Primary Cilia as a Tumor Marker in Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors.

Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) account for approximately 15% of all intracranial neoplasms. Although they usually appear to be benign, some tumors display worse behavior, displaying rapid growth, invasion, refractoriness to treatment, and recurrence. Increasing evidence supports the role of primary cilia (PC) in regulating cancer development. Here, we showed that PC are significantly increased in PitNETs and are associated with increased tumor invasion and recurrence. Serial electron micrographs of PITNETs demonstrated different ciliation phenotypes (dot-like versus normal-like cilia) that represented PC at different stages of ciliogenesis. Molecular findings demonstrated that 123 ciliary-associated genes (eg, doublecortin domain containing protein 2, Sintaxin-3, and centriolar coiled-coil protein 110) were dysregulated in PitNETs, representing the upregulation of markers at different stages of intracellular ciliogenesis. Our results demonstrate, for the first time, that ciliogenesis is increased in PitNETs, suggesting that this process might be used as a potential target for therapy in the future.

Accurate Experimental Structure of 1-Chloronaphthalene.

The structure of isolated 1-chloronaphthalene has been investigated in a supersonic expansion by high-resolution chirped-pulse Fourier transform microwave (CP-FTMW) spectroscopy in the 2-8 GHz frequency range. Accurate values of the rotational, centrifugal distortion, and nuclear quadrupole coupling constants for the only availabe conformer have been determined. The intensity of the spectrum allowed us to observe all the heavy atoms isotopologues in natural abundance, determining their rotational constants. From the extensive experimental dataset we derived accurate structures for 1-chloronaphthalene using different methodologies and compared with related compounds.

One more trip to Barcetona: on the special status of visual similarity effects in city names.

Previous research has shown that, unlike misspelled common words, misspelled brand names are sensitive to visual letter similarity effects (e.g., amazom is often recognized as a legitimate brand name, but not amazot). This pattern poses problems for those models that assume that word identification is exclusively based on abstract codes. Here, we investigated the role of visual letter similarity using another type of word often presented in a more homogenous format than common words: city names. We found a visual letter similarity effect for misspelled city names (e.g., Barcetona was often recognized as a word, but not Barcesona) for relatively short durations of the stimuli (200 ms; Experiment 2), but not when the stimuli were presented until response (Experiment 1). Notably, misspelled common words did not show a visual letter similarity effect for brief 200- and 150-ms durations (e.g., votume was not as often recognized as a word than vosume; Experiments 3-4). These findings provide further evidence that the consistency in the format of presentations may shape the representation of words in the mental lexicon, which may be more salient in scenarios where processing resources are limited (e.g., brief exposure presentations).

Exploring membrane vesicles in citrus fruits: a comparative analysis of conventional and organic farming approaches.

BACKGROUND: Recently, vesicles derived from plant cell membranes have received attention for their potential use as active biomolecules and nanocarriers, and obtaining them from organic crops may be an interesting option because different farming systems can affect production, plant secondary metabolism and biochemistry of cell membranes. The present study aimed to determine how organic and conventional farming affects the mineral nutrition, gas exchange, CO2 fixation and biochemical composition of lemon fruits, which could have an impact on the different fractions of cell membranes in pulp and juice. RESULTS: Organic trees had higher intrinsic water use efficiency (WUEi) but conventional trees had higher stomatal conductance (gs) and nitrogen use efficiency (NUtE). Also, organic lemons had significantly higher levels of some micronutrients (Ca, Cu, Fe and Zn). Second, the main differences in the membrane vesicles showed that organic pulp vesicles had a higher antioxidant activity and more oleic acid, whereas both types of vesicles from conventional lemons had more linoleic acid. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, organic farming did not alter carbon fixation parameters but impacted nitrogen fixation and water uptake, and resulted in higher micronutrient levels in lemons. These mineral nutritional changes could be related to the higher production of membranes that showed suitable morphological traits and a high antioxidant activity, positively correlated with a high amount of oleic acid, which could have stronger cell protection characteristics. © 2023 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Masked priming under the Bayesian microscope: Exploring the integration of local elements into global shape through Bayesian model comparison.

To investigate whether local elements are grouped into global shapes in the absence of awareness, we introduced two different masked priming designs (e.g., the classic dissociation paradigm and a trial-wise probe and prime discrimination task) and collected both objective (i.e., performance based) and subjective (using the perceptual awareness scale [PAS]) awareness measures. Prime visibility was manipulated using three different prime-mask stimulus onset asynchronies (SOAs) and an unmasked condition. Our results showed that assessing prime visibility trial-wise heavily interfered with masked priming preventing any prime facilitation effect. The implementation of Bayesian regression models, which predict priming effects for participants whose awareness levels are at chance level, provided strong evidence in favor of the hypothesis that local elements group into global shape in the absence of awareness for SOAs longer than 50 ms, suggesting that prime-mask SOA is a crucial factor in the processing of the global shape without awareness.

Evaluation of the PECARN rule for traumatic brain injury applied to infants younger than 3 months and creation of a modified, age-specific rule.

Infants < 3 months with minor head trauma (MHT) are a particularly vulnerable group, though few studies have focused specifically on these patients. We aimed to evaluate the application of the PECARN prediction rule, designed for clinically important traumatic brain injury (ciTBI) in children < 2 years in infants < 3 months, and create a specific prediction rule for this population. We conducted a prospective multicenter observational study in 13 pediatric emergency departments (PEDs) in Spain. The PECARN rule was applied to all patients. A new specific prediction rule for infants < 3 months of age was created. The main outcome measures were (1) ciTBI, (2) TBI evidenced on computed tomography (CT) scan, and (3) isolated skull fracture (ISF). Telephone follow-up was conducted for all patients over the 4 weeks after the initial PED visit. Of 21,981 children with MHT, 366 (1.7%) were < 3 months old and 195 (53.3%) underwent neuroimaging, including 37 (10.1%) with CT scan. The sensitivity and negative predictive value (NPV) of the PECARN prediction rule for ciTBI were 100% (95% CI, 20.7-100) and 99.7% (95% CI, 98.4-100%), respectively. Of the 230 infants (62.8%) who met the PECARN low-risk criteria, none had ciTBI, 1 (0.4% overall, 95% CI, 0-2.4) had TBI on CT, and 2 (0.9% overall; 95% CI, 0.1-3.1) had an ISF. Among the 136 infants (37.2%) who did not meet the PECARN low-risk criteria, 1 (0.3% overall; 95% CI, 0-1.5) had ciTBI, 11 (8.1% overall; 95% CI, 4.1-14.0) had TBI on CT, and 18 (13.2% overall; 95% CI, 8-20.1) had an ISF. The sensitivity and NPV of the Spanish prediction rule for ciTBI were 100% (95% CI, 20.7-100) and 100% (95% CI, 98.4-100%), respectively. No infants in the registry developed complications during follow-up. CONCLUSION: The PECARN rule for infants < 2 years old accurately identified infants < 3 months old at low risk for ciTBI in our population, although the adapted Spanish rule presented here could be even more accurate. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Infants younger than 3 months are vulnerable to minor blunt head trauma due to their age and to difficulties in assessing the subtle symptoms and minimal physical findings detected on examination. • A low threshold for CT scan is recommended in this population. WHAT IS NEW: • PECARN rule for infants < 2 years old is an adequate tool with which to identify infants < 3 months old at low risk for clinically important traumatic brain injury. • Spanish rule could identify even more low-risk infants without overlooking important outcomes but it should be validated to confirm its predictive capacity.

Reading about a RELO-VUTION.

Pseudowords created by transposing two letters of words (e.g., MOHTER; CHOLOCATE) are highly confusable with their base word; this is known as the transposed-letter similarity effect. In this work, we examined whether transposed-letter effects occur when words span more than one line (e.g., CHOLO- in one line and CATE in another line; note that the transposed letters L and C are in different lines). While this type of presentation is not the canonical format for reading in alphabetic languages, it is widely used in advertising, billboards, and street signs. Transposed-letter pseudowords and their replacement-letter controls were written in the standard one-line format versus a two-line format (Experiments 1-2) or a syllable-per-line format (Experiment 3). While results showed some decrease in the transposed-letter effect in the two-line and syllabic formats, the transposed-letter effect was still substantial in the accuracy of responses. These findings demonstrate that even when the letters being transposed are relatively far apart in space, the transposed-letter effect is still robust. Thus, a major component of letter position coding occurs at an abstract level.

Experimental Characterization of Polarized Light Backscattering in Fog Environments.

This paper focuses on the experimental characterization of the polarization behavior of light backscattered through fog. A polarimetric orthogonal state contrast imager and an active, purely polarized white illuminator system are used to evaluate both linear and circular polarization signals. The experiments are carried out in a macro-scale fog chamber under controlled artificial fog conditions. We explore the effect of backscattering in each imaging channel, and the persistence of both polarization signals as a function of meteorological visibility. We confirm the presence of the polarization memory effect with circularly polarized light, and, as a consequence, the maintenance of helicity in backscattering. Moreover, the circular cross-polarized channel is found to be the imaging channel less affected by fog backscattering. These results are useful and should be taken into account when considering active polarimetric imaging techniques for outdoor applications under foggy conditions.

A Preliminary Study of Deep Learning Sensor Fusion for Pedestrian Detection.

Most pedestrian detection methods focus on bounding boxes based on fusing RGB with lidar. These methods do not relate to how the human eye perceives objects in the real world. Furthermore, lidar and vision can have difficulty detecting pedestrians in scattered environments, and radar can be used to overcome this problem. Therefore, the motivation of this work is to explore, as a preliminary step, the feasibility of fusing lidar, radar, and RGB for pedestrian detection that potentially can be used for autonomous driving that uses a fully connected convolutional neural network architecture for multimodal sensors. The core of the network is based on SegNet, a pixel-wise semantic segmentation network. In this context, lidar and radar were incorporated by transforming them from 3D pointclouds into 2D gray images with 16-bit depths, and RGB images were incorporated with three channels. The proposed architecture uses a single SegNet for each sensor reading, and the outputs are then applied to a fully connected neural network to fuse the three modalities of sensors. Afterwards, an up-sampling network is applied to recover the fused data. Additionally, a custom dataset of 60 images was proposed for training the architecture, with an additional 10 for evaluation and 10 for testing, giving a total of 80 images. The experiment results show a training mean pixel accuracy of 99.7% and a training mean intersection over union of 99.5%. Also, the testing mean of the IoU was 94.4%, and the testing pixel accuracy was 96.2%. These metric results have successfully demonstrated the effectiveness of using semantic segmentation for pedestrian detection under the modalities of three sensors. Despite some overfitting in the model during experimentation, it performed well in detecting people in test mode. Therefore, it is worth emphasizing that the focus of this work is to show that this method is feasible to be used, as it works regardless of the size of the dataset. Also, a bigger dataset would be necessary to achieve a more appropiate training. This method gives the advantage of detecting pedestrians as the human eye does, thereby resulting in less ambiguity. Additionally, this work has also proposed an extrinsic calibration matrix method for sensor alignment between radar and lidar based on singular value decomposition.

Evaluation of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Markers in Autoimmune Thyroid Diseases.

A state of chronic inflammation is common in organs affected by autoimmune disorders, such as autoimmune thyroid diseases (AITD). Epithelial cells, such as thyroid follicular cells (TFCs), can experience a total or partial transition to a mesenchymal phenotype under these conditions. One of the major cytokines involved in this phenomenon is transforming growth factor beta (TGF-ß), which, at the initial stages of autoimmune disorders, plays an immunosuppressive role. However, at chronic stages, TGF- ß contributes to fibrosis and/or transition to mesenchymal phenotypes. The importance of primary cilia (PC) has grown in recent decades as they have been shown to play a key role in cell signaling and maintaining cell structure and function as mechanoreceptors. Deficiencies of PC can trigger epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and exacerbate autoimmune diseases. A set of EMT markers (E-cadherin, vimentin, α-SMA, and fibronectin) were evaluated in thyroid tissues from AITD patients and controls through RT-qPCR, immunohistochemistry (IHC), and western blot (WB). We established an in vitro TGF-ß-stimulation assay in a human thyroid cell line to assess EMT and PC disruption. EMT markers were evaluated in this model using RT-qPCR and WB, and PC was evaluated with a time-course immunofluorescence assay. We found an increased expression of the mesenchymal markers α-SMA and fibronectin in TFCs in the thyroid glands of AITD patients. Furthermore, E-cadherin expression was maintained in these patients compared to the controls. The TGF-ß-stimulation assay showed an increase in EMT markers, including vimentin, α-SMA, and fibronectin in thyroid cells, as well as a disruption of PC. The TFCs from the AITD patients experienced a partial transition to a mesenchymal phenotype, preserving epithelial characteristics associated with a disruption in PC, which might contribute to AITD pathogenesis.

Does online masked priming pass the test? The effects of prime exposure duration on masked identity priming.

Masked priming is one of the most important paradigms in the study of visual word recognition, but it is usually thought to require a laboratory setup with a known monitor and keyboard. To test if this technique can be safely used in an online setting, we conducted two online masked priming lexical decision task experiments using PsychoPy/PsychoJS (Peirce et al., 2019). Importantly, we also tested the role of prime exposure duration (33.3 vs. 50 ms in Experiment 1 and 16.7 vs. 33.3 ms in Experiment 2), thus allowing us to examine both across conditions and within-conditions effects. We found that our online data are indeed very similar to the masked priming data previously reported in the masked priming literature. Additionally, we found a clear effect of prime duration, with the priming effect (measured in terms of response time and accuracy) being stronger at 50 ms than 33.3 ms and no priming effect at 16.7 ms prime duration. From these results, we can conclude that modern online browser-based experimental psychophysics packages (e.g., PsychoPy) can present stimuli and collect responses on standard end user devices with enough precision. These findings provide us with confidence that masked priming can be used online, thus allowing us not only to run less time-consuming experiments, but also to reach populations that are difficult to test in a laboratory.

Arterial Blood Gases in Normal Subjects at 2240 Meters Above Sea Level: Impact of Age, Gender, and Body Mass Index.

Background: The values of arterial blood gases (ABG) change with altitude above sea level; empirical verification is essential because ventilatory acclimatization varies with ethnicity and a population's adaptation. Objective: The aim of the study was to describe ABG in a healthy population residing at 2,240 meters above sea level, to identify the mean level of alveolar ventilation (PaCO2), and to know whether a progressive increase in PaCO2 occurs with age and the impact of increasing body mass index (BMI). Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in a referral center for respiratory diseases in Mexico City. Associations among variables with correlation coefficient and regression models of PaO2, SaO2, and P(A-a)O2 as dependent variables as a function of age, BMI, minute ventilation, or breathing frequency were explored. Results: Two hundred and seventeen healthy subjects were evaluated with a mean age of 40 ± 15 years, mean of the PaO2 was 71 ± 6 mmHg, SaO2 94% ± 1.6%, PaCO2 30.2 ± 3.4 mmHg, HCO3 20 ± 2 mmol/L, BE-2.9 ± 1.9 mmol/L, and the value of pH was 7.43 ± 0.02. In a linear regression, the main results were PaO2 = 77.5-0.16*age (p < 0.0001) and with aging P(A-a)O2 tended to increase 0.12 mmHg/year. PaCO2 in women increased with age by 0.075 mmHg/year (p = 0.0012, PaCO2 =26.3 + 0.075*age). SaO2 and PaO2 decreased significantly in women with higher BMI 0.14% and 0.52 mmHg per kg/m2, (p = 0.004 and 0.002 respectively). Conclusion: Mean PaCO2 was 30.7 mmHg, implying a mean alveolar ventilation of around 30% above that at sea level.

Bionate® nucleus disc replacement: bench testing comparing two different designs.

BACKGROUND: Intervertebral disc nucleus degeneration initiates a degenerative cascade and can induce chronic low back pain. Nucleus replacement aims to replace the nucleus while the annulus is still intact. Over time, several designs have been introduced, but the definitive solution continues to be elusive. Therefore, we aimed to create a new nucleus replacement that replicates intact intervertebral disc biomechanics, and thus has the potential for clinical applications. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Two implants with an outer ring and one (D2) with an additional midline strut were compared. Static and fatigue tests were performed with an INSTRON 8874 following the American Society for Testing and Materials F2267-04, F2346-05, 2077-03, D2990-01, and WK4863. Implant stiffness was analyzed at 0-300 N, 500-2000 N, and 2000-6000 N and implant compression at 300 N, 1000 N, 2000 N, and 6000 N. Wear tests were performed following ISO 18192-1:2008 and 18192-2:2010. GNU Octave software was used to calculate movement angles and parameters. The statistical analysis package R was used with the Deducer user interface. Statistically significant differences between the two designs were analyzed with ANOVA, followed by a post hoc analysis. RESULTS: D1 had better behavior in unconfined compression tests, while D2 showed a "jump." D2 deformed 1 mm more than D1. Sterilized implants were more rigid and deformed less. Both designs showed similar behavior under confined compression and when adding shear. A silicone annulus minimized differences between the designs. Wear under compression fatigue was negligible for D1 but permanent for D2. D1 suffered permanent height deformation but kept its width. D2 suffered less height loss than D1 but underwent a permanent width deformation. Both designs showed excellent responses to compression fatigue with no breaks, cracks, or delamination. At 10 million cycles, D2 showed 3-times higher wear than D1. D1 had better and more homogeneous behavior, and its wear was relatively low. It showed good mechanical endurance under dynamic loading conditions, with excellent response to axial compression fatigue loading without functional failure after long-term testing. CONCLUSION: D1 performed better than D2. Further studies in cadaveric specimens, and eventually in a clinical setting, are recommended. Level of evidence 2c.

Analysis of the performance of a polarized LiDAR imager in fog.

This paper focuses on exploring ways to improve the performance of LiDAR imagers through fog. One of the known weaknesses of LiDAR technology is the lack of tolerance to adverse environmental conditions, such as the presence of fog, which hampers the future development of LiDAR in several markets. Within this paper, a LiDAR unit is designed and constructed to be able to apply temporal and polarimetric discrimination for detecting the number of signal photons received with detailed control of its temporal and spatial distribution under co-polarized and cross-polarized configurations. The system is evaluated using different experiments in a macro-scale fog chamber under controlled fog conditions. Using the complete digitization of the acquired signals, we analyze the natural light media response, to see that due to its characteristics it could be directly filtered out. Moreover, we confirm that there exists a polarization memory effect, which, by using a polarimetric cross-configuration detector, allows improvement of object detection in point clouds. These results are useful for applications related to computer vision, in fields like autonomous vehicles or outdoor surveillance where many variable types of environmental conditions may be present.

Action mechanisms of small microbial volatile compounds in plants.

Microorganisms communicate with plants by exchanging chemical signals throughout the phytosphere. Before direct contact with plants occurs, beneficial microorganisms emit a plethora of volatile compounds that promote plant growth and photosynthesis as well as developmental, metabolic, transcriptional, and proteomic changes in plants. These compounds can also induce systemic drought tolerance and improve water and nutrient acquisition. Recent studies have shown that this capacity is not restricted to beneficial microbes; it also extends to phytopathogens. Plant responses to microbial volatile compounds have frequently been associated with volatile organic compounds with molecular masses ranging between ~ 45Da and 300Da. However, microorganisms also release a limited number of volatile compounds with molecular masses of less than ~45Da that react with proteins and/or act as signaling molecules. Some of these compounds promote photosynthesis and growth when exogenously applied in low concentrations. Recently, evidence has shown that small volatile compounds are important determinants of plant responses to microbial volatile emissions. However, the regulatory mechanisms involved in these responses remain poorly understood. This review summarizes current knowledge of biochemical and molecular mechanisms involved in plant growth, development, and metabolic responses to small microbial volatile compounds.

Quantitative demonstration of the superiority of circularly polarized light in fog environments.

The polarization behavior of light transmitted through scattering media is studied quantitatively. A division of focal plane (DOFP) imaging polarimeter modified with a wideband quarter-wave plate (QWP) is used to evaluate the linear and circular depolarization signals. This system allows the measurement of the linear and circular co-polarization and cross-polarization channels simultaneously. The experiments are carried out at CEREMA's 30 m fog chamber under controlled fog density conditions. The polarization memory effect with circularly polarized light is demonstrated to be superior in forward transmission compared to the same phenomena with linearly polarized light when imaging inside a scattering medium. This paves the way for its use in imaging through scattering media for hazard detection in different applications.

Epidemiology of minor blunt head trauma in infants younger than 3 months.

Specific knowledge of the features of minor head trauma in infants is necessary to develop appropriate preventive strategies and adjust clinical management in pediatric emergency departments (PEDs). The aim of this study is to describe the epidemiology of minor blunt head trauma in infants < 3 months who present to PEDs. We performed a prospective study of infants evaluated in any of 13 Spanish PEDs within 24 h of a minor head trauma (Glasgow Coma Scale scores of 14-15) between May 2017 and November 2020. Telephone follow-up was conducted for all patients over the 4 weeks after the initial PED visit. Of 1,150,255 visits recorded, 21,981 children (1.9%) sustained a head injury, 386 of whom (0.03%) were under 3 months old. Among the 369 patients who met the inclusion criteria (0.03%), 206 (56.3%) were male. The main causes of trauma were fall-related (298; 80.8%), either from furniture (138/298; 46.3%), strollers (92/298; 30.9%), or a caregiver's arms (61/298; 20.5%). Most infants were asymptomatic (317; 85.9%) and showed no signs of injury on physical exam (210; 56.9%). Imaging studies were performed in 195 patients (52.8%): 37 (10.0%) underwent computed tomography (CT) scan, 162 (43.9%) X-ray, and 22 (6.0%) ultrasound. A clinically important traumatic brain injury (ciTBI) occurred in 1 infant (0.3% overall; 95% CI, 0-1.5), TBI was evidenced on CT scan in 12 (3.3% overall; 95% CI, 1.7-5.7), and 20 infants had an isolated skull fracture (5.5% overall; 95% CI, 3.4-8.3). All outcomes were caused by falls onto hard surfaces. CONCLUSION:  Most head injuries in infants younger than 3 months are benign, and the rate of ciTBI is low. Prevention strategies should focus on falls onto hard surfaces from furniture, strollers, and caregivers' arms. Optimizing imaging studies should be a priority in this population. WHAT IS KNOWN: • Infants younger than 3 months are vulnerable to minor blunt head trauma due to their age and to difficulties in assessing the subtle symptoms and minimal physical findings detected on examination. • A low threshold for CT scan is recommended in this population. WHAT IS NEW: • Most cases of blunt head trauma in infants younger than 3 months have good outcomes, and the rate of clinically important traumatic brain injury is low. • Optimizing imaging studies should be a priority in this population, avoiding X-ray examinations and reducing unnecessary CT scans.

Are divergence point analyses suitable for response time data?

Estimating the time course of the influence of different factors in human performance is one of the major topics of research in cognitive psychology/neuroscience. Over the past decades, researchers have proposed several methods to tackle this question using latency data. Here we examine a recently proposed procedure that employs survival analyses on latency data to provide precise estimates of the timing of the first discernible influence of a given factor (e.g., word frequency on lexical access) on performance (e.g., fixation durations or response times). A number of articles have used this method in recent years, and hence an exploration of its strengths and its potential weaknesses is in order. Unfortunately, our analysis revealed that the technique has conceptual flaws, and it might lead researchers into believing that they are obtaining a measurement of processing components when, in fact, they are obtaining an uninterpretable measurement.

He had it Comin': ERPs Reveal a Facilitation for the Processing of Misfortunes to Antisocial Characters.

Human sociality and prosociality rely on social and moral feelings of empathy, compassion, envy, schadenfreude, as well as on the preference for prosocial over antisocial others. We examined the neural underpinnings of the processing of lexical input designed to tap into these type of social feelings. Brainwave responses from 20 participants were measured as they read sentences comprising a randomly delivered ending outcome (fortunate or unfortunate) to social agents previously profiled as prosocial or antisocial individuals. Fortunate outcomes delivered to prosocial and antisocial agents aimed to tap into empathy and envy/annoying feelings, respectively, whereas unfortunate ones into compassion for prosocial agents and schadenfreude for antisocial ones. ERP modulations in early attention-capture (100-200 ms), semantic fit (400 ms), and late reanalysis processes (600 ms) were analyzed. According to the functional interpretation of each of these event-related electrophysiological effects, we conclude that: 1) a higher capture of attention is initially obtained in response to any type of outcome delivered to a prosocial versus an antisocial agent (frontal P2); 2) a facilitated semantic processing occurs for unfortunate outcomes delivered to antisocial agents (N400); and 3) regardless of the protagonist's social profile, an increased later reevaluation for overall unfortunate versus fortunate outcomes takes place (Late Positive Potential). Thus, neural online measures capture a stepwise unfolding impact of social factors during language comprehension, which include a facilitated processing of misfortunes when they happen to occur to antisocial peers (i.e., schadenfreude).

Volatiles from the fungal phytopathogen Penicillium aurantiogriseum modulate root metabolism and architecture through proteome resetting.

Volatile compounds (VCs) emitted by the fungal phytopathogen Penicillium aurantiogriseum promote root growth and developmental changes in Arabidopsis. Here we characterised the metabolic and molecular responses of roots to fungal volatiles. Proteomic analyses revealed that these compounds reduce the levels of aquaporins, the iron carrier IRT1 and apoplastic peroxidases. Fungal VCs also increased the levels of enzymes involved in the production of mevalonate (MVA)-derived isoprenoids, nitrogen assimilation and conversion of methionine to ethylene and cyanide. Consistently, fungal VC-treated roots accumulated high levels of hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ), MVA-derived cytokinins, ethylene, cyanide and long-distance nitrogen transport amino acids. qRT-PCR analyses showed that many proteins differentially expressed by fungal VCs are encoded by VC non-responsive genes. Expression patterns of hormone reporters and developmental characterisation of mutants provided evidence for the involvement of cyanide scavenging and enhanced auxin, ethylene, cytokinin and H2 O2 signalling in the root architecture changes promoted by fungal VCs. Our findings show that VCs from P. aurantiogriseum modify root metabolism and architecture, and improve nutrient and water use efficiencies through transcriptionally and non-transcriptionally regulated proteome resetting mechanisms. Some of these mechanisms are subject to long-distance regulation by photosynthesis and differ from those triggered by VCs emitted by beneficial microorganisms.