[Occult scaphoid fractures: current evidence and diagnostic algorithm]. / Die okkulte Skaphoidfraktur: aktuelle Evidenz und diagnostischer Algorithmus.

Scaphoid fractures are frequent but are overlooked in 20-40% of cases on initial radiographs. In so-called occult scaphoid fractures, i.e. clinical scaphoid fractures with negative X­ray diagnostics, the hand of the patient is often empirically immobilized with a cast and the X­ray diagnostics repeated 10 days later. Based on the current literature the authors propose a diagnostic algorithm that incorporates various patient characteristics and socioeconomic aspects and suggests a possible follow-up treatment. For high-demand and manually working patients, timely advanced diagnostic imaging may be medically and socioeconomically meaningful. Pensioners and patients with low manual demands, however, can be treated according to the traditional algorithm. Additional use of computed tomography (CT) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) diagnostics with or without intra-articular contrast agent might be helpful if concomitant soft tissue injuries are suspected.

An Integrated Clinico-transcriptomic Approach Identifies a Central Role of the Heme Degradation Pathway for Septic Complications after Trauma.

OBJECTIVE: The present study was aimed to identify mechanisms linked to complicated courses and adverse events after severe trauma by a systems biology approach. SUMMARY BACKGROUND DATA: In severe trauma, overwhelming systemic inflammation can result in additional damage and the development of complications, including sepsis. METHODS: In a prospective, longitudinal single-center study, RNA samples from circulating leukocytes from patients with multiple injury (injury severity score ≥17 points; n = 81) were analyzed for dynamic changes in gene expression over a period of 21 days by whole-genome screening (discovery set; n = 10 patients; 90 samples) and quantitative RT-PCR (validation set; n = 71 patients, 517 samples). Multivariate correlational analysis of transcripts and clinical parameters was used to identify mechanisms related to sepsis. RESULTS: Transcriptome profiling of the discovery set revealed the strongest changes between patients with either systemic inflammation or sepsis in gene expression of the heme degradation pathway. Using quantitative RT-PCR analyses (validation set), the key components haptoglobin (HP), cluster of differentiation (CD) 163, heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1), and biliverdin reductase A (BLVRA) showed robust changes following trauma. Upregulation of HP was associated with the severity of systemic inflammation and the development of sepsis. Patients who received allogeneic blood transfusions had a higher incidence of nosocomial infections and sepsis, and the amount of blood transfusion as source of free heme correlated with the expression pattern of HP. CONCLUSIONS: These findings indicate that the heme degradation pathway is associated with increased susceptibility to septic complications after trauma, which is indicated by HP expression in particular.

Improvement of prognostic performance in severely injured patients by integrated clinico-transcriptomics: a translational approach.

INTRODUCTION: Severe trauma triggers a systemic inflammatory response that contributes to secondary complications, such as nosocomial infections, sepsis or multi-organ failure. The present study was aimed to identify markers predicting complications and an adverse outcome of severely injured patients by an integrated clinico-transcriptomic approach. METHODS: In a prospective study, RNA samples from circulating leukocytes from severely injured patients (injury severity score ≥ 17 points; n = 104) admitted to a Level I Trauma Center were analyzed for dynamic changes in gene expression over a period of 21 days by quantitative RT-PCR. Transcriptomic candidates were selected based on whole genome screening of a representative discovery set (n = 10 patients) or known mechanisms of the immune response, including mediators of inflammation (IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, MIF, C5, CD59, SPHK1), danger signaling (HMGB1, TLR2, CD14, IL-33, IL-1RL1), and components of the heme degradation pathway (HP, CD163, HMOX1, BLVRA, BLVRB). Clinical markers comprised standard physiological and laboratory parameters and scoring systems routinely determined in trauma patients. RESULTS: Leukocytes, thrombocytes and the expression of sphingosine kinase-1 (SPHK1), complement C5, and haptoglobin (HP) have been identified as markers with the best performance. Leukocytes showed a biphasic course with peaks on day 0 and day 11 after trauma, and patients with sepsis exhibited significantly higher leukocyte levels. Thrombocyte numbers showed a typical profile with initial thrombopenia and robust thrombocytosis in week 3 after trauma, ranging 2- to 3-fold above the upper normal value. 'Relative thrombocytopenia' was associated with multi-organ dysfunction, the development of sepsis, and mortality, the latter of which could be predicted within 3 days prior to the time point of death. SPHK1 expression at the day of admission indicated mortality with excellent performance. C5-expression on day 1 after trauma correlated with an increased risk for the development of nosocomial infections during the later course, while HP was found to be a marker for the development of sepsis. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of clinical and transcriptomic markers improves the prognostic performance and may represent a useful tool for individual risk stratification in trauma patients.