Ultra-processed food consumption and the incidence of obesity in two cohorts of Latin-American young children: A longitudinal study.

PURPOSE: We evaluated the potential associations between the consumption of ultra-processed food (UPF) and the incidence of obesity among Uruguayan and Brazilian preschoolers. DESIGN AND METHODS: We conducted a longitudinal analysis using data from preschool children from Uruguay and Brazil. The "Health, child development and nutritional survey" (ENDIS) was conducted in Uruguay in 2013-2014 and 2015-2016. The Brazilian survey (Pelotas 2015 Birth Cohort) has measures from 2017 and 2019. The main outcome measure was obesity defined as body mass index (BMI) for age and sex ≥ +3 z-scores. The score of UPF consumption was the main exposure measured. Multilevel crude and adjusted Poisson regressions were performed to estimate risk ratios and the respective 95% Confidence Intervals (95% CI). RESULTS: The overall incidence of obesity in this group of young Latin-American children with a mean age of 48 months was 4.1%. We observed a relationship between UPF and obesity with statistical significance (RR: 1.10 (95% CI, 1.02-1.18). Adjustment for weight at birth, age, sex, breastfeeding, country, and time between waves resulted in a similar relationship but lack of statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: Whilst in this study we did not find strong evidence of an association between the incidence of obesity and the intake at baseline and currently of UPF, results suggest that higher UPF consumption is more favorable than reduced consumption for the development of obesity. PRACTICE IMPLICATIONS: The present study reinforces the importance of nutrition education and more effective public policies for promoting healthier food choices in early childhood.

Expectativa de emigrar de internos de medicina de la Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador. 2012 / Expectation of emigrating from Resident Students of Medical Science of the University of Cuenca, Ecuador. 2012

Objetivo: Describir e identificar los factores que se relacionan con la expectativa de emigrar de los internos de medicina de la Universidad de Cuenca, Ecuador. Material y Métodos: Estudio transversal analítico. Se encuestó a internos de medicina en su lugar de práctica. Se presentó medidas de frecuencia, de posición y de dispersión, se realizó un análisis de Chi cuadrado (Prueba X2) y se utilizó modelos de regresión logística simple. Se describió el odds ratio y su respectivo intervalo de confianza al 95%. Resultados: Participaron 152 internos de medicina de la Universidad de Cuenca, el 72,4% están interesados en emigrar motivados en su mayor parte por razones educativas. Entre los destinos más requeridos están: España, México, Argentina, Chile y Estados Unidos. El 3,6% indicó que no regresaría al país. Se identificaron como factores protectores relacionados con el interés de emigrar a provenir de otras provincias (OR:0,19; IC 95%: 0,04-0,83) y estudiar en Ecuador en el caso de que su postgrado se imparta en el país (OR:0,24; IC 95%: 0,08-0,69), como factores de riesgo a trabajar en una zona urbana (OR:4,33; IC 95%: 1,15-16,24) y cumplir con expectativa de ingreso económico en un país distinto al Ecuador (OR:2,76; IC 95%: 1,24-6,14). Conclusión: Se encontró un elevado porcentaje de futuros médicos que piensan emigrar, en su mayor parte, interesados en acceder a una especialidad para su desarrollo profesional, siendo los países con un mejor desarrollo económico sus destinos de preferencia.

Objective: To describe and identify factors related to the expectations of potential emigrant medical interns from University of Cuenca, Ecuador, 2012. Material and Methods: An analytical crosssectional study. Medical interns were surveyed in their places of practice. Measures of frequency, position and dispersion were presented. The Chisquare test and simple logistic regression were used. The odds ratio and its respective confidence interval of 95% were described. Results: 152 medical interns of University of Cuenca participated. Of those, 72.4% said they were interested in emigrating. They were highly motivated for educational reasons. The most requested destinations were: Spain, Mexico, Argentina, Chile and the United States. 3.6% of medical interns said they would not return to Ecuador. Protective factors related to emigration interest were identified as: coming from provinces other than Azuay (OR: 0.19, 95% CI 0.04 to 0.83) and whether it is possible to study their chosen specialty in Ecuador (OR: 0.24, 95% CI 0.08 to 0.69). Risk factors were identified as: working in an urban area (OR: 4.33, 95% CI 1.15 to 16.24) and meeting financial expectations in another country (OR: 2.76, 95% CI: 1.24 to 6.14). Conclusion: The study found that a high percentage of doctors are thinking of emigrating. They are interested in accessing a specialty for their professional development. Countries with better economic development are their preferred destinations.