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1.
Vet Radiol Ultrasound ; 64(2): 173-182, 2023 Mar.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36336835

RESUMEN

Thoracic radiography is commonly used to assess the size of the heart and diagnose cardiac disease in ferrets. Several standardized radiographic heart size indicators have been introduced in this species and values in healthy ferrets have been reported. To date, none of these indicators has been tested in ferrets with cardiac disease. The aim of this prospective and retrospective, analytical observational design study was to assess the accuracy of the modified vertebral heart score (mVHS) and the cardio-vertebral ratio (CVR) in the radiographic detection of cardiomegaly in ferrets. Thoracic radiographs of 24 ferrets with confirmed heart diseases, 22 ferrets with non-cardiac diseases and normal-sized hearts on echocardiogram, and 24 healthy ferrets were mixed and examined by three independent and blinded radiologists who measured mVHS and CVR in right lateral (RL) and ventrodorsal (VD) radiographs. For all readers, ferrets with cardiac disease had significantly higher mVHS and CVR than ferrets without cardiac disease on echocardiography. Optimal cut-points for predicting cardiac enlargement were 6.25 vertebrae and 7.25 vertebrae for RL-mVHS and VD-mVHS, and 1.58 and 1.80 for RL-CVR and VD-CVR, respectively. Using these cut-points, the accuracy was good for indicators measured in RL radiographs (92.9% for RL-mVHS; 91.4% for RL-CVR) and moderate for indicators measured in VD radiographs (88.6% for VD-mVHS; 85.7% for VD-CVR). Findings supported the use of mVHS and CVR for evaluating the size of the heart in diseased ferrets, with caution in values interpretation when pericardial fat prevents precise delineation of the cardiac silhouette contour especially on VD radiographs.


Asunto(s)
Hurones , Cardiopatías , Animales , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estudios Prospectivos , Corazón/diagnóstico por imagen , Cardiomegalia/diagnóstico por imagen , Cardiomegalia/veterinaria , Cardiopatías/veterinaria , Columna Vertebral
2.
Vet Surg ; 44(8): 964-9, 2015 Nov.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26414173

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To report the surgical repair of cor triatriatum sinister (CTS) incorporating heart-beating cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in a cat. STUDY DESIGN: Clinical case report. ANIMAL: Fourteen-month-old, 5.9-kg male castrated Maine Coon cat. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The cat had a 3 month history of inappetance, weight loss, and recurrent pulmonary edema. CTS with severe systolic pulmonary arterial (SPA) hypertension (124 mm Hg) was diagnosed by 2D echocardiography, color flow and continuous wave Doppler modes, and left atrial and pulmonary angiography. Surgery was performed through a left intercostal thoracotomy. CPB was initiated and the heart was kept beating. The left atrial appendage was opened and the intra-atrial membrane was excised. RESULTS: After 48 hours, the cat was doing well. Reduced SPA pressure (52 mm Hg) with decreased right heart enlargement was observed on ultrasound examination and the cat was discharged 6 days after surgery with oral antibiotics for 10 days, aspirin, and furosemide. Four months after surgery, the cat presented with increased activity and weight gain and was completely asymptomatic. Transthoracic echocardiography showed a marked improvement of all echo-Doppler variables with disappearance of SPA hypertension (24 mm Hg). Four years after surgery, the cat was still doing well with no recurrence of clinical signs despite the lack of medical treatment. CONCLUSION: CTS in the cat may be successfully treated by surgery facilitated by use of CPB leading to early and long-term substantial improvement in clinical status and cardiac function. CTS can safely be repaired under CPB in cats.


Asunto(s)
Puente Cardiopulmonar/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Gatos/cirugía , Corazón Triatrial/cirugía , Animales , Gatos , Masculino
3.
J Zoo Wildl Med ; 46(3): 526-33, 2015 Sep.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-26352956

RESUMEN

The purpose of this prospective study was to evaluate transthoracic echocardiograms from clinically healthy large felids for the presence of valvular regurgitations (VR). Physiologic VR commonly occur in normal dogs and cats, but the percentage of large felids with VR has not been previously reported. During a 5-yr study period (2008-2013), 28 healthy animals were evaluated under general anesthesia: 16 cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringuii) with a mean age of 1.5±0.8 yr (range 0.7-3.5 yr), 5 Amur leopards (Panthera pardus orientalis), 1 snow leopard (Uncia uncia), and 6 clouded leopards (Neofelis nebulosa). For this study, all the leopards were gathered in one so-called "leopards group" with a mean age of 2.8±3.4 yr (range 0.3-10.7 yr). All valves observed in each view were examined for evidence of regurgitant jets and turbulent blood flow using the color-flow Doppler mode. Valves were also examined for structural changes. Mitral valve and aortic cusp abnormalities were considered to be of congenital origin. Mitral valve lesions led to mitral insufficiency in all the felids. Aortic cusp abnormalities led to aortic regurgitation in 94% of the cheetahs and 67% of the leopards. Leopards showed a predominance of early systolic mitral regurgitations, whereas all the mitral regurgitation jets in cheetahs were holosystolic. Tricuspid regurgitation was found in 81% of the cheetahs and in 50% of the leopards, whereas pulmonic regurgitation was detected in 44% of the cheetahs and 33% of the leopards. Interestingly, none of these tricuspid and pulmonic regurgitations were associated with two-dimensional structural valve abnormalities, thus suggesting their physiologic origin, as described in humans, cats, and dogs. In conclusion, subclinical valvular diseases are common in apparently healthy leopards and cheetahs. Longitudinal follow-up of affected animals is therefore required to assess their clinical outcome.


Asunto(s)
Acinonyx , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/veterinaria , Panthera , Animales , Femenino , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/patología , Masculino
4.
J Am Vet Med Assoc ; 261(6): 865-873, 2023 06 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36884380

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To characterize epidemiological, clinical, radiographic, and echocardiographic features of cardiac diseases in guinea pigs examined at a referral exotics center. ANIMALS: 80 guinea pigs. PROCEDURES: Medical records of guinea pigs that had echocardiography performed between June 2010 and January 2021 were reviewed. RESULTS: The percentage of guinea pig patients with cardiovascular disease was 2.8%. Clinical signs included dyspnea (46/80), lethargy (18/80), and anorexia (10/80). The most common physical examination finding was heart murmur (10/80). Radiographic abnormalities included subjective cardiomegaly (37/67), pleural effusion (21/67), and increased lung opacity (40/67). Median (range) vertebral heart score on right lateral (48/67) and ventrodorsal (39/67) projections was 9.0 vertebrae (6.6 to 13.2 vertebrae) and 10.8 vertebrae (7.9 to 13.2 vertebrae), respectively. The most common echocardiographic diagnosis was cardiomyopathy (30/80), categorized as restrictive (11/30), hypertrophic (10/30), or dilated (9/10). Other cardiac diseases included cor pulmonale (21/80), pericardial effusion (18/80), congenital heart disease (6/80), acquired valvular disease (3/80), and cardiovascular mass (2/80). Congestive heart failure was present in 36 of 80. Median survival time from diagnosis was 2.5 months (95% CI, 1.1 to 6.2 months). Animals that died from heart disease had a significantly shorter survival time than those that died from a noncardiac disease (P = .02). CLINICAL RELEVANCE: On radiographs, cardiomegaly, pleural effusion, and alveolar or interstitial lung pattern should be considered as indications for echocardiography in guinea pigs. Cardiomyopathy (restrictive, hypertrophic, or dilated), cor pulmonale, and pericardial effusion were the most common echocardiographic diagnoses. Further studies on diagnosis and treatment of cardiovascular diseases in guinea pigs are needed.


Asunto(s)
Cardiomiopatías , Derrame Pericárdico , Enfermedad Cardiopulmonar , Cobayas , Animales , Derrame Pericárdico/veterinaria , Enfermedad Cardiopulmonar/veterinaria , Ecocardiografía , Cardiomegalia/veterinaria , Cardiomiopatías/veterinaria
5.
Basic Res Cardiol ; 107(1): 240, 2012 Jan.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22193759

RESUMEN

Little is known about the vascular function and expression of endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthases (eNOS and nNOS) in Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD). Bradykinin is involved in the regulation of eNOS expression induced by angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors. We characterized the vascular function and eNOS and nNOS expression in a canine model of DMD and evaluated the effects of chronic bradykinin treatment. Vascular function was examined in conscious golden retriever muscular dystrophy (GRMD) dogs with left ventricular dysfunction (measured by echocardiography) and in isolated coronary arteries. eNOS and nNOS proteins in carotid arteries were measured by western blot and cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) content was analyzed by radioimmunoassay. Compared with controls, GRMD dogs had an impaired vasodilator response to acetylcholine. In isolated coronary artery, acetylcholine-elicited relaxation was nearly absent in placebo-treated GRMD dogs. This was explained by reduced nNOS and eNOS proteins and cGMP content in arterial tissues. Chronic bradykinin infusion (1 µg/min, 4 weeks) restored in vivo and in vitro vascular response to acetylcholine to the level of control dogs. This effect was NO-mediated through upregulation of eNOS and nNOS expression. In conclusion, this study is the first to demonstrate that DMD is associated with NO-mediated vascular endothelial dysfunction linked to an altered expression of eNOS and nNOS, which can be overcome by bradykinin.


Asunto(s)
Bradiquinina/fisiología , Endotelio Vascular/fisiopatología , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/fisiopatología , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo III/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo I/metabolismo , Animales , Presión Sanguínea , Arterias Carótidas/enzimología , GMP Cíclico/metabolismo , Modelos Animales de Enfermedad , Perros , Distrofia Muscular de Duchenne/enzimología , Óxido Nítrico/fisiología , Disfunción Ventricular Izquierda
6.
J Hered ; 102 Suppl 1: S62-7, 2011.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21846748

RESUMEN

Myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD) is the most common heart disease in dogs. It is characterized by chronic progressive degenerative lesions of the mitral valve. The valve leaflets become thickened and prolapse into the left atrium resulting in mitral regurgitation (MR). MMVD is most prevalent in small to medium sized dog breeds, Cavalier King Charles Spaniels (CKCS) in particular. The onset of MMVD is highly age dependent, and at the age of 10 years, nearly all CKCS are affected. The incidence of a similar disease in humans-mitral valve prolapse-is 1-5%. By defining CKCSs with an early onset of MMVD as cases and old dogs with no or mild signs of MMVD as controls, we conducted a genome-wide association study (GWAS) to identify loci associated with development of MMVD. We have identified a 1.58 Mb region on CFA13 (P(genome) = 4.0 × 10(-5)) and a 1.68 Mb region on CFA14 (P(genome) = 7.9 × 10(-4)) associated with development of MMVD. This confirms the power of using the dog as a model to uncover potential candidate regions involved in the molecular mechanisms behind complex traits.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/genética , Prolapso de la Válvula Mitral/veterinaria , Animales , Mapeo Cromosómico , Perros , Europa (Continente) , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Genotipo , Prolapso de la Válvula Mitral/genética , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Especificidad de la Especie
7.
Am J Vet Res ; 71(7): 766-72, 2010 Jul.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20594078

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To determine the intra- and interobserver variability of systolic arterial pressure (SAP) and diastolic arterial pressure (DAP) measurements obtained with 2 indirect methods in awake dogs and percentage of successful measurements. ANIMALS: 6 healthy conscious adult dogs. PROCEDURES: 4 observers with different levels of training measured SAP and DAP on 4 days by use of Doppler ultrasonography (DU) and high-definition oscillometry (HDO). The examinations were randomized. Measurements for each technique were recorded 5 consecutive times, and mean values (total, 720 measurements) were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: All within- and between-day coefficients of variation (CVs) for SAP were < 15% irrespective of the observer or method (HDO, 3.6% to 14.1%; DU, 4.1% to 12.4%). Conversely, half the CVs for DAP were > 15% with the highest within- and between-day CVs obtained by the least experienced observer by use of DU (19.5% and 25.9%, respectively). All attempts with HDO were successful, whereas DAP could not be measured by use of DU by the least experienced observer in 17% of attempts. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: SAP may be assessed in healthy dogs by use of DU and HDO with good repeatability and reproducibility after a short period of training. Conversely, the variability of DAP is higher and longer training is required to assess DAP via DU than via HDO.


Asunto(s)
Determinación de la Presión Sanguínea/veterinaria , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Oscilometría/métodos , Ultrasonografía Doppler/métodos , Animales , Determinación de la Presión Sanguínea/métodos , Estado de Conciencia , Perros , Femenino , Humanos , Variaciones Dependientes del Observador , Oscilometría/veterinaria , Valores de Referencia , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Ultrasonografía Doppler/veterinaria
8.
J Zoo Wildl Med ; 41(4): 735-8, 2010 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21370661

RESUMEN

A 3-yr-old intact female snow leopard (Uncia uncia) was evaluated for progressive apathy, lethargy, and decreased appetite. Cardiac auscultation revealed a left basal grade IV/VI systolic ejection murmur, and an echocardiogram confirmed a severe pulmonic valvular stenosis (pressure gradient of 98 mm Hg). The lesion was managed by balloon valvuloplasty, resulting in a marked pressure gradient reduction (30 mm Hg). The cat recovered well, and clinical signs resolved. This is the first description of a pulmonary valve stenosis and management with balloon valvuloplasty in a wild felid.


Asunto(s)
Cateterismo/veterinaria , Felidae , Estenosis de la Válvula Pulmonar/veterinaria , Animales , Cateterismo/métodos , Femenino , Válvula Pulmonar/patología , Estenosis de la Válvula Pulmonar/cirugía
9.
Sci Rep ; 10(1): 6520, 2020 04 16.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32300138

RESUMEN

The domestic dog represents an ideal model for identifying susceptibility genes, many of which are shared with humans. In this study, we investigated the genetic contribution to individual differences in 40 clinically important measurements by a genome-wide association study (GWAS) in a multinational cohort of 472 healthy dogs from eight breeds. Meta-analysis using the binary effects model after breed-specific GWAS, identified 13 genome-wide significant associations, three of them showed experimental-wide significant associations. We detected a signal at chromosome 13 for the serum concentration of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in which we detected four breed-specific signals. A large proportion of the variance of ALT (18.1-47.7%) was explained by this locus. Similarly, a single SNP was also responsible for a large proportion of the variance (6.8-78.4%) for other measurements such as fructosamine, stress during physical exam, glucose, and morphometric measurements. The genetic contribution of single variant was much larger than in humans. These findings illustrate the importance of performing meta-analysis after breed-specific GWAS to reveal the genetic contribution to individual differences in clinically important measurements, which would lead to improvement of veterinary medicine.


Asunto(s)
Alanina Transaminasa/genética , Fructosamina/genética , Estudio de Asociación del Genoma Completo , Polimorfismo de Nucleótido Simple/genética , Animales , Cruzamiento , Cromosomas/genética , Enfermedades de los Perros/genética , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Perros , Predisposición Genética a la Enfermedad , Humanos , Masculino , Fenotipo
10.
J Vet Intern Med ; 33(3): 1222-1231, 2019 May.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30924221

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Restrictive cardiomyopathy (RCM) is a common primary cardiomyopathy of cats. However, little information is available regarding prognostic variables in large populations of cats with RCM. OBJECTIVES: To characterize the epidemiological, clinical, and echocardiographic features of cats with RCM and to document their survival times and risk factors for cardiac death (CD). ANIMALS: Ninety-two cats with RCM. METHODS: Retrospective study. Diagnosis of RCM was based on echocardiographic and Doppler criteria. Median survival time to CD and adjusted hazard ratios (HR) were estimated by the Kaplan-Meier method and multivariate Cox models, respectively. RESULTS: The feline population (median age [interquartile range], 8.6 years [4.1-12.4]; body weight, 4.0 kg [3.3-4.7]) included 83 cats (90%) with the myocardial RCM form and 9 (10%) with the endomyocardial fibrosis RCM form. Most RCM cats (64/92, 70%) were symptomatic at the time of diagnosis, with dyspnea related to congestive heart failure in 57 of 64 cats (89%). The median survival time of the 69 cats with the myocardial RCM form and available follow-up was 667 days (range, 2-3710 days) considering CD. Independent of age, biatrial enlargement, and arrhythmias, increase of the left atrium (LA)-to-aorta (Ao) ratio (hazard ration [HR], 2.5 per 0.5-unit increase; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.5-4.2; P < .001) and presence of severe LA enlargement (end-diastolic LA : Ao ≥2; HR, 3.4; 95% CI, 1.3-8.7; P = .01) were significantly associated with shorter time to CD. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Cardiac death is common in RCM cats, and LA enlargement seems independently associated with decreased survival time in these cats.


Asunto(s)
Cardiomiopatía Restrictiva/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Gatos/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de los Gatos/epidemiología , Ecocardiografía/veterinaria , Animales , Cardiomiopatía Restrictiva/diagnóstico por imagen , Cardiomiopatía Restrictiva/epidemiología , Cardiomiopatía Restrictiva/patología , Gatos , Fibrosis Endomiocárdica/veterinaria , Femenino , Insuficiencia Cardíaca/veterinaria , Masculino , Miocardio/patología , Pronóstico , Estudios Retrospectivos
11.
J Vet Cardiol ; 20(6): 405-414, 2018 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30526956

RESUMEN

INTRODUCTION: The objectives of this study were to characterize the epidemiological, clinical, and echocardiographic features of French bulldogs (FBs) with congenital pulmonic stenosis and document their survival times and risk factors for cardiac death (CD). ANIMALS: This study included 66 FBs with congenital pulmonic stenosis. METHODS: Prospective cohort study including a survival analysis to assess time to CD. RESULTS: In most cases (53/66, 80%), at least two obstructive lesions were observed, most commonly valvular and supravalvular (42/66, 64%), with pulmonary trunk hypoplasia in 40/66 (61%) of cases. The median Doppler-derived peak trans-stenotic pressure gradient (ΔP) was very high: 170 mmHg (range = 34-291 mmHg), with ΔP ≥ 200 mmHg in 33% of FBs. Among the 51 FBs with an available follow-up and that did not undergo surgical valvuloplasty, 21/51 (41%) died, 67% (14/21) of deaths being CD. The median survival time from diagnosis to CD was 2.8 years (interquartile range = 0.8-4.6 years). Univariate Cox proportional hazard analyses revealed that age (hazard ratio [HR] = 2.3 per 1 year increase; p = 0.02), clinical signs at presentation (HR = 3.7; p = 0.03), ΔP (HR = 1.2 per 10 mmHg increase; p = 0.01), right ventricular dilation (HR = 5.0; p = 0.04), severe tricuspid regurgitation (HR = 7.6; p = 0.001), and right-sided congestive heart failure (HR = 4.8; p = 0.05) were associated with time to CD. After adjustment for age and ΔP, tricuspid regurgitation remained significantly associated with time to CD (HR = 5.1; p = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonic stenosis in FBs is commonly severe and complex, with at least 2 obstructive lesions in most cases, a high incidence of pulmonary trunk hypoplasia and CD, and strong association between prognosis and tricuspid regurgitation severity.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/mortalidad , Estenosis de la Válvula Pulmonar/veterinaria , Animales , Estudios de Cohortes , Enfermedades de los Perros/congénito , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Perros , Ecocardiografía/veterinaria , Femenino , Francia/epidemiología , Masculino , Linaje , Estudios Prospectivos , Estenosis de la Válvula Pulmonar/mortalidad , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad , Análisis de Supervivencia
12.
J Vet Sci ; 19(5): 683-692, 2018 Sep 30.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30041288

RESUMEN

Our aim was (1) to determine the within-day and between-day variability of several indices of systolic and diastolic right ventricular (RV) function by using conventional echocardiography and speckle-tracking echocardiography (STE) (Study 1), (2) to quantify these variables in a large healthy canine population (n = 104) with Doppler-derived estimated systolic pulmonary arterial pressure (SPAP) and left ventricular (LV) function, and (3) to establish the corresponding reference intervals (Study 2). For both studies, RV variables included tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE), right fractional area change (RFAC), STE longitudinal systolic strain (StS) of the RV free wall (RVFW) and of the entire RV (i.e., global RV StS), STE longitudinal systolic RVFW strain rate (SRS), and the diastolic early:late strain rate ratio. All but one within- and between-day coefficients of variation (13/14) were < 15%, the lowest being observed for TAPSE (3.6-9.8%), global RV StS (3.8-9.9%), and RVFW StS (3.7-7.3%). SPAP was weakly and negatively correlated with the TAPSE:body weight ratio (rs = -0.26, p = 0.01) and RVFW SRS (rs = -0.23, p < 0.05). Reference intervals (lower and upper limits with 90% confidence intervals) were provided for all variables. STE provides a non-invasive evaluation of RV function that may be used for clinical investigations in canine cardiology.


Asunto(s)
Ecocardiografía/veterinaria , Ventrículos Cardíacos/diagnóstico por imagen , Función Ventricular Derecha , Animales , Perros , Ecocardiografía Doppler/veterinaria , Femenino , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Valores de Referencia
13.
Vet Clin Pathol ; 47(4): 582-588, 2018 Dec.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30556915

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Markers of lipid and glucose metabolism are used in both clinical practice and research. Detection of abnormal laboratory results often relies on species-specific reference intervals, but interbreed variation can also affect data interpretation. OBJECTIVES: The purpose of the present study was to compare concentrations of selected biochemical variables among different dog breeds. METHODS: We analyzed a database containing information on biochemical variables from 534 dogs belonging to nine different breeds. All dogs were confirmed to be healthy based on history, physical examination, and ancillary tests. Concentrations of glucose, fructosamine, insulin, cholesterol, triglycerides, fatty acids, and C-reactive protein were compared using the nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn's tests. RESULTS: All variables tested showed significant interbreed differences, although all breeds remained within the previously established RIs for dogs. Fructosamine, insulin, and cholesterol showed a wide interbreed variation that could affect the interpretation of results. CONCLUSIONS: Breed is an important factor to consider when assessing energy metabolism in dogs, especially for markers like fructosamine, insulin, and cholesterol, which vary considerably among breeds.


Asunto(s)
Perros/sangre , Glucosa/metabolismo , Metabolismo de los Lípidos , Animales , Biomarcadores/sangre , Glucemia/análisis , Proteína C-Reactiva/análisis , Colesterol/sangre , Perros/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos no Esterificados/sangre , Femenino , Fructosamina/sangre , Insulina/sangre , Masculino , Valores de Referencia , Especificidad de la Especie , Triglicéridos/sangre
14.
J Vet Intern Med ; 21(4): 719-30, 2007.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17708391

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) or strain (St) imaging could provide sensitive indices for early detection and treatment follow-up of canine dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). Analysis of TDI and St features in dogs with overt DCM is a prerequisite before using these new criteria in prospective screenings of predisposed families or in clinical trials. HYPOTHESIS: Radial and longitudinal right and left myocardial motion, assessed by TDI and St variables, is altered in dogs with DCM. ANIMALS: Case records for 26 dogs; 14 with DCM and 12 healthy controls of comparable age and weight were reviewed. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted of conventional echocardiography, 2-dimensional color TDI, and St imaging data. RESULTS: The DCM group was characterized by decreases in radial and longitudinal systolic velocity gradients of the left ventricular free wall (LVFW), radial and longitudinal absolute values of peak systolic St of the LVFW, and longitudinal systolic right ventricular (RV) velocities (all P < .001 versus control) associated with longitudinal postsystolic contraction waves in 7/14 dogs. Early diastolic LVFW velocities also were decreased for longitudinal (P < .01) and radial (P < .05) motions. All radial LVFW, longitudinal basal LVFW, and RV systolic velocities were negatively correlated with heart rate (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: LV contractility along both the short and long axes is impaired in dogs with spontaneous DCM, as is systolic RV and diastolic LVFW function. These myocardial alterations are associated with an inverse force-frequency relationship. Studies now are needed to determine the comparative sensitivity of TDI and St variables for the early detection of canine DCM.


Asunto(s)
Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Contracción Miocárdica/fisiología , Ultrasonografía Doppler Dúplex/veterinaria , Animales , Cardiomiopatía Dilatada/diagnóstico , Perros , Femenino , Masculino
15.
J Vet Intern Med ; 21(2): 258-64, 2007.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17427386

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Degenerative mitral valve disease (MVD) is the most common heart disease in small breed dogs, and chordae tendineae rupture (CTR) is a potential complication of this disease. The survival time and prognostic factors predictive of survival in dogs with CTR remain unknown. HYPOTHESIS: The prevalence and prognosis of CTR in dogs with MVD increases and decreases, respectively, with heart failure class. ANIMALS: This study used 706 dogs with MVD. METHODS: The diagnosis of CTR was based on a flail mitral leaflet with the tip pointing into the left atrium during systole, which was confirmed in several 2-dimension imaging planes using the left and right parasternal 4-chamber views. RESULTS: CTR was diagnosed in 114 of the 706 dogs with MVD (16.1%) and most of these (106/114, 93%) had severe mitral valve regurgitation as assessed by color Doppler mode. CTR prevalence increased with International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council (ISACHC) clinical class (i.e., 1.9, 20.8, 35.5, and 69.6% for ISACHC classes Ia, Ib, II, and III, respectively [P < .05]). Long-term follow-up was available for 57 treated dogs (angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors and diuretics) and 58% of these (33/57) survived > 1 year after initial CTR diagnosis (median survival time, 425 days). Clinical class, the presence of ascites or acute dyspnea at the time of diagnosis, heart rate, plasma urea concentration, and left atrial size were predictors of survival. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: CTR is associated with a higher overall survival time than previously supposed. Its prognosis mostly depends on a combination of clinical and biochemical factors.


Asunto(s)
Cuerdas Tendinosas/patología , Enfermedades de los Perros/epidemiología , Enfermedades de los Perros/patología , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral/veterinaria , Inhibidores de la Enzima Convertidora de Angiotensina/uso terapéutico , Animales , Diuréticos/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Perros , Femenino , Masculino , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral/tratamiento farmacológico , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral/epidemiología , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral/patología , Prevalencia , Pronóstico , Estudios Retrospectivos , Rotura Espontánea/epidemiología , Rotura Espontánea/veterinaria , Tasa de Supervivencia
16.
J Vet Intern Med ; 21(6): 1280-9, 2007.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-18196738

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Diagnosis of pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) relies on Doppler measurement of pulmonic and tricuspid regurgitation (TR). However, these are not always detectable. HYPOTHESIS: Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), a novel noninvasive ultrasound technique, provides indirect but sensitive and specific assessment of elevated systolic pulmonary artery pressure (SPAP) in dogs. ANIMALS: One hundred and five dogs with TR. METHODS: Prospective observational study. Dogs were categorized as presenting normal (group 1, n = 45), mildly increased (group 2, n = 19), or moderately to severely increased (group 3, n = 41) SPAP, based on TR peak velocities (< 2.5, 2.5-3.0, and > 3.0 m/s, respectively). Ten quantitative echo-Doppler- and TDI-derived variables were assessed, including the main pulmonary arterial diameter to aortic diameter ratio, pulmonary flow acceleration time, and acceleration-to-ejection time ratio, the Tei index of right ventricular function, and 6 longitudinal basal right ventricular TDI variables. RESULTS: A significant correlation was observed between SPAP and each of the 10 tested variables (P < .05). Conventional echo-Doppler variables were less discriminating than the TDI for predicting increased SPAP. The combined systolic and diastolic right TDI index had the highest sensitivity and specificity (89% and 93% respectively, for a cutoff of 11.8 cm/s) and could discriminate between dogs in group 1 from dogs in group 2. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: TDI provided effective predictors of systolic PAH and demonstrated that both alterations in right-sided systolic and diastolic myocardial function can occur with mild increases in SPAP.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Ecocardiografía Doppler/veterinaria , Hipertensión Pulmonar/veterinaria , Animales , Perros , Femenino , Hipertensión Pulmonar/diagnóstico por imagen , Masculino , Sensibilidad y Especificidad
17.
J Vet Intern Med ; 21(4): 742-53, 2007.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17708394

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Pimobendan (PIMO) is an inodilator that may have some beneficial effects in canine degenerative mitral valve disease (MVD). However, little information is available about its cardiac effects in dogs without systolic myocardial dysfunction. HYPOTHESIS: Compared to benazepril (BNZ), an angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor, PIMO may worsen valve regurgitation in early canine MVD. ANIMALS: Twelve Beagles with asymptomatic MVD were randomized into 2 groups (n = 6) receiving BNZ or PIMO at dosages of 0.25 mg/kg PO q24h and q12h respectively, for 512 days. METHODS: The study followed a blinded, randomized, prospective, and parallel group design. After day 512, the dogs were necropsied, and cardiac histopathology was performed in a blinded manner. RESULTS: A significant treatment effect was observed as soon as day 15 with increased systolic function in the PIMO group by comparison to baseline value as assessed by fractional shortening (P < .0001) and tissue Doppler variables (P = .001). Concurrently, the maximum area and peak velocity of the regurgitant jet signal increased (P < .001), whereas these variables remained stable in the BNZ group. Histologic grades of mitral valve lesions were more severe in the PIMO group than in the BNZ group. Moreover, acute focal hemorrhages, endothelial papillary hyperplasia, and infiltration of chordae tendinae with glycosaminoglycans were observed in the mitral valves of dogs from the PIMO group but not in those of the BNZ group. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: PIMO has adverse cardiac functional and morphologic effects in dogs with asymptomatic MVD. Additional investigation in dogs with symptomatic MVD is now warranted.


Asunto(s)
Benzazepinas/efectos adversos , Benzazepinas/uso terapéutico , Enfermedades de los Perros/tratamiento farmacológico , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral/veterinaria , Piridazinas/efectos adversos , Piridazinas/uso terapéutico , Animales , Presión Sanguínea/efectos de los fármacos , Peso Corporal/efectos de los fármacos , Perros , Método Doble Ciego , Ecocardiografía/efectos de los fármacos , Ecocardiografía/veterinaria , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral/tratamiento farmacológico , Miocardio/patología , Factores de Tiempo
18.
J Vet Intern Med ; 21(5): 943-9, 2007.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17939547

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Little information is available about the prevalence of renal dysfunction in dogs with chronic valvular heart disease (CVD). HYPOTHESIS: Azotemia and a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) are more severe with increased severity of CVD. ANIMALS: 124 (study No. 1) and 24 (study No. 2) client-owned dogs with CVD. METHODS: A retrospective study (study No. 1) was performed to assess the prevalence of azotemia in the New York Heart Association (NYHA) classes of heart failure in dogs with CVD. A prospective study (study No. 2) was then designed to determine GFR in dogs with different degrees of CVD severity. Complete physical examination, electrocardiography, blood pressure measurement, thoracic radiographs, echocardiography, and plasma and urine analyses were also performed. RESULTS: In study No. 1, 50% of the dogs were azotemic and the percentage of azotemic dogs increased with functional class (up to 70% in NYHA class IV patients). In study No. 2, 8/24 dogs were azotemic. Plasma urea and creatinine were higher in NYHA class III-IV dogs compared with class I-II dogs. The GFR was lower (P < .001) in NYHA class III-IV dogs (1.7 +/- 0.7 mL/min/kg) than in class I to II dogs (3.1 +/- 0.8 mL/min/kg). Only 1 dog in class I-II had a GFR below 2 mL/min/kg and only 2/9 class III-IV dogs had a GFR above 2 mL/min/kg. CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Azotemia and renal impairment increase with the severity of congestive heart failure and are frequent findings in dogs with CVD. It remains to be shown if deterioration of renal function is a direct result of progression of the heart disease.


Asunto(s)
Azotemia/veterinaria , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/fisiopatología , Tasa de Filtración Glomerular/veterinaria , Animales , Azotemia/complicaciones , Azotemia/fisiopatología , Análisis Químico de la Sangre/veterinaria , Presión Sanguínea/fisiología , Nitrógeno de la Urea Sanguínea , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/complicaciones , Enfermedades Cardiovasculares/fisiopatología , Creatinina/sangre , Perros , Ecocardiografía Doppler/veterinaria , Femenino , Tasa de Filtración Glomerular/fisiología , Masculino , Estudios Prospectivos , Estudios Retrospectivos , Estadísticas no Paramétricas , Urea/sangre
19.
J Am Vet Med Assoc ; 231(3): 399-406, 2007 Aug 01.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17669041

RESUMEN

OBJECTIVE: To determine the within-day and between-day variability of regurgitant fraction (RF) assessed by use of the proximal isovelocity surface area (PISA) method in awake dogs with degenerative mitral valve disease (MVD), measure RF in dogs with MVD, and assess the correlation between RF and several clinical and Doppler echocardiographic variables. DESIGN: Prospective study. ANIMALS: 6 MVD-affected dogs with no clinical signs and 67 dogs with MVD of differing severity (International Small Animal Cardiac Health Council [ISACHC] classification). PROCEDURES: The 6 dogs were used to determine the repeatability and reproducibility of the PISA method, and RF was then assessed in 67 dogs of various ISACHC classes. Mitral valve regurgitation was also assessed from the maximum area of regurgitant jet signal-to-left atrium area (ARJ/LAA) ratio determined via color Doppler echocardiographic mapping. RESULTS: Within- and between-day coefficients of variation of RF were 8% and 11%, respectively. Regurgitation fraction was significantly correlated with ISACHC classification and heart murmur grade and was higher in ISACHC class III dogs (mean +/- SD, 72.8 +/- 9.5%) than class II (57.9 +/- 20.1%) or I (40.7 +/- 19.2%) dogs. Regurgitation fraction and left atriumto-aorta ratio, fractional shortening, systolic pulmonary arterial pressure, and ARJ/LAA ratio were significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results suggested that RF is a repeatable and reproducible variable for noninvasive quantitative evaluation of mitral valve regurgitation in awake dogs. Regurgitation fraction also correlated well with disease severity. It appears that this Doppler echocardiographic index may be useful in longitudinal studies of MVD in dogs.


Asunto(s)
Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico , Ecocardiografía Doppler en Color/veterinaria , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/veterinaria , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral/veterinaria , Válvula Mitral/patología , Animales , Velocidad del Flujo Sanguíneo/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Perros/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de los Perros/fisiopatología , Perros , Ecocardiografía Doppler en Color/métodos , Femenino , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/diagnóstico , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de las Válvulas Cardíacas/fisiopatología , Masculino , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral/diagnóstico , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral/diagnóstico por imagen , Insuficiencia de la Válvula Mitral/fisiopatología , Prevalencia , Estudios Prospectivos , Reproducibilidad de los Resultados , Sensibilidad y Especificidad , Índice de Severidad de la Enfermedad
20.
J Vet Intern Med ; 20(5): 1106-15, 2006.
Artículo en Inglés | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-17063702

RESUMEN

BACKGROUND: Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM) and chronic systemic hypertension (SHT) can both lead to left-ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) in cats. Assessment of LVH-associated myocardial dysfunction could provide new insights in the understanding of the pathophysiology of these diseases. HYPOTHESIS: Quantification of left-ventricular free-wall (LVFW) motion using tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) could permit differentiation of feline HCM from SHT-related LVH (LVH-SHT). ANIMALS: A total of 108 cats of different breeds were enrolled in this study: 35 cats with HCM, 17 with concentric LVH and SHT, and 56 healthy cats as a control group. METHODS: All cats were examined by conventional echocardiography and 2-dimensional color TDI. RESULTS: Radial and longitudinal diastolic LVFW velocities were similarly altered in cats with HCM and LVH-SHT, compared to controls. Systolic velocities were also lower in the groups with hypertrophy than in the controls, for longitudinal but not radial motion. To determine whether these diastolic and systolic alterations could also be observed in cats without LVFW hypertrophy, we performed a subgroup analysis in cats with a normal M-mode examination, that is, with only a localized subaortic interventricular septum hypertrophy. A significant radial and longitudinal diastolic dysfunction was still observed in both the HCM and LVH-SHT groups compared to controls, and systolic dysfunction was detected in the longitudinal motion. CONCLUSIONS: LVFW motion is similarly altered in cats with HCM and LVH-SHT. This dysfunction occurs independently of the presence of myocardial hypertrophy, demonstrating that TDI is capable of detecting systolic and diastolic segmental functional changes in nonhypertrophied wall segments in cats with HCM and SHT.


Asunto(s)
Cardiomiopatía Hipertrófica/veterinaria , Enfermedades de los Gatos/diagnóstico por imagen , Enfermedades de los Gatos/fisiopatología , Ecocardiografía Doppler en Color/veterinaria , Hipertensión/veterinaria , Hipertrofia Ventricular Izquierda/veterinaria , Factores de Edad , Animales , Glucemia/metabolismo , Presión Sanguínea , Cardiomiopatía Hipertrófica/complicaciones , Cardiomiopatía Hipertrófica/diagnóstico por imagen , Cardiomiopatía Hipertrófica/fisiopatología , Enfermedades de los Gatos/sangre , Gatos , Creatinina/sangre , Diástole , Hipertensión/complicaciones , Hipertensión/diagnóstico por imagen , Hipertensión/fisiopatología , Hipertrofia Ventricular Izquierda/complicaciones , Hipertrofia Ventricular Izquierda/diagnóstico por imagen , Hipertrofia Ventricular Izquierda/fisiopatología , Sístole
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