Nitrogen in Diamond.

Nitrogen is ubiquitous in both natural and laboratory-grown diamond, but the number and nature of the nitrogen-containing defects can have a profound effect on the diamond material and its properties. An ever-growing fraction of the supply of diamond appearing on the world market is now lab-grown. Here, we survey recent progress in two complementary diamond synthesis methods-high pressure high temperature (HPHT) growth and chemical vapor deposition (CVD), how each is allowing ever more precise control of nitrogen incorporation in the resulting diamond, and how the diamond produced by either method can be further processed (e.g., by implantation or annealing) to achieve a particular outcome or property. The burgeoning availability of diamond samples grown under well-defined conditions has also enabled huge advances in the characterization and understanding of nitrogen-containing defects in diamond-alone and in association with vacancies, hydrogen, and transition metal atoms. Among these, the negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV-) defect in diamond is attracting particular current interest in account of the many new and exciting opportunities it offers for, for example, quantum technologies, nanoscale magnetometry, and biosensing.

The Readmission Event after Vascular Surgery: Causes and Costs.

BACKGROUND: The study evaluates the readmission diagnoses after vascular surgical interventions and the associated hospital costs. METHODS: Patients readmitted after undergoing carotid artery stenting (CAS), carotid endarterectomy (CEA), infrarenal endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (EVAR), open abdominal aortic aneurysm repair (OAAA), suprainguinal revascularization (SUPRA), or infrainguinal revascularization (INFRA) between January 1, 2008 and October 20, 2013 at a single academic institution were retrospectively identified. Demographic, preoperative, and postoperative event variables were obtained by chart review. The diagnoses and the costs of the readmission event were obtained by chart review and from hospital financial data. Readmission indications were grouped as unrelated or planned readmissions, procedure-specific complications, wound complications, cardiac causes, and other. Univariate analyses of categorical variables were performed with χ2 or Fisher exact test where appropriate. Continuous variables were analyzed using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. RESULTS: A total of 1,170 patient records were identified. Thirty-day readmission occurred in 112 patients (9.6%). The readmission rate was significantly different between groups: 4.5% in CAS (n = 8/177), 8.5% in CEA (21/246), 5.8% in EVAR (18/312), 11.4% in OAAA (4/35), 15.6% in INFRA (33/212), 13.5% in SUPRA (24/178), and 40% in combined SUPRA and INFRA (4/10) (P < 0.0001). Readmissions were unrelated or planned in 19.6% of patients. Wound complications were the most common readmission diagnoses (36.6%, 41/112).There was a difference in the distribution of readmission indications among procedure groups, with wound complications being predominant in INFRA and SUPRA groups (60.6% and 58.3%, respectively), and cardiac events predominantly in EVAR patients (42%) (P < 0.001). In univariable analysis of predictors of readmission, significant preoperative factors were chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, renal insufficiency, and lower hematocrit. Significant postoperative predictors included any postoperative complication, number of complications, increased length of stay, wound complications, postoperative infections, blood transfusion, and reoperation. The median hospital cost for readmission for wound complications was 29,723 USD (interquartile range 23,841-36,878), and for cardiac complications was 39,784 USD (26,305-46,918). The median cost of readmission for bypass graft occlusion was 33,366 USD (20,530-43,170). The median length of stay also differed depending on the readmission diagnosis and was highest for bypass graft occlusion (8.5 days). CONCLUSIONS: Readmissions after vascular procedures are associated with high cost and hospital bed utilization. Wound complications continue to be the dominant readmission etiology. The characterization of these costs and risk factors in this study can allow for resource allocation to minimize preventable related readmissions. A significant proportion of readmissions after vascular interventions are planned or unrelated, which should be taken into consideration in metric benchmarking and performance comparisons.

The IC138 and IC140 intermediate chains of the I1 axonemal dynein complex bind directly to tubulin.

Dyneins are minus end directed microtubule motors that play a critical role in ciliary and flagellar movement. Ciliary dyneins, also known as axonemal dyneins, are characterized based on their location on the axoneme, either as outer dynein arms or inner dynein arms. The I1 dynein is the best-characterized subspecies of the inner dynein arms; however the interactions between many of the components of the I1 complex and the axoneme are not well defined. In an effort to elucidate the interactions in which the I1 components are involved, we performed zero-length crosslinking on axonemes and studied the crosslinked products formed by the I1 intermediate chains, IC138 and IC140. Our data indicate that IC138 and IC140 bind directly to microtubules. Mass-spectrometry analysis of the crosslinked product identified both α- and ß-tubulin as the IC138 and IC140 binding partners. This was further confirmed by crosslinking experiments carried out on purified I1 fractions bound to Taxol-stabilized microtubules. Furthermore, the interaction between IC140 and tubulin is lost when IC138 is absent. Our studies support previous findings that intermediate chains play critical roles in the assembly, axonemal targeting and regulation of the I1 dynein complex.

Trauma capacity in the central plateau department of Haiti.

BACKGROUND: Surgical burden is a large and neglected global health problem in low- and middle-income countries. With the increasing trauma burden, the goal of this study was to evaluate the trauma capacity of hospitals in the central plateau of Haiti. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The World Health Organization Emergency and Essential Surgical Care survey was adapted with a focus on trauma capacity. Interviewers along with translators administered the survey to key hospital staff. RESULTS: Seven hospitals in the region were surveyed. Of the hospitals surveyed, 3/7 had functioning surgical facilities. None of the hospitals had trauma registries. 71% of the hospitals had no formal trauma guidelines. 2/7 hospitals had a general surgeon available 100% of the time. All surgical facilities had oxygen cylinders available 100% of the time, but three of the primary level hospitals only had it available 51%-90% of the time. Intubation equipment was available at 57% of the facilities. Ventilators were only available in the operating room. Only the largest hospital had a computed tomography scanner. Other hospitals (66%) had a functioning x-ray machine 76%-90% of the time. Hospitals (57%) had an ultrasound machine. The most common reasons for referral were lack of appropriate facilities and supplies at the primary level care centers or lack of trained personnel at higher-level facilities. CONCLUSIONS: Trauma capacity in the central plateau of Haiti is limited. There is a great need for more personnel, trauma training at all staff levels, emergency care guidelines, trauma registries, and imaging equipment and training, specifically in ultrasonography. To accomplish this, coordination is needed between the Haitian government and local and international nongovernmental organizations.

Calculated strain response of vibrational modes for H-containing point defects in diamond.

The low mass of hydrogen leads to highly localised, high-frequency vibrational modes associated with H-containing defects in crystalline materials. In addition to vibrational spectroscopy, the presence of hydrogen in diamond has been identified from several experimental techniques. In particular, paramagnetic resonance shows that H is often associated with lattice vacancies, but in many cases the microscopic structure of the defects remains to be determined. We present the results of first-principles density-functional modelling of selected H-containing point defects, reporting both the calculated frequencies and the change in frequencies with applied strain. We show that more constrained environments lead to significantly larger strain-related shifts in frequency than more open environments, such as where the H is associated with lattice vacancies.

An Ultrafast Shakedown Reveals the Energy Landscape, Relaxation Dynamics, and Concentration of the N3VH0 Defect in Diamond.

Atomic-scale defects can control the exploitable optoelectronic performance of crystalline materials, and several point defects in diamond are emerging functional components for a range of quantum technologies. Nitrogen and hydrogen are common impurities incorporated into diamond, and there is a family of defects that includes both. The N3VH0 defect is a lattice vacancy where three nearest neighbor carbon atoms are replaced with nitrogen atoms and a hydrogen is bonded to the remaining carbon. It is regularly observed in natural and high-temperature annealed synthetic diamond and gives rise to prominent absorption features in the mid-infrared. Here, we combine time- and spectrally resolved infrared absorption spectroscopy to yield unprecedented insight into the N3VH0 defect's vibrational dynamics following infrared excitation of the C-H stretch. In doing so, we gain fundamental information about the energies of quantized vibrational states and corroborate our results with theory. We map out, for the first time, energy relaxation pathways, which include multiphonon relaxation processes and anharmonic coupling to the C-H bend mode. These advances provide new routes to quantify and probe atomic-scale defects.

Structure and vibrational properties of oxohalides of vanadium.

We study the structure and vibrational modes of a wide range of oxohalides of vanadium (VOX(n)Y(m); X, Y = F, Cl, Br, I; n, m = 0-3, n + m < or = 3). The results agree well with experimental results for VOCl(3) and VOF(3) and suggest reassignment of the experimentally observed VOF to VOF(2). We provide new assignments for various experimental modes, identifying several intermediates (VOBr(2), VOBr) and mixed structures (e.g., VOCl(2)Br), and discuss formation trends and stabilities.

Moderate prenatal alcohol exposure impairs performance by adult male rats in an object-place paired-associate task.

Memory impairments, including spatial and object processing, are often observed in individuals with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders. The neurobiological basis of memory deficits after prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is often linked to structural and functional alterations in the medial temporal lobe, including the hippocampus. Recent evidence suggests that the medial temporal lobe plays a critical role in processing high-order sensory stimuli such as complex objects and their associated locations in space. In the first experiment, we tested male rat offspring with moderate PAE in a medial temporal-dependent object-place paired-associate (OPPA) task. The OPPA task requires a conditional discrimination between an identical pair of objects presented at two spatial locations 180° opposite arms of a radial arm maze. Food reinforcement is contingent upon selecting the correct object of the pair for a given spatial location. Adult rats were given a total of 10 trials per day over 14 consecutive days of training. PAE male rats made significantly more errors than male saccharin (SACC) control rats during acquisition of the OPPA task. In Experiment 2, rats performed an object-discrimination task in which a pair of objects were presented in a single arm of the maze. Moderate PAE and SACC control rats exhibited comparable performance. The results suggest that moderate PAE rats can learn to discriminate objects, but are impaired when required to discriminate between objects on the basis of spatial location in the environment.