[Usefulness and reliabitlity of musculoskeletal point of care ultrasound in family practice (2): Muscle injuries, osteoarthritis, rheumatological diseases and eco-guided procedures]. / Utilidad y fiabilidad de la ecografía clínica musculoesquelética en medicina familiar (2): lesiones musculares, artrosis, enfermedades reumatológicas y procedimientos ecoguiados.

This article is a continuation of the review initiated in the previous issue about the usefulness of musculoskeletal point of care ultrasound in Primary Care, completing the scenarios of muscle injuries, osteoarthritis, rheumatological diseases and eco-guided procedures.

[Usefulness and reliabitlity of musculoskeletal point of care ultrasound in family practice (1): Knee, shoulder and enthesis]. / Utilidad y fiabilidad de la ecografía clínica musculoesquelética en medicina familiar (1): rodilla, hombro y entesis.

Musculoskeletal ultrasound (MSU) is a technique which has been extended to practically all medical specialties that comprise this pathology. Family Doctor (FD) has not been away from this process due to its great wide of competences, using it in different scenarios inside his common practice in which he can get profits in a reliable, efficient and effective way. Ultrasound equipment incorporation in Primary Care (PC) centers is an increasing reality, contributing to high ranges of accessibility, immediacy and clinic handle capability, and thus, together with the high prevalence in this area in locomotor apparatus, turns MSU into an strategic action for the improvement of the resolving capacity and consequently for the health care. To ensure proficiency among users, it's being necessary to define the benefits and potential risks its use can cause, as well as its different scenarios, avoiding unnecessary explorations and optimizing the investment of this resource at PC level. This paper pretends to summarize the state of the art of the musculoskeletal ultrasound and its benefits for the FD into this efficient and effective scenarios.

Evaluación de la expresión de marcadores celulares p16 INK4a, PCNA y Cadherina E, mediante técnicas inmunohistoquimicas en lesiones de cuello uterino causadas por virus del papiloma humano / Evaluation of the expression of cellular markers p16 INK4a, PCNA and E-cadherin by immunohistochemical techniques in cervical lesions caused by human papilloma virus

Las infecciones por virus de papiloma humano (VPH) influyen en la expresión de proteínas del ciclo celular y producen alteraciones en el epitelio cervical que promueven el desarrollo de la neoplasia intraepitelial cervical (NIC); los genotipos de VPH se agrupan en VPH de bajo o de alto riesgo oncogénico. Las oncoproteínas virales E6 y E7 de los VPH de alto riesgo (16 y 18), se unen a varios reguladores del ciclo celular, por lo tanto están relacionadas con lesiones de alto grado y cáncer de cuello uterino. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar 36 biopsias de cuello uterino mediante inmunohistoquímica y medir la expresión de los marcadores celulares siguientes: Antígeno Nuclear de Proliferación Celular (PCNA), la proteína de adhesión celular Cadherina E que se inactiva en los momentos iniciales de invasión y metástasis, la expresión de la proteína p16-INK4 que es un inhibidor de las ciclinas que participa en el punto de control G1 del ciclo celular en lesiones de cuello uterino. Los resultados obtenidos indicaron que en todas las muestras evaluadas se obtuvo un incremento en la expresión de P16INK4a (95,86%) y de PCNA (92,27%) en zonas con lesión comparado con zonas sin lesión y una disminución en la expresión de cadherina E (18,94%) en zonas con lesión. En conclusión, el marcador celular p16INK4a (P<0,0033) mostró un mejor comportamiento predictivo de la evolución de las lesiones que PCNA y Cadherina E.

Infections human papillomavirus (HPV) influence the expression of cell cycle proteins and produce changes in the cervical epithelium that promote the development of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN); HPV genotypes are grouped into HPV low risk or highoncogenic. Viral oncoproteins E6 and E7 of high-risk HPV (16 and 18), bind to various cell cycle regulators, therefore they are related to high-grade lesions and cervical cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate 36 cervical biopsies by immunohistochemistry and measuring the expression of the following cellular markers: Nuclear Antigen Cell Proliferation (PCNA), the cell adhesion protein E-cadherin is inactivated in the initial moments of invasion and metastasis, p16 expression-INK4 protein is a cyclin inhibitor involved in the G1 checkpoint in the cell cycle cervical lesions. The results showed that in all samples tested increased the expression of p16INK4a (95.86%) and PCNA (92.27%) in lesion areas compared to areas without injury and a decrease in expression was obtained Ecadherin (18.94%) in areas with injury. In conclusion, the p16INK4a cell marker (P <0.0033) showed a better predictive performance of the evolution of lesions PCNA and Ecadherin.

[Infection rate in clean surgery: follow-up until 30 days after operation]. / Tasa de infección en cirugía limpia: seguimiento hasta 30 días tras la intervención.

INTRODUCTION: Surgical site infections in clean surgery are a significant problem and are linked to increasing morbidity and mortality. Consequently, surveillance systems should be developed to determine the true value of the infection rate in clean surgery and to focus efforts to reduce it. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Five hundred twenty-five patients who underwent clean surgery were prospectively studied. Demographic characteristics, underlying disease, and data related to both surgery and postoperative infection were analyzed. The patients were followed-up for 30 days after surgery. RESULTS: Fifty-eight percent of the infections were diagnosed after the patient had left hospital. The surgical wound infection rate was 2.3%. Patients with one or more risk factors had an infection rate of 3.95%. Diabetes mellitus and malignancy were associated with infection rates of 9% and 8.2% respectively. CONCLUSION: This type of surveillance, at 30 days after surgery, provides more accurate data on real infection rates. The most important factors associated with infection in this series were diabetes mellitus, malignancy and length of surgery.