RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is one of the most important pathogens associated with congenital infection worldwide. Most congenital CMV-infected infants are asymptomatic at birth; however, some can develop delayed sequelae, especially hearing loss. METHODS: This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of congenital CMV infection in a neonatal intensive care unit in a low-income region of Brazil. The objectives extended to identifying associated factors, assessing the clinical status of infected newborns, and undertaking a two-year follow-up to discern potential long-term consequences in the affected infants. This cross-sectional prospective study enrolled newborns up to three weeks of life requiring intensive medical care. We employed a convenience sampling method to include 498 newborns and 477 mothers in the study. Categorical variables underwent analysis employing Fisher's exact test, whereas the examination of continuous variables involved the MannâWhitney test. RESULTS: CMV DNA was detected in saliva/urine samples from 6 newborns (1.21%), confirming congenital infection. We noted a significantly greater incidence (OR: 11.48; 95% CI: 2.519-52.33; p = 0.0094) of congenital infection among twins (7.14%) than among nontwins (0.66%). The twin patients exhibited discordant infection statuses, suggesting that only one of the babies tested positive for CMV. Most of the infected children were born to mothers who initiated sexual activity at a younger age (p = 0.0269). Only three out of the six newborns diagnosed with CMV infection underwent comprehensive clinical assessments and received continuous follow-up until they reached two years of age. Only one of the children had weight and height measurements below the norm for their age, coupled with developmental delays. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of congenital CMV infection among newborns admitted to the NICU was low and similar to that in the general population. However, we found a significantly greater incidence of congenital CMV infection in twins than in singletons. Interestingly, the twin-infected patients exhibited discordant infection statuses, suggesting that CMV was present in only one of the babies. We also found that most of the infected children were born to mothers who initiated sexual activity at a younger age. Diagnostic accessibility and comprehensive surveillance programs are imperative for effectively managing and preventing congenital CMV infections.
Asunto(s)
Infecciones por Citomegalovirus , Unidades de Cuidado Intensivo Neonatal , Lactante , Niño , Femenino , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Brasil/epidemiología , Prevalencia , Estudios Transversales , Estudios Prospectivos , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/complicaciones , Citomegalovirus/genéticaRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To estimate the risk ratio (RR) of thromboembolic events in chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine users compared to non-users. METHODS: We systematically reviewed randomized controlled trials (RCTs), using MEDLINE and EMBASE databases from inception to the present, reporting thromboembolic events in chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine users compared to non-users. Four authors independently screened all the records obtained through our search strategy and later revised the selected full-text articles for eligibility, according to our inclusion criteria. The same four authors independently extracted relevant data through a customized data collection form while two other authors assessed the quality of the included RCTs using the Cochrane risk-of-bias tool (Version 2.0). All the disagreements were resolved through discussions among the authors. We calculated the risk ratio (RR) and its respective standard error of developing thromboembolic events in hydroxychloroquine users and non-users for each individual study and pooled the results using a random effects model meta-analysis. We assessed Heterogeneity using the Tau2 and I2, and publication bias using funnel plotting and Egger's regression. The protocol for this systematic review is registered at the PROSPERO database (CRD42021247902). RESULTS: Thirteen RCTs met our eligibility criteria and were included in our analysis (2663 patients). We found that hydroxychloroquine-no study on chloroquine was found-reduced the risk of thromboembolic events by 49% (RR 0.51[IC 95% 0.31-0.84]) with a medium heterogeneity (I2 = 67% and T2 = 0.4948). We did find some asymmetry in the inspection of the funnel plot, which was ruled out through an Egger's regression (p-value = 0.1025). CONCLUSION: Our data reinforce the idea that hydroxychloroquine reduces the risk of thromboembolic events.
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Hidroxicloroquina , Lupus Eritematoso Sistémico , Cloroquina/efectos adversos , Humanos , Hidroxicloroquina/efectos adversosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: CMV is the most common cause of congenital infection in the whole world (0.2 to 2.2 %). That infection may be symptomatic or asymptomatic at birth and, although asymptomatic cases at birth are more common, some children may develop late sequelae, and require medical intervention. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of CMV congenital infections in children who were born in a public hospital in Ilhéus, Brazil, and to evaluate the clinical progression in infected newborns. METHODS: CMV congenital infection was determined by detecting viral DNA through nested PCR. RESULTS: The viral DNA was detected in 25 newborns, showing a prevalence of 1.19 % (25/2100) of CMV congenital infection. In regards to the risk factors from mothers, only the variables: age of mothers (p = 0.003), number of children (p = 0.011), and use of medications (p < 0.001) were associated with the congenital infection. Approximately 12 % of children presented symptoms. One death and two auditory alterations were detected during the monitored period. Only 50 % of children diagnosed attended their medical follow. CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence found confirms the findings from other studies which involved other poor populations. Two children presented impaired hearing during the monitored period; that was one of the main sequelae from the infection. It is noteworthy that there was low adherence to medical follow-up which may underestimate data on complications of the infection CMV. Late symptoms can be mistaken for other diseases or even go unnoticed.
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Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/congénito , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/economía , Citomegalovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Adolescente , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Citomegalovirus/genética , Citomegalovirus/fisiología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/virología , Femenino , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Pobreza , Prevalencia , Población Rural/estadística & datos numéricosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: As the most frequent pathway of vertical transmission of HTLV-1 is breast-feeding, and considering the higher prevalence in women, it is very important to perform screening examinations for anti-HTLV-1 antibodies as part of routine prenatal care. So far, no studies of HTLV-1 seroprevalence in pregnant women in the Southern region of Bahia, Brazil, have been described. METHODS: Pregnant women were selected at the two regional reference centers for health care from Southern Bahia. A total of 2766 pregnant women attending the antenatal unit between November 2008 and May 2010 have been analyzed. An extra blood sample was drawn during their routine antenatal testing. A standardized questionnaire was applied and all positive plasma samples were tested by ELISA and were confirmed by Western Blot and PCR. Besides that, positive women were contacted and visited. The family members that were present during the visit were asked to be serologically screened to the virus. A prospective study was also carried out and newborns were followed up to two years for evaluation of vertical transmission. RESULTS: HTLV prevalence was 1.05% (CI 95%: 0.70-1.50). There was no association of HTLV-1 infection with age, education, income and ethnic differences. The association with marital status was borderline (OR = 7.99; 95% CI 1.07-59.3; p = 0.042). In addition, 43 family members of the HTLV-1 seropositive women have been analyzed and specific reactivity was observed in 32.56%, including two children from previous pregnancy. CONCLUSION: It is very important to emphasize that the lack of HTLV-1 screening in pregnant women can promote HTLV transmission especially in endemic areas. HTLV screening in this vulnerable population and the promotion of bottle-feeding for children of seropositive mothers could be important cost-effective methods to limit the vertical transmission. Besides that, our data reinforce the need to establish strategies of active surveillance in household and family contacts as important epidemiological surveillance actions for the early detection of virus infection and the prevention of transmission by sexual or and parenteral contact.
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Infecciones por HTLV-I/epidemiología , Virus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/aislamiento & purificación , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Western Blotting , Brasil/epidemiología , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Ensayo de Inmunoadsorción Enzimática , Femenino , Infecciones por HTLV-I/virología , Humanos , Masculino , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Embarazo , Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/virología , Prevalencia , Encuestas y Cuestionarios , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Background: People in low-income countries, especially those with low socio-economic conditions, are likelier to test positive for SARS-CoV-2. The unequal conditions of public health systems also increase the infection rate and make early identification and treatment of at-risk patients difficult. Here, we aimed to characterize the epidemiological profile of COVID-19 patients in intensive care and identify laboratory and clinical markers associated with death. Materials and methods: We conducted an observational, descriptive, and cross-sectional study in a reference hospital for COVID-19 treatment in the Southern Region of Bahia State, in Brazil, to evaluate the epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory characteristics of COVID-19 patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU). Additionally, we used the area under the curve (AUC) to classify survivors and non-survivors and a multivariate logistic regression analysis to assess factors associated with death. Data was collected from the hospital databases between April 2020 and July 2021. Results: The use of bladder catheters (OR 79.30; p < 0.0001) and central venous catheters (OR, 45.12; p < 0.0001) were the main factors associated with death in ICU COVID-19 patients. Additionally, the number of non-survivors increased with age (p < 0.0001) and prolonged ICU stay (p < 0.0001). Besides, SAPS3 presents a higher sensibility (77.9%) and specificity (63.1%) to discriminate between survivors and non-survivor with an AUC of 0.79 (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: We suggest that multi-laboratory parameters can predict patient prognosis and guide healthcare teams toward more assertive clinical management, better resource allocation, and improved survival of COVID-19 patients admitted to the ICU.
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COVID-19 , Humanos , COVID-19/epidemiología , Brasil/epidemiología , SARS-CoV-2 , Tratamiento Farmacológico de COVID-19 , Estudios Transversales , Unidades de Cuidados Intensivos , HospitalesRESUMEN
The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), challenged public health systems worldwide. Individuals in low-income countries/regions are still at individual and community risk concerning inequality, sanitation, and economic conditions. Besides, during the pandemic, the transmission in municipalities and communities in the countryside and less developed regions kept viral spread and required structured and strengthened clinical and laboratory surveillance. Here, we present an observational, analytic, cross-sectional study conducted using secondary data from the Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular (LAFEM)-Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (UESC), to evaluate individual and community factors associated to SARS-CoV-2 infection in outpatients from different cities from Southern Region of Bahia State, in Brazil. The data were collected between June 2021 and May 2022. The SARS-CoV-2 positivity by RT-qPCR was correlated with low socio-economic indicators, including the Human development index (HDIc) and Average worker salary (AWSc). Besides, in general, females were less likely to test positive for SARS-CoV-2 (OR = 0.752; CI 95% 0.663-0.853; p < 0.0001), while brown individuals had more positivity for infection (p < 0.0001). In addition, those who had clinical symptoms were more likely to test positive for SARS-CoV-2 (OR = 6.000; CI 95% 4.932-7.299; p < 0.0001). Although dry cough, headache, and fever were the most frequent, loss of taste (OR = 5.574; CI 95% 4.334-7.186) and loss of smell (OR = 6.327; CI 95% 4.899-8.144) presented higher odds ratio to be positive to SARS-CoV-2 by RT-qPCR. Nonetheless, the distribution of these characteristics was not homogenous among the different cities, especially for age and gender. The dynamic of SARS-CoV-2 positivity differed between cities and the total population and reinforces the hypothesis that control strategies for prevention needed to be developed based on both individual and community risk levels to mitigate harm to individuals and the health system.
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COVID-19 , Femenino , Humanos , Brasil/epidemiología , Ciudades/epidemiología , COVID-19/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Pandemias , SARS-CoV-2/genéticaRESUMEN
COVID-19 is a lethal disease caused by the pandemic SARS-CoV-2, which continues to be a public health threat. COVID-19 is principally a respiratory disease and is often associated with sputum retention and cytokine storm, for which there are limited therapeutic options. In this regard, we evaluated the use of BromAc®, a combination of Bromelain and Acetylcysteine (NAC). Both drugs present mucolytic effect and have been studied to treat COVID-19. Therefore, we sought to examine the mucolytic and anti-inflammatory effect of BromAc® in tracheal aspirate samples from critically ill COVID-19 patients requiring mechanical ventilation. METHOD: Tracheal aspirate samples from COVID-19 patients were collected following next of kin consent and mucolysis, rheometry and cytokine analysis using Luminex kit was performed. RESULTS: BromAc® displayed a robust mucolytic effect in a dose dependent manner on COVID-19 sputum ex vivo. BromAc® showed anti-inflammatory activity, reducing the action of cytokine storm, chemokines including MIP-1alpha, CXCL8, MIP-1b, MCP-1 and IP-10, and regulatory cytokines IL-5, IL-10, IL-13 IL-1Ra and total reduction for IL-9 compared to NAC alone and control. BromAc® acted on IL-6, demonstrating a reduction in G-CSF and VEGF-D at concentrations of 125 and 250 µg. CONCLUSION: These results indicate robust mucolytic and anti-inflammatory effect of BromAc® ex vivo in tracheal aspirates from critically ill COVID-19 patients, indicating its potential to be further assessed as pharmacological treatment for COVID-19.
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Acetilcisteína/farmacología , Bromelaínas/farmacología , COVID-19/patología , Quimiocinas/efectos de los fármacos , Citocinas/efectos de los fármacos , Esputo/citología , Acetilcisteína/administración & dosificación , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Antiinflamatorios/administración & dosificación , Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Bromelaínas/administración & dosificación , Síndrome de Liberación de Citoquinas/patología , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Regulación hacia Abajo , Combinación de Medicamentos , Expectorantes/farmacología , Femenino , Humanos , Mediadores de Inflamación/metabolismo , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Respiración Artificial , Reología , SARS-CoV-2 , Tráquea/patología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a concern for public health due to its high prevalence, high infectivity, morbidity, and mortality worldwide. Brazil presents a low HBV prevalence, but has considerable heterogeneity among its geographic regions. Here, we describe the epidemiological profile of HBV infection in different regions of Brazil during 2007-2018, as well as the historical trends associated with the infection. We conducted an observational, ecological time-series study using secondary data collected from the National Notifiable Diseases Information System (SINAN). Our findings suggest that HBV infection was more likely to occur in young, sexually active adults. Individuals from Northeast and Midwest regions were more likely to present acute HBV infection, while individuals from South region were more likely to present chronic HBV infection, reinforcing that specific strategies are required for each particular region. Additionally, we observed a general decreasing trend of infection starting in 2014, however there was an increasing trend of infection in men and in individuals over 40 years old. Although we observed a decreasing trend in HBV infection, active surveillance is needed to prevent HBV spread and possible epidemics, as well as encouraging the vaccination of adults, especially young adult males. Our findings can inform the conduct of large-scale observational studies to evaluate clinical, economical, and social impacts of HBV infections, leading to improved social policies. Finally, our results highlight the need to improve data quality and completeness of epidemiological data, minimizing eventual errors that can make prevention and control strategies difficult.
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Virus de la Hepatitis B , Hepatitis B/epidemiología , Hepatitis B/virología , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Brasil/epidemiología , Preescolar , Susceptibilidad a Enfermedades , Femenino , Hepatitis B/diagnóstico , Hepatitis B/historia , Historia del Siglo XXI , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Vigilancia en Salud Pública , Factores de Riesgo , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
In December 2019, a novel coronavirus was detected in Wuhan, China, and rapidly spread worldwide. In Brazil, to date, there have been more than 20,000,000 confirmed cases of COVID-19 and more than 550,000 deaths. The purpose of the current study was to determine the clinical and epidemiological profile of the population affected by COVID-19 that have attended referral hospitals in Southern region of Bahia State, to better understand the disease and its risk factors in order to enable more appropriate conduct for patients. An observational, descriptive, cross-sectional, exploratory study was conducted using secondary data collected from the Laboratório de Farmacogenômica e Epidemiologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz (LAFEM/UESC). Chi-squared and Fisher's exact tests were applied to determine the association between clinical symptoms and laboratory results, and to identify risk factors associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection. A total of 3135 individuals with suspected severe respiratory illness were analyzed and 41.4% of them tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 infection. Male individuals and having comorbidities were risk factors significantly associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection (OR = 1.17 and OR = 1.37, respectively). Interestingly, being a healthcare professional was a significantly protective factor (OR = 0.81, p < 0.001). Our findings highlight the importance of routinely testing the population for early identification of infected individuals, and also provide important information to health authorities and police makers to improve control measures, management, and screening protocols.
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COVID-19/epidemiología , Centros de Atención Secundaria/estadística & datos numéricos , Adolescente , Adulto , Anciano , Anciano de 80 o más Años , Brasil/epidemiología , COVID-19/diagnóstico , Niño , Preescolar , Estudios Transversales , Femenino , Personal de Salud , Humanos , Lactante , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Vigilancia de la Población , Estudios Retrospectivos , Factores de Riesgo , SARS-CoV-2/aislamiento & purificación , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
An 11-year-old male mixed-breed cat, with exclusively indoor life, presented 3 cough episodes after the owners tested positive by RT-PCR for SARS-CoV-2. The house is inhabited by 5 people (3 adults and 2 children), and 2 of the adults have shown mild symptoms associated with throat discomfort. The cat was vaccinated, had no history of any previous disease, and tested negative for feline coronavirus (FCoV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukaemia virus (FeLV). Rectal sample collected from the cat was positive for SARS-CoV-2 by RT-PCR. Viral genome sequences recovered from human and cat samples showed an average 99.4% sequence identity. This is the first report of genome sequences of SARS-CoV-2 recovered from a cat and its owner in Latin America.
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COVID-19 , Enfermedades de los Gatos , Gatos/virología , SARS-CoV-2/aislamiento & purificación , Animales , COVID-19/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Gatos/virología , Humanos , Virus de la Inmunodeficiencia Felina , América Latina , Virus de la Leucemia Felina , MasculinoRESUMEN
The sharp increase of COVID-19 cases in late 2020 has made Brazil the new epicenter of the ongoing SARS-CoV-2 pandemic. The novel viral lineages P.1 (Variant of Concern Gamma) and P.2, respectively identified in the Brazilian states of Amazonas and Rio de Janeiro, have been associated with potentially higher transmission rates and antibody neutralization escape. In this study, we performed the whole-genome sequencing of 185 samples isolated from three out of the five Brazilian regions, including Amazonas (North region), Rio Grande do Norte, Paraíba and Bahia (Northeast region), and Rio de Janeiro (Southeast region) in order to monitor the spread of SARS-CoV-2 lineages in Brazil in the first months of 2021. Here, we showed a widespread dispersal of P.1 and P.2 across Brazilian regions and, except for Amazonas, P.2 was the predominant lineage identified in the sampled states. We estimated the origin of P.2 lineage to have happened in February, 2020 and identified that it has differentiated into new clades. Interstate transmission of P.2 was detected since March, but reached its peak in December, 2020 and January, 2021. Transmission of P.1 was also high in December and its origin was inferred to have happened in August 2020. We also confirmed the presence of lineage P.7, recently described in the southernmost region of Brazil, to have spread across the Northeastern states. P.1, P.2 and P.7 are descended from the ancient B.1.1.28 strain, which co-dominated the first phase of the pandemic in Brazil with the B.1.1.33 strain. We also identified the occurrence of a new lineage descending from B.1.1.33 that convergently carries the E484K mutation, N.9. Indeed, the recurrent report of many novel SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants in Brazil could be due to the absence of effective control measures resulting in high SARS-CoV2 transmission rates. Altogether, our findings provided a landscape of the critical state of SARS-CoV-2 across Brazil and confirm the need to sustain continuous sequencing of the SARS-CoV-2 isolates worldwide in order to identify novel variants of interest and monitor for vaccine effectiveness.
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COVID-19/epidemiología , COVID-19/virología , Genoma Viral , Genómica/métodos , SARS-CoV-2 , Brasil/epidemiología , COVID-19/transmisión , Variación Genética , Secuenciación de Nucleótidos de Alto Rendimiento , Humanos , Filogenia , SARS-CoV-2/clasificación , SARS-CoV-2/genéticaRESUMEN
The development of HTLV-1 associated clinical manifestations, such as TSP/HAM and ATLL, occur in 2-4% of the infected population and it is still unclear why this infection remains asymptomatic in most infected carriers. Recently, it has been demonstrated that HTLV uses the Glucose transporter type 1 (GLUT1) to infect T-CD4(+) lymphocytes and that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in the GLUT1 gene are associated with diabetic nephropathy in patients with diabetes mellitus in different populations. These polymorphisms could contribute to a higher GLUT1 protein expression on cellular membrane, facilitating the entry of HTLV and its transmission cell by cell. This could result in a higher provirus load and consequently in the development of TSP/HAM. To evaluate the role of GLUT1 gene polymorphisms in the development of TSP/HAM in HTLV-1 infected individuals, the g.22999G > T, g.15339T > C and c.-2841A > T sites were analyzed by PCR/RFLP or sequencing in 244 infected individuals and 102 normal controls. The proviral load of the HTLV-1 infected patients was also analyzed using Real Time Quantitative PCR. Genotypic and allelic frequencies of the three sites did not differ significantly between controls and HTLV-1 infected individuals. There was no difference in genotypic and allelic distributions among patients as to the presence or absence of HTLV-1 associated clinic manifestations. As regards the quantification of the provirus load, we observed a significant reduction in the asymptomatic individuals compared with the oligosymptomatic and TSP/HAM individuals. These results suggest that g.22999G > T, g.15339T > C, and c.-2841A > T SNP do not contribute to HTLV-1 infection nor to the genetic susceptibility of TSP/HAM in Brazilian HTLV-1 infected individuals.
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Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 1/genética , Infecciones por HTLV-I/genética , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/genética , Polimorfismo Genético , Brasil/epidemiología , Frecuencia de los Genes , Genotipo , Infecciones por HTLV-I/epidemiología , Virus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/genética , Virus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano/aislamiento & purificación , Humanos , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/epidemiología , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Polimorfismo de Longitud del Fragmento de Restricción , Provirus/genética , Provirus/aislamiento & purificaciónRESUMEN
HTLV-1 is the etiologic agent of ATL and HAM/TSP. The majority of HTLV-1-infected individuals remain asymptomatic, indicating that the infection alone is not sufficient to cause the diseases. It has been reported that cytokine gene polymorphisms, including polymorphisms at IL-6 and IL-10 gene, might be important. We analyzed SNP in the promoter region of the IL-6: -174, -572, -597, and -634 positions, and IL-10: -592 position to evaluate the role of these polymorphisms in the HAM/TSP pathogenesis in 133 HTLV-1 infected individuals and in 100 healthy individuals from Salvador, Bahia, Brazil. The -634C allele frequencies were higher among HAM/TSP patients (21.2%) than among oligosymptomatic (6.5%; P = 0.038) and asymptomatic (9.5%; P = 0.025) subjects. Similarly, the -174G allele frequencies were higher in HAM/TSP patients than in oligosymptomatic patients (P = 0.02). Moreover, the -634GC/-174GG genotype combination was identified at a higher frequency (38.5%) in the HAM/TSP patients than in subjects with other clinical status (8.7%; P = 0.016 for oligosymptomatic and 15.5%, P = 0.012 for asymptomatic patients). However, the multivariate logistic regression including the genotypes of the three studied loci showed that only -634 C IL-6 carriers remain as significant and independent TSP/HAM predictor (odds ratio [OR] = 5.31; 95% [CI] = 1.60-17.56; P = 0.006). We suggest that -634 G C in IL-6 could contribute to HAM/TSP development and that identification of the collective influence of several cytokine polymorphisms, their prevalence, and their interaction could help to better understand this disease.
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Infecciones por HTLV-I/complicaciones , Interleucina-10/genética , Interleucina-6/genética , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/epidemiología , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple , Regiones Promotoras Genéticas , Enfermedades de la Médula Espinal/epidemiología , Brasil/epidemiología , Frecuencia de los Genes , Humanos , Modelos Logísticos , Análisis Multivariante , Paraparesia Espástica Tropical/inmunología , Enfermedades de la Médula Espinal/inmunologíaRESUMEN
We here describe the KIR gene-content genotypes in the highly admixed population from Ilhéus, a city located in Bahia State, Northeast Brazil. Bahia is the State with the largest contribution of African ethnicity in comparison to other Brazilian areas and this is the first report of a population from this region. A total of 32 KIR gene-content genotypes have been found, from which 18 were observed in single individuals. The distinct KIR gene-content distribution observed in Ilhéus, along with the elevated diversity of genotypes point to importance of describing KIR polymorphism in unique populations from Brazil.
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Variación Genética , Genética de Población/métodos , Técnicas de Genotipaje/métodos , Receptores KIR/genética , Población Negra/genética , Brasil , Frecuencia de los Genes , Genotipo , Geografía , Haplotipos , Humanos , Población Blanca/genéticaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Vertically transmitted infections are caused by a diversity of pathogenic microorganisms. Pregnant women are routinely screened to evaluate the risks and reduce the burden of disorders in their unborn children. We assessed the prevalence and possible risk factors for Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Rubella, Human T lymphotropic virus (HTLV), and Toxoplasma gondii in pregnant women from the South region of Bahia State, Brazil. METHODOLOGY: Serum samples were obtained from 726 pregnant women aged between 13 and 44 years, with a median age of 24 years. ELISA assays were used to detect CMV, Rubella, HTLV and T. gondii IgG and IgM antibodies. RESULTS: The prevalence rates of IgG antibodies found were 95.2% for CMV, 97.0% for Rubella, and 72.3% for T. gondii. Furthermore, the prevalence of HTLV-1/2 was 1.2%. IgM antibodies were reactive only for CMV (0.8%) and T. gondii (3.7%). Variables independently associated with the detection of anti-T. gondii IgG antibodies were white self-reported race/ethnicity (Odds Ratio [OR] 2.26, 95% CI 1.26-4.06, P = 0.006), wage income (OR 0.55, 95% CI 0.35-0.88, P = 0.013), and history of previous pregnancy (OR 1.60, 95% CI 1.02-2.50, P = 0.038). CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the importance of monitoring for infectious diseases during pregnancy and initiation of early interventions to reduce the burden of fetal losses and other important infant sequelae attributable to congenital infections.
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Complicaciones Infecciosas del Embarazo/epidemiología , Adolescente , Adulto , Brasil/epidemiología , Estudios Transversales , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/epidemiología , Infecciones por Deltaretrovirus/epidemiología , Femenino , Humanos , Inmunoglobulina G/sangre , Inmunoglobulina M/sangre , Embarazo , Complicaciones Parasitarias del Embarazo/epidemiología , Factores de Riesgo , Rubéola (Sarampión Alemán)/epidemiología , Estudios Seroepidemiológicos , Toxoplasmosis/epidemiología , Adulto JovenRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Although urine is considered the gold-standard material for the detection of congenital cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, it can be difficult to obtain in newborns. The aim of this study was to compare the efficiency of detection of congenital CMV infection in saliva and urine samples. METHODS: One thousand newborns were included in the study. Congenital cytomegalovirus deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). RESULTS: Saliva samples were obtained from all the newborns, whereas urine collection was successful in only 333 cases. There was no statistically significant difference between the use of saliva alone or saliva and urine collected simultaneously for the detection of CMV infection. CONCLUSIONS: Saliva samples can be used in large-scale neonatal screening for CMV infection.
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Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/congénito , Infecciones por Citomegalovirus/diagnóstico , Citomegalovirus/aislamiento & purificación , Tamizaje Neonatal/métodos , Saliva/virología , Orina/virología , Citomegalovirus/genética , ADN Viral/análisis , Humanos , Recién Nacido , Reacción en Cadena de la Polimerasa , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y EspecificidadRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: The human T-lymphotropic virus-1 (HTLV-1) is associated with chronic inflammatory diseases such as HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis (HAM/TSP), a chronic inflammatory disease. Disturbances in lipid metabolism are involved in inflammatory and demyelinating diseases. METHODS: Plasma levels of triglycerides, total cholesterol, and fractions of HTLV-1-infected individuals of both sexes with different clinical progressions were determined. RESULTS: Elevated levels of triglyceride and very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL) were exclusively detected in HTLV-1-infected women from asymptomatic and HAM/TSP groups compared with uninfected individuals (p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Elevated triglyceride and VLDL levels in HTLV-1-infected women may be related to the predominance of HAM/TSP in women.
Asunto(s)
Colesterol/sangre , Infecciones por HTLV-I/complicaciones , Virus Linfotrópico T Tipo 1 Humano , Trastornos del Metabolismo de los Lípidos/complicaciones , Triglicéridos/sangre , Adulto , Estudios de Casos y Controles , Niño , Estudios Transversales , Progresión de la Enfermedad , Femenino , Infecciones por HTLV-I/sangre , Humanos , Lactante , Trastornos del Metabolismo de los Lípidos/sangre , Masculino , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Factores SexualesRESUMEN
Os objetivos deste estudo foram comparar medidas de circunferências da cintura e abdominal e analisar suas relações com fatores de risco cardiometabólico em servidores de uma universidade da Bahia. Para tanto, cinquenta e cinco homens e setenta e uma mulheres (36,4 ± 11,2 anos) foram submetidos à avaliação antropométrica bem como medidas das pressões arteriais sistólica e diastólica, glicemia, triglicerídeos, colesterol total e frações HDL e LDL. Apesar das fortes correlações (P < 0.01) entre as diferentes medidas (r > 0,93), a circunferência da cintura foi significativamente menor que a circunferência abdominal em ambos os sexos, sendo a diferença média entre locais maior em mulheres (8,6 ± 4,1 vs 3,8 ± 4,2 cm; P < 0,01). A circunferência da cintura foi significativamente relacionada a dois e quatro fatores de risco em homens e mulheres, respectivamente. Por outro lado, a circunferência abdominal foi significativamente relacionada a um fator em homens e cinco em mulheres. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas (P > 0,05) entre coeficientes de correlação nos casos em que ambas as circunferências se relacionaram significativamente a um fator de risco. Esses resultados sugerem que o local de mensuração tem influência substancial sobre a circunferência tomada na região inferior do tronco, particularmente, em mulheres, porém, não evidenciam clara superioridade de uma das medidas quanto às relações com fatores de risco cardiometabólico tradicionais em amostra brasileira. Estudos devem ser conduzidos, buscando comparar a capacidade preditiva de diferentes medidas de circunferência para o desenvolvimento de fatores de risco e doenças cardiovasculares em diferentes populações.
The objectives of this study were to compare waist and abdominal circumference and to analyze their association with cardiometabolic risk factors in employees of a university in Bahia. Fifty-five men and 71 women (36.4 ± 11.2 years) were submitted to anthropometric assessment and measurement of systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose, triglycerides, total cholesterol, and HDL and LDL fractions. Despite strong correlations (P < 0.01) between the different measures (r > 0.93), waist circumference was significantly lower than abdominal circumference in the two genders, with the mean difference being greater in women (8.6 ± 4.1 vs 3.8 ± 4.2 cm; P < 0.01). Waist circumference was significantly associated with two and four risk factors in men and women, respectively. On the other hand, abdominal circumference was significantly associated with one risk factor in men and with five factors in women. No significant differences (P > 0.05) between correlation coefficients were observed in cases in which the two circumference measures were significantly associated with one risk factor. These results suggest that the site of measurement has substantial influence on circumference measured in the lower region of the trunk, particularly in women. However, there is no clear evidence of the superiority of a single measure in terms of the association with traditional cardiometabolic risk factors in the Brazilian sample studied. Further investigations are needed to compare the predictive capacity of different circumference measures for the development of risk factors and cardiovascular diseases in different populations.
RESUMEN
Este estudo objetivou analisar a concordância entre critérios de categorização do nível de atividade física (NAF) a partir da forma curta do Questionário Internacional de Atividade Física (IPAQ versão-8). Cento e setenta e três indivíduos entre 19 e 77 anos responderam ao questionário sendo posteriormente classificados em insuficientemente ou suficientemente ativos. Para tanto foram adotadas as recomendações do Centro de Estudos do Laboratório de Aptidão Física de São Caetano do Sul (Celafiscs) e o cálculo do escore de atividade física, os quais levam em conta tanto o tempo quanto frequência de prática de atividades físicas e apenas o tempo semanal, respectivamente. Concordância elevada (92,5 %) e significativa (Kappa = 0,85; p < 0,01) foi observada entre os critérios. Nos casos discordantes (n = 13 ou 7,5 % da amostra total) os indivíduos foram classificados como suficientemente ativos pelo escore e insuficientemente ativos pelo Celafiscs, o que acarretou frequência ligeiramente menor de indivíduos insuficientemente ativos considerando-se o primeiro critério (42,2 vs 49,7 %). Todos os casos discordantes foram alocados unilateralmente no grupo insuficientemente ativo A na categorização em cinco níveis a partir do Celafiscs. Desta forma, os resultados do presente estudo indicam concordância quase perfeita entre os critérios de categorização investigados, porém, devido à tendência de alocação unilateral dos casos discordantes, sugerimos cautela quando da comparação entre estudos que empregam diferentes critérios.
This study aimed to analyze the agreement between criteria for categorizing physical activity level (PAL) using the short form of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ version-8). One hundred and seventy three subjects between 19 and 77 years answered to the questionnaire and were classified as insufficiently or sufficiently actives. For this purpose both the recommendations from the Centro de Estudos do Laboratório de Aptidão Física de São Caetano do Sul (Celafiscs) and the calculation of physical activity score were adopted, which take into account both time and frequency of physical activity practice of diff erent intensities and exclusively the weekly time spent in such activities, respectively. High agreement (92.5 %) and significant (Kappa = 0.85; p < 0.01) was observed between criteria. In discordant cases (n = 13 or 7.5 % of total sample) individuals were classified as sufficiently active, insufficiently active score by Celafiscs which led to slightly lower frequency of insufficiently active individuals considering the first criterion (42.2 vs 49.7 %). All discordant cases were allocated unilaterally in the in the insufficiently active group in the categorization in the five levels from Celafiscs. Thus, the results of this study indicate almost perfect agreement between the categorization criteria investigated, however the tendency of unilateral allocation of the discordant cases, we suggest caution when comparing studies that employ diff erent criteria.
Asunto(s)
Humanos , Masculino , Femenino , Adolescente , Adulto , Persona de Mediana Edad , Actividad Motora , Encuestas y CuestionariosRESUMEN
We analyzed, by env and gag heteroduplex mobility assay, 149 human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1) positive samples collected in Ceará during the year 2000. The prevalence of subtype B was 81.2% and the prevalence of subtype F and B/F recombinants were both 2.7%. Eight (5.4%) and 12 (8%) out of 149 samples showed indeterminate results in the env and gag analysis respectively. By FokI restriction fragment length polymorphism, 34% of the subtype B samples were identified as the typical Brazilian subtype B. In the present study, we identified HIV-1 subtype F and B/F in Ceará for the first time. Our results contribute to the understanding of HIV in Brazil, and may prove useful for the development of vaccine candidates.