11B NMR of the Morphological Evolution of Traditional Chinese Medicine Borax.

This article applies nuclear magnetic resonance technology to the study of boron-containing traditional Chinese medicine, in order to explore the morphological evolution of boron elements in traditional Chinese medicine. Borax is a traditional Chinese medicine with anti-corrosion, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and anticonvulsant effects. It is made by boiling, removing stones, and drying borax minerals like borate salts. This article introduces an 11B nuclear magnetic resonance method for identifying and characterizing boron-containing compounds in TCM. We applied this technology to borax aqueous solutions in different chemical environments and found that with boron mixed in the form of SP2 hybridization in equilateral triangles and SP3 hybridization in equilateral tetrahedra, the pH changes in alkaline environments significantly affected the ratio of the two. At the same time, it was found that in addition to the raw material peak, boron signals of other boron-containing compounds were also detected in 20 commercially available boron-containing TCM preparations. These new boron-containing compounds may be true pharmaceutical active ingredients, and adding them directly to the formula can improve quality and safety. This article describes the detection of 11B NMR in boron-containing traditional Chinese medicine preparations. It is simple, non-destructive, and can provide chemical fingerprint studies for boron-containing traditional Chinese medicine.

The Gut-Organ-Axis Concept: Advances the Application of Gut-on-Chip Technology.

The intestine is considered to be a vital digestive organ to absorb nutrients and is the largest immune organ, while numerous microorganisms coexist with the host. It is well known that the complex interactions between the gut microbiota and the host's immune system inevitably affect the function of other organs, creating an "axis" between them. During the past few years, a new technique based mainly on microfluidics and cell biology has been developed to emulate the structure, function, and microenvironment of the human gut, called the "gut-on-chip". This microfluidic chip provides insight into key aspects of gut function in health and disease, such as the gut-brain axis, gut-liver axis, gut-kidney axis, and gut-lung axis. In this review, we first describe the basic theory of the gut axis and the various composition and parameter monitoring of the gut microarray systems, as well as summarize the development and emerging advances in the gut-organ-on-chip, with a focus on the host-gut flora and nutrient metabolism, and highlight their role in pathophysiological studies. In addition, this paper discusses the challenges and prospects for the current development and further use of the gut-organ-on-chip platform.

Microcapsules and Nanoliposomes Based Strategies to Improve the Stability of Blueberry Anthocyanins.

Blueberry anthocyanins are water-soluble natural pigments that can be used as both natural antioxidants and natural colorants. However, their structural instability greatly limits their application in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries. In this study, blueberry anthocyanin microcapsules (BAM) and blueberry anthocyanin liposomes (BAL) were fabricated based on blueberry anthocyanins. Film dispersion methods were used to prepare the BAL. Their preparation processes were optimized and compared to improve the stability of the blueberry anthocyanins following exposure to light and high temperatures. The BAM were prepared through complex phase emulsification. The blueberry anthocyanins were protected by the shell materials composed of sodium alginate after being formed into BAM. Under the optimal conditions, the embedding rate of BAM and BAL can reach as high as 96.14% and 81.26%, respectively. In addition, the particle size, zeta potential, microtopography, and structure feature information of the BAM and BAL were compared. The average particle sizes of the BAM and BAL were 9.78 µm and 290.2 nm, respectively, measured using a laser particle size analyzer, and the zeta potentials of the BAM and BAL were 34.46 mV and 43.0 mV, respectively. In addition, the optimal preparation processes were determined through single-factor and response surface optimization experiments. The most important factors in the single-factor experiment for the preparation of microcapsules and liposomes were the content of CaCl2 and the amount of anthocyanin. The preservation rates in the light and dark were also compared, and the thermal stabilities of the BAM and BAL were characterized through differential thermal scanning. The results showed that both the BAM and BAL maintained the stability of blueberry anthocyanins, and no significant difference was found between the indices used to evaluate their stability. The results of this study provide theoretical support for the development of effective systems to maintain the stability of anthocyanins, thereby improving their bioavailability after ingestion by humans.

Protective Effect of Astragaloside IV against Cadmium-Induced Damage on Mouse Renal Podocytes (MPC5).

In this study, we investigated the protective effect of Astragaloside IV (Ast) on mouse podocytes and its possible mechanism of action by constructing a cadmium-induced mouse renal podocytes model. We investigated the effects of cadmium (Cd) toxicity on cell number, morphology, the mitochondrial status of subcellular organelles, protein and gene levels, and the protective effects of Ast by constructing a model of Cd-induced damage to mouse renal podocytes (MPC5) and giving Ast protection at the same time. The results showed that exposure of MPC5 cells to CdCl2 culture medium containing 6.25 µM concentration acted with low cell mortality, but the mortality of MPC5 cells increased with the prolongation of cadmium exposure time. Given Ast, the death rate in the low dose group (12.5 µM) was significantly reduced, while the death rate in the medium dose group (25 µM) was extremely significantly reduced. In comparison to the control group, the Cd-exposed group exhibited a significant increase of 166.7% in malondialdehyde (MDA) content and a significant decrease of 17.1% in SOD activity. The mitochondrial membrane potential was also reduced to varying degrees. However, in the Ast-protected group compared to the Cd-exposed group, the MDA content significantly decreased by 20.8%, the SOD activity decreased by 7.14%, and the mitochondrial membrane potential showed a significant increase. Fluorescence staining of mitochondrial membrane potential indicated that Cd exposure caused mitochondrial apoptosis. In the 12-h cadmium-exposed group, the protein expression of Nephrin in mice significantly decreased by 33.4%. However, the expression of the Desmin protein significantly increased by 67.8%, and the expression of the autophagy protein LC3-II significantly increased by 55.5%. Meanwhile, the expression of PINK1, a mitochondrial autophagy pathway protein, was significantly increased in the 12 h and 24 h cadmium exposure groups. The mRNA level of PINK1 was significantly increased, and that of Parkin was decreased in the 48 h cadmium exposure group. Compared to the Cd-exposed group, the Ast group showed more significant improvements in the expression of podocyte structure, functional proteins, and mitochondrial autophagy pathway proteins. The immunological assay of mitochondrial autophagic pathway proteins further indicated that Cd-induced damage to MPC5 cells might be associated with the dysregulation of mitochondrial autophagy.

Recent advances in quality preservation of postharvest golden needle mushroom (Flammulina velutiper).

The golden needle mushroom (Flammulina velutiper) is one of the most productive mushrooms in the world. However, F. velutiper experiences continuous quality degradation in terms of changes in color and textural characteristics, loss of moisture, nutrition and flavor, and increased microbial populations due to its high respiratory activity during the postharvest phase. Postharvest preservation techniques, including physical, chemical and biological methods, play a vital role in maintaining postharvest quality and extending the shelf life of mushrooms. Therefore, in this study, the decay process of F. velutiper and the factors affecting its quality were comprehensively reviewed. Additionally, the preservation methods (e.g., low-temperature storage, packaging, plasma treatment, antimicrobial cleaning and 1-methylcyclopropene treatment) for F. velutiper used for the last 5 years were compared to provide an outlook on future research directions. Overall, this review aims to provide a reference for developing novel, green and safe preservation techniques for F. velutiper. © 2023 Society of Chemical Industry.

A Comprehensive Evolutionary Study of Chloroplast RNA Editing in Gymnosperms: A Novel Type of G-to-A RNA Editing Is Common in Gymnosperms.

Although more than 9100 plant plastomes have been sequenced, RNA editing sites of the whole plastome have been experimentally verified in only approximately 21 species, which seriously hampers the comprehensive evolutionary study of chloroplast RNA editing. We investigated the evolutionary pattern of chloroplast RNA editing sites in 19 species from all 13 families of gymnosperms based on a combination of genomic and transcriptomic data. We found that the chloroplast C-to-U RNA editing sites of gymnosperms shared many common characteristics with those of other land plants, but also exhibited many unique characteristics. In contrast to that noted in angiosperms, the density of RNA editing sites in ndh genes was not the highest in the sampled gymnosperms, and both loss and gain events at editing sites occurred frequently during the evolution of gymnosperms. In addition, GC content and plastomic size were positively correlated with the number of chloroplast RNA editing sites in gymnosperms, suggesting that the increase in GC content could provide more materials for RNA editing and facilitate the evolution of RNA editing in land plants or vice versa. Interestingly, novel G-to-A RNA editing events were commonly found in all sampled gymnosperm species, and G-to-A RNA editing exhibits many different characteristics from C-to-U RNA editing in gymnosperms. This study revealed a comprehensive evolutionary scenario for chloroplast RNA editing sites in gymnosperms, and reported that a novel type of G-to-A RNA editing is prevalent in gymnosperms.

Isolation, Structural Characterization, and Hypoglycemic Activities In Vitro of Polysaccharides from Pleurotus eryngii.

Pleurotus eryngii (PE) is an edible mushroom with high nutritional value. Pleurotus eryngii polysaccharides (PEPs) are one of the main active ingredients and manifest a great variety of biological activities. This study mainly focused on the chemical characterization and biological activities of PEPs, which were separated into two fractions (named WPS and P-1). WPS is mainly dominated by ß-glycosidic bonds and contains α-glycosidic bonds, and P-1 only contains α-glycosidic bonds. The molecular weights of WPS and P-1 were 4.5 × 105 Da and 2.2 × 104 Da. The result of GC indicated that two the fractions were composed of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, and galactose, with a ratio of 0.35:0.24:0.45:0.24:28.78:1.10 for WPS and 0.95:0.64:0.66:1.84:60.69:0.67 for P-1. The advanced structure studies indicated that the two fractions had no triple-helical structure, where WPS had a dense structure and P-1 had a loose structure. In addition, the antioxidant activity of WPS surpassed P-1, and the two fractions also exhibited a high hypoglycemic activity via inhibiting α-glycosidase activities and promoting the expression of PI3K-AKT signaling pathway based on in vitro assay and cell experiments.

Effects of Auricularia auricula Polysaccharides on Gut Microbiota Composition in Type 2 Diabetic Mice.

In previous studies, Auriculariaauricula polysaccharides (AAP) has been found to improve type 2 diabetes mellitus, but its mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we sought to demonstrate that AAP achieves remission by altering the gut microbiota in mice with type 2 diabetes. We successfully constructed a type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) model induced by a high-fat diet (HFD) combined with streptozotocin (STZ), following which fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels and oral glucose tolerance test (OTGG) were observed to decrease significantly after 5 weeks of AAP intervention. Furthermore, AAP enhanced the activities of total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and reduced the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) to alleviate the oxidative stress injury. AAP-M (200 mg/kg/d) displayed the best improvement effect. Moreover, 16S rRNA results showed that AAP decreased the abundance of Firmicutes and increased that of Bacteroidetes. The abundance of beneficial genera such as Faecalibaculum, Dubosiella, Alloprevotella, and those belonging to the family Lachnospiraceae was increased due to the intake of AAP. AAP could reduced the abundance of Desulfovibrio, Enterorhabdus, and Helicobacter. In all, these results suggest that AAP can improve the disorders of glucose and lipid metabolism by regulating the structure of the gut microbiota.

Structural Characteristics, Antioxidant and Hypoglycemic Activities of Polysaccharide from Siraitia grosvenorii.

The structural characterization, the in vitro antioxidant activity, and the hypoglycemic activity of a polysaccharide (SGP-1-1) isolated from Siraitia grosvenorii (SG) were studied in this paper. SGP-1-1, whose molecular weight is 19.037 kDa, consisted of Gal:Man:Glc in the molar ratio of 1:2.56:4.90. According to the results of methylation analysis, GC-MS, and NMR, HSQC was interpreted as a glucomannan with a backbone composed of 4)-ß-D-Glcp-(1→4)-, α-D-Glcp-(1→4)-, and 4)-Manp-(1 residues. α-1,6 linked an α-D-Galp branch, and α-1,6 linked an α-D-Glcp branch. The study indirectly showed that SGP-1-1 has good in vitro hypoglycemic and antioxidant activities and that these activities may be related to the fact that the SGP-1-1's monosaccharide composition (a higher proportion of Gal and Man) is the glycosidic-bond type (α- and ß-glycosidic bonds). SGP-1-1 could be used as a potential antioxidant and hypoglycemic candidate for functional and nutritional food applications.

Advances in Chemical Composition, Extraction Techniques, Analytical Methods, and Biological Activity of Astragali Radix.

Astragali Radix (AR) is one of the well-known traditional Chinese medicines with a long history of medical use and a wide range of clinical applications. AR contains a variety of chemical constituents which can be classified into the following categories: polysaccharides, saponins, flavonoids, amino acids, and trace elements. There are several techniques to extract these constituents, of which microwave-assisted, enzymatic, aqueous, ultrasonic and reflux extraction are the most used. Several methods such as spectroscopy, capillary electrophoresis and various chromatographic methods have been developed to identify and analyze AR. Meanwhile, this paper also summarizes the biological activities of AR, such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antitumor and antiviral activities. It is expected to provide theoretical support for the better development and utilization of AR.

Defects of Lipid Synthesis Are Linked to the Age-Dependent Demyelination Caused by Lamin B1 Overexpression.

Lamin B1 is a component of the nuclear lamina and plays a critical role in maintaining nuclear architecture, regulating gene expression and modulating chromatin positioning. We have previously shown that LMNB1 gene duplications cause autosomal dominant leukodystrophy (ADLD), a fatal adult onset demyelinating disease. The mechanisms by which increased LMNB1 levels cause ADLD are unclear. To address this, we used a transgenic mouse model where Lamin B1 overexpression is targeted to oligodendrocytes. These mice showed severe vacuolar degeneration of the spinal cord white matter together with marked astrogliosis, microglial infiltration, and secondary axonal damage. Oligodendrocytes in the transgenic mice revealed alterations in histone modifications favoring a transcriptionally repressed state. Chromatin changes were accompanied by reduced expression of genes involved in lipid synthesis pathways, many of which are known to play important roles in myelin regulation and are preferentially expressed in oligodendrocytes. Decreased lipogenic gene expression resulted in a significant reduction in multiple classes of lipids involved in myelin formation. Many of these gene expression changes and lipid alterations were observed even before the onset of the phenotype, suggesting a causal role. Our findings establish, for the first time, a link between LMNB1 and lipid synthesis in oligodendrocytes, and provide a mechanistic framework to explain the age dependence and white matter involvement of the disease phenotype. These results have implications for disease pathogenesis and may also shed light on the regulation of lipid synthesis pathways in myelin maintenance and turnover. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Autosomal dominant leukodystrophy (ADLD) is fatal neurological disorder caused by increased levels of the nuclear protein, Lamin B1. The disease is characterized by an age-dependent loss of myelin, the fatty sheath that covers nerve fibers. We have studied a mouse model where Lamin B1 level are increased in oligodendrocytes, the cell type that produces myelin in the CNS. We demonstrate that destruction of myelin in the spinal cord is responsible for the degenerative phenotype in our mouse model. We show that this degeneration is mediated by reduced expression of lipid synthesis genes and the subsequent reduction in myelin enriched lipids. These findings provide a mechanistic framework to explain the age dependence and tissue specificity of the ADLD disease phenotype.

Differing chemical compositions of three teas may explain their different effects on acute blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats.

BACKGROUND: Heavy tea consumption is suggested to be unsuitable for hypertensive people. However, the bioactive substances in different varieties of tea leaves are very different. This study compares the effects of three Chinese teas - C. sinensis, C. ptilophylla and C. assamica var. kucha - on blood pressure (BP) and heart rate in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs). RESULTS: Intragastric administration of C. sinensis extract led to an acute increase in systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP) and heart rate in SHRs. However, C. ptilophylla and C. assamica var. kucha exerted no obvious influences on SBP, DBP or heart rate. Similar to the extract of C. sinensis, intragastric administration of caffeine also led to an acute increase in BP and heart rate in SHRs. In contrast, theobromine and theacrine - purine alkaloids predominantly contained in C. ptilophylla and C. assamica var. kucha, respectively - had no pressor effects. The effect of caffeine on BP was related to the regulation of plasma epinephrine and norepinephrine levels in SHRs. CONCLUSION: The different effects of C. sinensis, C. ptilophylla and C. assamica var. kucha on BP might be explained, at least partially, by the differences in the varieties and contents of purine alkaloids.

[The ameliorate effect of anthocyanin onMouse testis damage].

OBJECTIVE: To study the effect of Anthocyanin (Ay) on Cadmium-Induced Mouse testis Damage. METHODS: Mouse testis damage model were constructed and testis malonaldehyde (MDA) and protein carbonxyl content (PCO), as well as catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) were determined. RESULTS: The intoxication of cadmium can cause the increase of MDA and PCO content in mouse testis (P < 0.05), however, the activities of SOD and CAT were altered (P < 0.01). CONCLUSION: Ay have the strong potent to scavenge free radicals, owing to its special chemical structures, and act as a protector to inhibit the oxidative stress induced by cadmium.

Nano-Selenium Alleviates Cd-Induced Chronic Colitis through Intestinal Flora.

BACKGROUND: Cadmium (Cd) is an environmental contaminant that poses risks to human and animal health. Selenium (Se), a beneficial element, alleviates the detrimental consequences of colitis and Cd toxicity. Se is found in food products as both inorganic Se (sodium selenite) and organic Se (typically Se-enriched yeast). Nano-selenium (nano-Se; a novel form of Se produced through the bioreduction of Se species) has recently garnered considerable interest, although its effects against Cd-induced enterotoxicity are poorly understood. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of nano-selenium on mitigating cadmium toxicity and safeguarding the integrity of the intestinal barrier. METHODS: For a total of two cycles, we subjected 6-week-old C57 mice to chronic colitis by exposing them to Cd and nano-selenium for two weeks, followed by DSS water for one week. RESULTS: The application of nano-selenium mitigated the intensity of colitis and alleviated inflammation in the colon. Nano-selenium enhanced the diversity of the intestinal flora, elevated the concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in feces, and improved the integrity of the intestinal barrier. CONCLUSIONS: In summary, nano-Se may reduce intestinal inflammation by regulating the growth of intestinal microorganisms and protecting the intestinal barrier.

Siraitia grosvenorii As a Homologue of Food and Medicine: A Review of Biological Activity, Mechanisms of Action, Synthetic Biology, and Applications in Future Food.

Siraitia grosvenorii (SG), also known as Luo Han Guo or Monk fruit, boasts a significant history in food and medicine. This review delves into SG's historical role and varied applications in traditional Chinese culture, examining its phytochemical composition and the health benefits of its bioactive compounds. It further explores SG's biological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic properties and elucidates the mechanisms behind these effects. The review also highlights recent synthetic biology advances in enhancing the production of SG's bioactive compounds, presenting new opportunities for broadening their availability. Ultimately, this review emphasizes SG's value in food and medicine, showcasing its historical and cultural importance, phytochemistry, biological functions, action mechanisms, and the role of synthetic biology in its sustainable use.

Metabolomic analysis of the Puerarin hypoglycemic activity via AMPK-mTOR and PPARγ-NF-κB signaling pathways.

BACKGROUND: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by hyperglycemia, and its increasing prevalence is a global concern. Early diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets are essential for DM prevention and treatment. Pueraria, derived from kudzu root, is used clinically for various symptoms, and its active compound, Puerarin, shows promise in improving insulin resistance and reducing inflammation. PURPOSE: This study aims to evaluate the protective effects of metformin and Puerarin at different doses in an STZ-induced DM mouse model. The intricate metabolites within the serum of STZ-induced diabetic mice were subjected to thorough investigation, thus elucidating the intricate mechanism through which Puerarin demonstrates notable efficacy in the treatment of diabetes. METHODS: An STZ-induced DM mouse model is established. Mice are treated with metformin and puerarin at varying doses. Physiological, biochemical, and histomorphological assessments are performed. Metabolomics analysis is carried out on serum samples from control, DM, metformin, and medium-dose Puerarin groups. Western blot and qRT-PCR technologies are used to validate the mechanisms. RESULTS: The DM mouse model replicates abnormal blood glucose, insulin levels, physiological, biochemical irregularities, as well as liver and pancreas damage. Treatment with metformin and Puerarin restores these abnormalities, reduces organ injury, and modulates AMPK, PPARγ, mTOR, and NF-κB protein and mRNA expression. Puerarin activates the AMPK-mTOR and PPARγ-NF-κB signaling pathways, regulating insulin signaling, glucolipid metabolism, and mitigating inflammatory damage. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that Puerarin has the potential to treat diabetes by modulating key signaling pathways. The focus was on the finding that Puerarin has been shown to improve insulin signaling, glucolipid metabolism and attenuate inflammatory damage through the modulation of the AMPK-mTOR and PPARγ-NF-κB pathways. The discovery of Puerarin's favorable protective effect and extremely complex mechanism highlights its prospect in the treatment of diabetes and provides theoretical support for its comprehensive development and utilization.

Potential inhibitory effect of Auricularia auricula polysaccharide on advanced glycation end-products (AGEs).

In this study, a novel polysaccharide, AAP-2S, was extracted from Auricularia auricula, and the anti-glycosylation effect of AAP-2S and its underlying mechanisms were investigated using an in vitro BSA-fructose model and a cellular model. The results demonstrated the inhibiting formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) in vitro by AAP-2S. Concurrently, it attenuated oxidative damage to proteins in the model, preserved protein sulfhydryl groups from oxidation, reduced protein carbonylation, prevented structural alterations in proteins, and decreased the formation of ß-crosslinked structures. Furthermore, AAP-2S demonstrated metal-chelating capabilities. GC-MS/MS-based metabolomics were employed to analyze changes in metabolic profiles induced by AAP-2S in a CML-induced HK-2 cell model. Mechanistic investigations revealed that AAP-2S could mitigate glycosylation and ameliorate cell fibrosis by modulating the RAGE/TGF-ß/NOX4 pathway. This study provides a foundational framework for further exploration of Auricularia auricular polysaccharide as a natural anti-AGEs agent, paving the way for its potential development and application as a food additive.

Review on the health-promoting effect of adequate selenium status.

Selenium is an essential microelement involved in various biological processes. Selenium deficiency increases the risk of human immunodeficiency virus infection, cancer, cardiovascular disease, and inflammatory bowel disease. Selenium possesses anti-oxidant, anti-cancer, immunomodulatory, hypoglycemic, and intestinal microbiota-regulating properties. The non-linear dose-response relationship between selenium status and health effects is U-shaped; individuals with low baseline selenium levels may benefit from supplementation, whereas those with acceptable or high selenium levels may face possible health hazards. Selenium supplementation is beneficial in various populations and conditions; however, given its small safety window, the safety of selenium supplementation is still a subject of debate. This review summarizes the current understanding of the health-promoting effects of selenium on the human body, the dietary reference intake, and evidence of the association between selenium deficiency and disease.

Emerging Nanoparticles in Food: Sources, Application, and Safety.

Nanoparticles (NPs) are small-sized, with high surface activity and antibacterial and antioxidant properties. As a result, some NPs are used as functional ingredients in food additives, food packaging materials, nutrient delivery, nanopesticides, animal feeds, and fertilizers to improve the bioavailability, quality, and performance complement or upgrade. However, the widespread use of NPs in the industry increases the exposure risk of NPs to humans due to their migration from the environment to food. Nevertheless, some NPs, such as carbon dots, NPs found in various thermally processed foods, are also naturally produced from the food during food processing. Given their excellent ability to penetrate biopermeable barriers, the potential safety hazards of NPs on human health have attracted increased attention. Herein, three emerging NPs are introduced including carbon-based NPs (e.g., CNTs), nanoselenium NPs (SeNPs), and rare earth oxide NPs (e.g., CeO2 NPs). In addition, their applications in the food industry, absorption pathways into the human body, and potential risk mechanisms are discussed. Challenges and prospects for the use of NPs in food are also proposed.

Effect of in vitro digestion and fermentation of kiwifruit pomace polysaccharides on structural characteristics and human gut microbiota.

Kiwifruit pomace is abundant in polysaccharides that exhibit diverse biological activities and prebiotic potential. This study delves into the digestive behavior and fermentation characteristics of kiwifruit pomace polysaccharides (KFP) through an in vitro simulated saliva-gastrointestinal digestion and fecal fermentation. The results reveal that following simulated digestion of KFP, its molecular weight reduced by 4.7%, and the reducing sugar (CR) increased by 9.5%. However, the monosaccharide composition and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy characteristics showed no significant changes, suggesting that KFP remained undigested. Furthermore, even after saliva-gastrointestinal digestion, KFP retained in vitro hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic activities. Subsequently, fecal fermentation significantly altered the physicochemical properties of indigestible KFP (KFPI), particularly leading to an 89.71% reduction in CR. This indicates that gut microbiota could decompose KFPI and metabolize it into SCFAs. Moreover, after 48 h of KFPI fecal fermentation, it was observed that KFPI contributed to maintaining the balance of gut microbiota by promoting the proliferation of beneficial bacteria like Bacteroides, Lactobacillus, and Bifidobacterium, while inhibiting the unfavorable bacteria like Bilophila. In summary, this study offers a comprehensive exploration of in vitro digestion and fecal fermentation characteristics of KFP, providing valuable insights for potential development of KFP as a prebiotic for promoting intestinal health.