CCL23: a new CC chemokine involved in human brain damage.

BACKGROUND: CCL23 role in the inflammatory response after acute brain injuries remains elusive. Here, we evaluated whether CCL23 blood levels associate with acquired cerebral lesions and determined CCL23 predictive capacity for assessing stroke prognosis. We used preclinical models to study the CCL23 homologous chemokines in rodents, CCL9 and CCL6. METHODS: Baseline CCL23 blood levels were determined on 245 individuals, including ischaemic strokes (IS), stroke mimics and controls. Temporal profile of circulating CCL23 was explored from baseline to 24 h in 20 of the IS. In an independent cohort of 120 IS with a 3-month follow-up, CCL23 blood levels were included in logistic regression models to predict IS outcome. CCL9/CCL6 cerebral expression was evaluated in rodent models of brain damage. Both chemokines were also profiled in circulation and histologically located on brain following ischaemia. RESULTS: Baseline CCL23 blood levels did not discriminate IS, but permitted an accurate discrimination of patients presenting acute brain lesions (P = 0.003). IS exhibited a continuous increase from baseline to 24 h in circulating CCL23 (P < 0.001). Baseline CCL23 blood levels resulted an independent predictor of IS outcome at hospital discharge (ORadj : 19.702 [1.815-213.918], P = 0.014) and mortality after 3 months (ORadj : 21.47 [3.434-134.221], P = 0.001). In preclinics, expression of rodent chemokines in neurons following cerebral lesions was elevated. CCL9 circulating levels decreased early after ischaemia (P < 0.001), whereas CCL6 did not alter within the first 24 h after ischaemia. CONCLUSIONS: Although preclinical models do not seem suitable to characterize CCL23, it might be a novel promising biomarker for the early diagnosis of cerebral lesions and might facilitate the prediction of stroke patient outcome.

Decreased levels of angiogenic growth factors in intracranial atherosclerotic disease despite severity-related increase in endothelial progenitor cell counts.

BACKGROUND: Intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD) is an important cause of ischemic stroke (IS) and endothelial dysfunction plays a critical role in its onset and progression. Endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and endothelial production of angiogenic growth factors (AGFs) may play an essential role in this process. This study investigated the association of EPCs and AGFs with ICAD severity. METHODS: A total of 42 patients who had experienced a transient ischemic attack (TIA) or IS attributable to symptomatic ICAD were included. Clinical and neurosonological evaluations were conducted between 2.4 and 8.7 years after the initial cerebrovascular event. Severe ICAD was defined as the presence of at least 1 severe intracranial stenosis, and extensive ICAD as 3 or more intracranial stenoses. Blood samples were obtained to determine EPC levels using flow cytometry (CD34+KDR+ cells), and the plasma levels of several growth factors were assessed with a protein array (Searchlight(®)). Twenty-two individuals without cerebrovascular disease and with normal ultrasonographic examination were also included. RESULTS: No difference in the count of circulating EPCs was found between patients and controls, and a moderate increase in the number of EPCs/ml was noted in patients with extensive ICAD (p = 0.05). Patients presented decreased levels of fibroblast growth factor (FGF), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB) compared with controls (p = 0.002, p = 0.079 and p = 0.061, respectively). Higher levels of FGF, VEGF and PDGF-BB were found in patients with severe ICAD (p = 0.007, p = 0.07 and p = 0.07, respectively), but there was no correlation between any AGFs and EPCs. CONCLUSIONS: Symptomatic ICAD patients have decreased levels of AGFs with no correlation to the number of circulating EPCs, while patients with severe ICAD have higher levels of EPCs, FGF, VEGF and PDGF-BBs. This suggests that reduced EPC and proangiogenic factor production capacity is implicated in ICAD pathogenesis, while the more severe forms of chronic brain hypoperfusion in ICAD patients might stimulate EPC mobilization and AGF production.

The gender gap in stroke: a meta-analysis.

UNLABELLED: Several studies have indicated that gender differences might exist in stroke. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS: Our goal was to perform a comprehensive meta-analysis in order to evaluate and quantify stroke gender disparities through a systematic search of relevant articles published up to October 2009 and addressing gender related differences in ischemic stroke risk factors, stroke subtype and severity, diagnostic tests, and acute phase and secondary prevention treatments. RESULTS: Forty-five articles were included in the analysis, representing a total of 673,935 patients. Women were globally older than men (+5.2 years) and suffered more hypertension (P = 0.017) and atrial fibrillation (P < 0.001), although they were less likely to drink alcohol (P < 0.001), smoke cigarettes (P < 0.001), present hyperlipidemia (P = 0.033) or diabetes (P = 0.003) than men. Baseline stroke severity was not different between genders. Women suffered more cardioembolic strokes, while men had more atherothrombotic strokes. Moreover, women were less likely to receive stroke-related treatments, such as antiplatelets (P < 0.001), statins (P < 0.001), and tPA (P < 0.001) than men. Although meta-regression did not identify age or stroke etiology as sources of heterogeneity, caution should be taken as that analysis was possible only for gender differences in secondary prevention with antiplatelets because of limited data for other end points. CONCLUSIONS: Gender differences have been identified on the risk factors profile and diagnostic and therapeutic management of patients with ischemic stroke. Active measures should thus be taken to avoid bias in clinical practice.

Leukoaraiosis is associated with genes regulating blood-brain barrier homeostasis in ischaemic stroke patients.

BACKGROUND: The biologic agents causing leukoaraiosis are unknown. Our aim was to study the genetic basis of leukoaraiosis. METHODS: We analyzed 212 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in 142 patients with ischaemic stroke, generating a total of 30,104 genotypes. Seventy-nine subjects (55.6%) presented leukoaraiosis measured by the Fazekas scale and 69 (48.6%) by ARWMC scale. We analyzed the presence of synergic associations between SNPs using the hfcc software. Finally, functional studies were performed in 56 subjects. The Ingenuity Pathways software (ipa) was used to examine the role of the identified genes. RESULTS: Six SNPs were associated with leukoaraiosis using both measuring scales. After logistic regression adjusted for leukoaraiosis risk factors, the rs2252070 of MMP13 (OR = 4.9, 95%CI: 1.34-17.9, P = 0.016), rs662 of PON1 (OR = 0.37, 95%CI: 0.15-0.87, P = 0.024) and rs1800779 of NOS3 (OR = 3.9, 95%CI: 1.38-11.38, P = 0.01) were independently associated with leukoaraiosis under a dominant/recessive model and the rs2290608 of IL5RA (OR = 0.46, 95%CI: 0.25-0.85, P = 0.013) and rs669 of A2M (OR = 2.5, 95%CI: 1.36-4.83, P = 0.004) under an additive model. Computational analysis showed a synergic association of rs10497212-AA of ITGB6 and rs2290608-GG of IL5RA with leukoaraiosis using both scales. (i) ARWMC (P = 1.3 × 10(-4) ) and (ii) Fazekas (P = 4.5 × 10(-5) ). Functional studies showed that the rs669 SNP was associated with plasma levels of A2M (P = 0.012) and A2M levels with leukoaraiosis in Fazekas scale (P = 0.02). ipa analysis revealed that the genes associated with leukoaraiosis were involved in blood-brain barrier (BBB) homeostasis. CONCLUSIONS: Amongst patients with ischaemic stroke, several genes associated with BBB homeostasis could be involved with a higher risk of leukoaraiosis.

Predictive value of ankle-brachial index and PAI-1 in symptomatic intracranial atherosclerotic disease recurrence.

BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: We prospectively examine the single and combined predictive value of biological and clinical markers in recurrent strokes related to intracranial atherosclerotic disease (ICAD). METHODS: In 73 ICAD first-ever stroke patients, ankle-brachial index (ABI) was assessed three months after TIA or stroke together with CRP, Lp-PLA2, ICAM-1, E-selectin and PAI-1 measurements. Appearance of new TIA/stroke was assessed every 6 months. RESULTS: After a median follow-up of 22.4 months, 13 patients (17.8%) suffered a new stroke or TIA. Risk of new cerebrovascular events (CVEs) was associated with lowered ABI (p=0.011), baseline PAI-1>22.52 ng/ml (<0.001), E-selectin>24.75 ng/ml (p = 0.008) and ICAM-1>205 ng/ml (p = 0.029). The combination of PAI-1 with ABI or ESRS reclassified 55.4% (p<0.005) and 48.3% (p<0.05) of patients between low, high and very high-risk categories. CONCLUSIONS: This tentative study shows that ABI and PAI-1 are associated with the risk of new CVEs in symptomatic ICAD patients, and their combination might improve identification of patients at higher risk.

Update on the Serum Biomarkers and Genetic Factors Associated with Safety and Efficacy of rt-PA Treatment in Acute Stroke Patients.

An accurate understanding of the mechanisms underlying an individual's response to rt-PA treatment is critical to improve stroke patients' management. We thus reviewed the literature in order to identify biochemical and genetic factors that have been associated with safety and efficacy of rt-PA administration after stroke.