GRK2 and beta-arrestin 1 as negative regulators of thyrotropin receptor-stimulated response.

Arrestins are regulatory proteins for a number of G-coupled receptors. The binding of arrestin to receptor phosphorylated by G protein-coupled receptor kinase (GRK) quenches the activation of the G protein, thus resulting in receptor homologous desensitization. We have previously shown that the levels of beta-arrestin1 are regulated by intracellular cAMP and proposed that this may represent one homeostatic mechanism with which to regulate some cellular responses. To test this hypothesis, we focused on the TSH receptor using a rat thyroid cell line, FRTL5. We found that beta-arrestin1 is the only detectable isoform of arrestin expressed in FRTL5 and that its expression is regulated by TSH. To investigate the possible role of GRK2/beta-arrestin1 machinery in the mechanism of TSH receptor homologous desensitization, we used a cotransfection approach. The TSH-induced cAMP accumulation in COS7 cells transfected with TSH receptor was reduced by 35-45% when cotransfected with GRK2 and/or beta-arrestin1, indicating that the TSH receptor can be regulated by a GRK/arrestin mechanism. This raised the hypothesis that TSH increases the levels of beta-arrestin1, which in turn could regulate the TSH stimulation. To test this point a FRTL5-derived cell line overexpressing beta-arrestin1 was generated. In these cells the TSH-stimulated cAMP accumulation and, more importantly, the mitogenic activity were substantially blunted. Our results show that TSH receptor-stimulated cAMP accumulation and cell proliferation can be controlled by a GRK2/beta-arrestin1 mechanism.

Selective regulation of G protein-coupled receptor-mediated signaling by G protein-coupled receptor kinase 2 in FRTL-5 cells: analysis of thyrotropin, alpha(1B)-adrenergic, and A(1) adenosine receptor-mediated responses.

G protein-coupled receptor kinases (GRKs) play a key role in the process of receptor homologous desensitization. In the present study, we address the question of whether a variety of receptors coupled to different G protein subtypes and naturally expressed on the same cell are selectively regulated by GRK2. The signaling stimulated by thyrotropin (TSH), alpha(1B)-adrenergic, and A(1) adenosine receptors was studied in FRTL-5 cells permanently transfected to overexpress GRK2 and GRK2-K220R, a kinase dead GRK dominant negative mutant. In FRTL-5 overexpressing GRK2, TSH-induced cyclic AMP response was attenuated, indicating that TSH receptor is desensitized by this kinase. Consistently, FRTL-5 cells overexpressing GRK2-K220R show increased TSH-induced cyclic AMP response, demonstrating that this receptor is under tonic control by GRK. Unlike TSH receptor, alpha(1B)-adrenergic receptor response was unaffected in FRTL-5 overexpressing GRK2 and GRK2-K220R. When A(1) adenosine receptors were stimulated, G(ialpha)-mediated cyclic AMP inhibition was totally unaffected by overexpression of either GRK2 or GRK2-K220R. By contrast, G(betagamma)-mediated response (activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases) was efficiently desensitized by GRK2 but was unaffected by GRK2-K220R overexpression. The present study documents that overexpression of GRK2 results in a selective regulation of different G protein-coupled receptors expressed on the same cell and that this kinase can regulate preferentially only one of the different pathways activated by the same receptor. The preferential regulation of the A(1) adenosine receptor-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinases by GRK2 indicates that this kinase can have additional regulatory effects on G(betagamma)-stimulated pathways, possibly through direct binding and regulation of the receptor-G(betagamma) complex.