, infecting pathogens, and risk factors associated with infection during long-term followup of these patients. METHODS: We performed a systematic clinical review to assess infecting microorganisms and risk factors among patients undergoing reconstructive procedures for breast cancer between January 2005 and February 2007. A randomly selected group of infection-free patients treated over the same time span was considered as a control. RESULTS: Among 240 women undergoing implant procedures performed and followed up as outpatients, 16 patients with prosthetic infections were observed (infection rate 6.7%). Infection was recorded within six months from surgery in 94% of the cases, with an overall mean time to infection of 95 days. The time interval between surgery and infection did not support a diagnosis of hospital-acquired infection in most cases. Gram-negative microorganisms were identified in seven cases. A higher proportion of patients with implant infection underwent radiotherapy or chemotherapy after surgery for advanced tumors compared with the control patients without infection. CONCLUSIONS: Extended post-operative surveillance is indicated, at least for the first six months after breast implant placement, particularly for women who need radiotherapy or chemotherapy after implant surgery. Gram-negative bacilli may be involved more often in late infections than otherwise expected. This finding may influence initial empiric antibiotic treatment.

One-stage breast reconstruction using McGhan Style 150 biodimensional expanders: a review of 107 implants with six years experience.

Permanent expanders have revolutionised breast reconstructive surgery, allowing one-stage procedures and the development of increasingly sophisticated implants (textured, anatomically shaped) has played an important role in enhancing the aesthetic outcomes. It is important to evaluate the tolerability of the implant. The aim of this present study was to evaluate the survival curves for McGhan Style 150 permanent expanders, in a consecutive series of breast reconstructions. Complications rates were also examined. Between April 1997 and May 2003, 107 McGhan Style 150 expanders (either full height or short height depending on patients' requirements) were used in 97 consecutive patients for a variety of breast reconstructive procedures. Overall, 46 devices were used for immediate reconstruction, 15 for delayed reconstruction and 46 for implant exchange, respectively. The mean age at implantation was 48 years (min: 26; max: 71). The mean follow-up was 60 months (min: 12; max: 72). Explantation was considered the most objective outcome variable, therefore this parameter was carefully monitored and then analysed using the Kaplan-Meier method of survival analysis. Different curves were compared using the log-rank test. Long term complications were also recorded. Among complications the most frequent finding was Baker 3-4 capsular contracture, occurring in 26% of immediate reconstructions at six years. Explantations increased in an almost linear fashion, with an overall rate of 25%, with a statistically significant difference among immediate reconstruction group and the implant exchange group. The rate of explantations was high, if compared with other series, because the sample included patients undergoing strong adjuvant therapies, particularly in the immediate group (locally advanced disease). The overall rate of explantations and of capsular contracture was found to be significantly lower in the delayed and substitution groups, than the immediate group (p<0.05). In our hands, the McGhan Style 150 anatomically shaped permanent expanders were associated with acceptable results, especially when used as 'permanent prostheses' for second stage procedures.