Chronic kidney disease and risk of bloodstream infections and sepsis: a 17-year follow-up of the population-based Trøndelag Health Study in Norway.

PURPOSE: Bloodstream infections (BSI) and sepsis are important causes of hospitalization, loss of health, and death globally. Targetable risk factors need to be identified to improve prevention and treatment. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the association of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and risk of and mortality from BSI and sepsis in the general population during a 22-year period. METHODS: We conducted a prospective cohort study among participants in the population-based Norwegian HUNT Study, where 68,438 participated. The median follow-up time was 17.4 years. The exposures were estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and albumin-creatinine ratio (ACR) in urine. The outcomes were hazard ratios (HR) of hospital admission or death due to BSI or sepsis. The associations were adjusted for age, sex, diabetes, obesity, systolic blood pressure, smoking status, and cardiovascular disease. RESULTS: Participants with eGFR < 30 ml/min/1.732 had HR 3.35 for BSI (95% confidence intervals (CI) 2.12-5.3) and HR 2.94 for sepsis (95% CI 1.82-4.8) compared to normal eGFR (≥ 90 ml/min/1.732). HRs of death from BSI and sepsis were 4.2 (95% CI 1.71-10.4) and 4.1 (95% CI 1.88-8.9), respectively. Participants with severely increased albuminuria (ACR > 30 mg/mmol) had HR 3.60 for BSI (95% CI 2.30-5.6) and 3.14 for sepsis (95% CI 1.94-5.1) compared to normal albumin excretion (ACR < 3 mg/mmol). HRs of death were 2.67 (95% CI 0.82-8.7) and 2.16 (95% CI 0.78-6.0), respectively. CONCLUSION: In this large population-based cohort study, CKD was clearly associated with an increased risk of BSI and sepsis and related death.

Aligning peripheral intravenous catheter quality with nursing culture-A mixed method study.

AIM: To explore barriers and facilitators that influence adherence to evidence-based guidelines for peripheral intravenous catheter care in different hospital wards. DESIGN: Sequential explanatory mixedmethod study design, with qualitative data used to elaborate on quantitative findings. METHOD: Data were collected between March 2021 and March 2022 using the previously validated Peripheral Intravenous Catheter mini questionnaire (PIVC-miniQ) on each ward in a tertiary hospital in Norway. Survey completion was followed by individual interviews with nurses from selected wards. The Pillar Integration Process was used to integrate and analyse the quantitative and qualitative findings. RESULTS: The PIVC-miniQ screening assessed 566 peripheral intravenous catheters in 448 patients in 41 wards, and we found variation between wards in the quality of care. Based on the quantitative variation, we interviewed 24 nurses on wards with either excellent or not as good quality. The integration of the quantitative and qualitative findings in the study enabled an understanding of factors that influence nurses' adherence to the care of peripheral venous catheters. One main theme and four subthemes emerged. The main finding was that ward culture affects education practice, and this was evident from four subthemes: (1) Deviation from best practice, (2) Gaps in education and clinical training, (3) Quality variation between wards and (4) The importance of supportive leadership. CONCLUSION: This mixed method study is the first study to explore reasons for variability in peripheral intravenous catheter quality across hospital wards. We found that ward culture was central to catheter quality, with evidence of deviations from best practice correlating with observed catheter complications. Ward culture also impacted nursing education, with the main responsibility for learning peripheral intravenous catheter management left to students' clinical training placements. Addressing this educational gap and fostering supportive leadership, including champions, will likely improve peripheral intravenous catheter care and patient safety. IMPLICATIONS FOR THE PROFESSION AND/OR PATIENT CARE: Nurses learn good peripheral intravenous catheter care in wards with supportive leaders and champions. This implies that the quality of nursing practice and patient outcomes are situational. Nurses need a strengthened emphasis on peripheral catheter quality in the undergraduate curriculum, and nurse leaders must emphasize the quality of catheter care in their wards. IMPACT: The study findings impact nurse leaders who must commit to quality and safety outcomes by appointing and supporting local ward champions for promoting peripheral intravenous catheter care. This also impacts nursing education providers, as the emphasis on catheter care must be strengthened in the undergraduate nursing curriculum and continually reinforced in the hospital environment, particularly when guidelines are updated. REPORTING METHOD: The study adhered to the Good Reporting of A Mixed Method Study (GRAMM). PATIENT OR PUBLIC CONTRIBUTION: A patient representative has been involved in planning this study.

Coding practice for sepsis 2008-21. / Kodepraksis ved sepsis 2008­21.

Background: Sepsis has a high incidence and mortality rate. Accurate data are needed for health service planning and for research, and there is a need to identify coding practices in Norway. Material and method: All patients over 17 years of age who had been admitted to Norwegian hospitals with sepsis in the period 2008-21 were identified using diagnostic codes for infection plus organ failure, and specific codes for sepsis, from the Norwegian Patient Registry. Results: There were 317 705 admissions with diagnostic codes for sepsis, of which 210 391 (66.2 %) were sepsis with a known focus, 77 627 (24.4 %) were of unknown focus and 29 687 (9.3 %) were codes for both a known and unknown focus. The percentage of sepsis episodes coded with a known focus varied between the health regions. The highest percentage was in the Western Norway Regional Health Authority (72.1 %, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 71.8 to 72.5), and the lowest was in the Central Norway Regional Health Authority (59.2 %, 95 %, CI 58.7 to 59.7). The use of codes with a known focus increased each year on average by 3.2 % (95 % CI 2.7 to 3.6, from 47.5 % in 2008 to 82.3 % in 2021), while the use of codes with an unknown focus decreased by 2.3 % (95 % CI -2.7 to -1.9) from 37.8 % in 2008 to 13.0 % in 2021. Known and unknown focus combined also decreased by 0.9 % per year on average (95 % CI -1.0 to -0.8) from 14.3 % in 2008 to 4.1 % in 2021. Interpretation: The coding of sepsis in Norwegian hospitals has become more uniform.

Trends in mortality after a sepsis hospitalization: a nationwide prospective registry study from 2008 to 2021.

BACKGROUND: Few studies have reported on mortality beyond one year after sepsis. We aim to describe trends in short- and long-term mortality among patients admitted with sepsis, and to describe the association between clinical characteristics and mortality for improved monitoring, treatment and prognosis. METHODS: Patients ≥ 18 years admitted to all Norwegian hospitals (2008-2021) with a first sepsis episode were identified using Norwegian Patient Registry and International Classification of Diseases 10th Revision codes. Sepsis was classified as implicit (known infection site plus organ dysfunction), explicit (unknown infection site), or COVID-19-related sepsis. The outcome was all-cause mortality. We describe age-standardized 30-day, 90-day, 1-, 5- and 10-year mortality for each admission year and estimated the annual percentage change with 95% confidence interval (CI). The association between clinical characteristics and all-cause mortality is reported as hazard ratios (HRs) adjusted for age, sex and calendar year in Cox regression. RESULTS: The study included 222,832 patients, of whom 127,059 (57.1%) had implicit, 92,928 (41.7%) had explicit, and 2,845 (1.3%) had COVID-19-related sepsis (data from 2020 and 2021). Trends in overall age-standardized 30-day, 90-day, 1- and 5-year mortality decreased by 0.29 (95% CI - 0.39 to - 0.19), 0.43 (95% CI - 0.56 to - 0.29), 0.61 (95% CI - 0.73 to - 0.49) and 0.66 (95% CI - 0.84 to - 0.48) percent per year, respectively. The decrease was observed for all infections sites but was largest among patients with respiratory tract infections. Implicit, explicit and COVID-19-related sepsis had largely similar overall mortality, with explicit sepsis having an adjusted HR of 0.980 (95% CI 0.969 to 0.991) and COVID-19-related sepsis an adjusted HR of 0.916 (95% CI 0.836 to 1.003) compared to implicit sepsis. Patients with respiratory tract infections have somewhat higher mortality than those with other infection sites. Number of comorbidities was positively associated with mortality, but mortality varied considerably between different comorbidities. Similarly, number of acute organ dysfunctions was strongly associated with mortality, whereas the risk varied for each type of organ dysfunction. CONCLUSION: Overall mortality has declined over the past 14 years among patients with a first sepsis admission. Comorbidity, site of infection, and acute organ dysfunction are patient characteristics that are associated with mortality. This could inform health care workers and raise the awareness toward subgroups of patients that needs particular attention to improve long-term mortality.

Return to work after hospitalization for sepsis: a nationwide, registry-based cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis survivors commonly experience functional impairment, which may limit return to work. We investigated return to work (RTW) of patients hospitalized with sepsis and the associations with patient and clinical characteristics. METHODS: Working-age patients (18-60 years) admitted to a Norwegian hospital with sepsis between 2010 and 2021 were identified using the Norwegian Patient Registry and linked to sick-leave data from the Norwegian National Social Security System Registry. The main outcome was proportion of RTW in patients hospitalized with sepsis at 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years after discharge. Secondary outcomes were time trends in age-standardized proportions of RTW and probability of sustainable RTW (31 days of consecutive work). The time trends were calculated for each admission year, reported as percentage change with 95% confidence interval (CI). Time-to-event analysis, including crude and adjusted hazard risk (HRs), was used to explore the association between sustainable RTW, characteristics and subgroups of sepsis patients (intensive care unit (ICU) vs. non-ICU and COVID-19 vs. non-COVID-19). RESULTS: Among 35.839 hospitalizations for sepsis among patients aged 18-60 years, 12.260 (34.2%) were working prior to hospitalization and included in this study. The mean age was 43.7 years. At 6 months, 1 year, and 2 years post-discharge, overall estimates showed that 58.6%, 67.5%, and 63.4%, respectively, were working. The time trends in age-standardized RTW for ICU and non-ICU sepsis patients remained stable over the study period, except the 2-year age-standardized RTW for non-ICU patients that declined by 1.51% (95% CI - 2.22 to - 0.79) per year, from 70.01% (95% CI 67.21 to 74.80) in 2010 to 57.04% (95% CI 53.81-60.28) in 2019. Characteristics associated with sustainable RTW were younger age, fewer comorbidities, and fewer acute organ dysfunctions. The probability of sustainable RTW was lower in ICU patients compared to non-ICU patients (HR 0.56; 95% CI 0.52-0.61) and higher in patients with COVID-19-related sepsis than in sepsis patients (HR 1.31; 95% CI 1.15-1.49). CONCLUSION: Absence of improvement in RTW proportions over time and the low probability of sustainable RTW in sepsis patients need attention, and further research to enhance outcomes for sepsis patients is required.

Anxiety and depression symptoms, albuminuria and risk of acute myocardial infarction in the Norwegian HUNT cohort study.

BACKGROUND: Studies suggest increased risk for an outcome in people with joint exposures that share common causal pathways. The objective of this study was to determine the risk of incident acute myocardial infarction (AMI) following exposure to both albuminuria and/or anxiety and depression symptoms. METHODS: Participants who provided urine samples to the HUNT2 (1995-97) or HUNT3 (2007-2009) surveys were followed until the end of 2016. Albuminuria was measured by Albumin Creatine Ratio (ACR) and participants self-reported mood and anxiety symptoms on the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale. We used Cox regression to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) for first incident AMI considering interaction between exposures and additive models to calculate the proportion of AMI that were attributable to the synergy of both exposures, adjusted for the Framingham variables. RESULTS: Eleven thousand fourteen participants free of previous AMI were eligible for participation, with 1234 incident AMIs occurred during a mean 13.7 years of follow-up. For participants who had a healthier CVD risk profile, the HR for AMI of having both albuminuria (3-30 mg/mmol) and depression (≥8) was 2.62 (95% 1.12-6.05) compared with a HR 1.34 (95% CI 1.04-1.74) with raised ACR only (Likelihood Ratio-test 0.03). Adding anxiety (≥8) to albuminuria (3-30) tripled the risk (HR 3.32 95% CI 1.43-7.17). The additive models suggest that these risks are not higher than expected based on each risk factor alone. CONCLUSIONS: This study indicate that the risk of AMI in persons with elevated albuminuria but with an otherwise healthy CVD profile might be amplified by anxiety and depression symptoms. The increased risk with joint risk factors is not higher than expected based on each risk factor alone, which indicate that the risk factors do not share causal pathways.

Endothelial dysfunction in neuroprogressive disorders-causes and suggested treatments.

BACKGROUND: Potential routes whereby systemic inflammation, oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction may drive the development of endothelial dysfunction and atherosclerosis, even in an environment of low cholesterol, are examined. MAIN TEXT: Key molecular players involved in the regulation of endothelial cell function are described, including PECAM-1, VE-cadherin, VEGFRs, SFK, Rho GEF TRIO, RAC-1, ITAM, SHP-2, MAPK/ERK, STAT-3, NF-κB, PI3K/AKT, eNOS, nitric oxide, miRNAs, KLF-4 and KLF-2. The key roles of platelet activation, xanthene oxidase and myeloperoxidase in the genesis of endothelial cell dysfunction and activation are detailed. The following roles of circulating reactive oxygen species (ROS), reactive nitrogen species and pro-inflammatory cytokines in the development of endothelial cell dysfunction are then described: paracrine signalling by circulating hydrogen peroxide, inhibition of eNOS and increased levels of mitochondrial ROS, including compromised mitochondrial dynamics, loss of calcium ion homeostasis and inactivation of SIRT-1-mediated signalling pathways. Next, loss of cellular redox homeostasis is considered, including further aspects of the roles of hydrogen peroxide signalling, the pathological consequences of elevated NF-κB, compromised S-nitrosylation and the development of hypernitrosylation and increased transcription of atherogenic miRNAs. These molecular aspects are then applied to neuroprogressive disorders by considering the following potential generators of endothelial dysfunction and activation in major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: NF-κB; platelet activation; atherogenic miRs; myeloperoxidase; xanthene oxidase and uric acid; and inflammation, oxidative stress, nitrosative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction. CONCLUSIONS: Finally, on the basis of the above molecular mechanisms, details are given of potential treatment options for mitigating endothelial cell dysfunction and activation in neuroprogressive disorders.

Correction to: Monitoring quality of care for peripheral intravenous catheters; feasibility and reliability of the peripheral intravenous catheters mini questionnaire (PIVC-miniQ).

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via the original article.

Use of peripheral venous catheters in two Norwegian hospitals. / Bruk av perifere venekatetre ved to norske sykehus.

BACKGROUND: Most patients in Norwegian hospitals are routinely given one or more peripheral venous catheters. A peripheral venous catheter is considered to be a benign device but may entail a risk of local infection with resulting bloodstream infection and sepsis. Good practice in the insertion and care of these catheters is essential to prevent infection. MATERIAL AND METHOD: This study presents Norwegian data from the 'One Million Global Catheters Study', which evaluated practice in relation to peripheral venous catheters in 419 hospitals in 51 countries. Two Norwegian hospitals collected data from medical and surgical wards on a single day in November 2014 (Levanger Hospital) and a single day in February 2015 (St Olavs Hospital). Professional development nursing specialists recorded observations of peripheral venous catheters such as insertion site, dressing, documentation and indication. RESULTS: We evaluated 136 peripheral venous catheters in a total of 121 patients. We found 44 (32.4 %) catheters associated with various clinical problems such as pain, redness or swelling around the insertion site, catheter dislocation, or blood in the infusion set. Altogether 50 peripheral venous catheters (36.8 %) were not in use for either medications or fluid on the day in question. In 93 of 131 cases (71.0 %), there was no documentation of venous catheter assessment in the previous 24 hours. INTERPRETATION: Care and monitoring of venous catheters could be significantly improved. There was considerable incidence of unused peripheral venous catheters, and lack of documentation was widespread.

Monitoring quality of care for peripheral intravenous catheters; feasibility and reliability of the peripheral intravenous catheters mini questionnaire (PIVC-miniQ).

BACKGROUND: Peripheral intravenous catheters (PIVCs) account for a mean of 38% of catheter associated bloodstream infections (CABSI) with Staphylococcus aureus, which are preventable if deficiencies in best practice are addressed. There exists no feasible and reliable quality surveillance tool assessing all important areas related to PIVC quality. Thus, we aimed to develop and test feasibility and reliability for an efficient quality assessment tool of overall PIVC quality. METHODS: The Peripheral Intravenous Catheter- mini Questionnaire, PIVC-miniQ, consists of 16 items calculated as a sum score of problems regarding the insertion site, condition of dressing and equipment, documentation, and indication for use. In addition, it contains background variables like PIVC site, size and insertion environment. Two hospitals tested the PIVC-miniQ for feasibility and inter-rater agreement. Each PIVC was assessed twice, 2-5 min apart by two independent raters. We calculated the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for each hospital and overall. For each of the 16 items, we calculated negative agreement, positive agreement, absolute agreement, and Scott's pi. RESULTS: Sixty-three raters evaluated 205 PIVCs in 177 patients, each PIVC was assessed twice by independent raters, in total 410 PIVC observations. ICC between raters was 0.678 for hospital A, 0.577 for hospital B, and 0.604 for the pooled data. Mean time for the bedside assessment of each PIVC was 1.40 (SD 0.0007) minutes. The most frequent insertion site symptom was "pain and tenderness" (14.4%), whereas the most prevalent overall problem was lack of documentation of the PIVC (26.8%). Up to 50% of PIVCs were placed near joints (wrist or antecubital fossae) or were inserted under suboptimal conditions, i.e. emergency department or ambulance. CONCLUSIONS: Our study highlights the need for PIVC quality surveillance on ward and hospital level and reports the PIVC-miniQ to be a reliable and time efficient tool suitable for frequent point-prevalence audits.

Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in a General Population and Future Risk of Bloodstream Infection: The HUNT Study.

OBJECTIVE: We examined whether anxiety and depression symptoms constitute increased risk of bloodstream infection (BSI), as a proxy for sepsis. METHODS: A general population with self-reported anxiety and depression symptoms was followed prospectively for hospital-verified BSI. Using multivariable Cox regression analysis, we estimated hazard ratios (HR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) of BSI and BSI mortality, with and without statistical adjustment for comorbidities, BMI, and life-style factors that may confound or mediate the associations. RESULTS: During 14.8 years median follow-up of 59,301 individuals, 1578 (2.7%) experienced BSI and 328 (0.55%) participants died within 30 days after a BSI. Severe depression symptoms were associated with a 38% increased risk of BSI, adjusted for age, sex, and education (HR = 1.38, 95% CI = 1.10-1.73). The HR was attenuated to 1.23 (0.96-1.59) after adjustment for comorbidities and to 1.15 (0.86-1.53) after additional adjustment for BMI and life-style factors. For severe anxiety symptoms, the corresponding HRs were 1.48 (1.20-1.83), 1.35 (1.07-1.70), and 1.28 (0.99-1.64). Moderate symptoms of depression and anxiety were not associated with increased BSI risk. The analysis of BSI mortality yielded imprecise results but suggested an increased risk of BSI mortality in participants with moderate depression symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Severe depression and anxiety symptoms were associated with a moderately increased risk of BSI. The association may, at least in part, be confounded or mediated by comorbidities, BMI, and life-style. Future research should investigate whether interventions targeting improved BMI and life-style may reduce the risk of BSI and sepsis in people with depression and anxiety symptoms.

Early identification of sepsis in hospital inpatients by ward nurses increases 30-day survival.

BACKGROUND: Systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) and sepsis are now frequently identified by observations of vital signs and detection of organ failure during triage in the emergency room. However, there is less focus on the effect on patient outcome with better observation and treatment at the ward level. METHODS: This was a before-and-after intervention study in one emergency and community hospital within the Mid-Norway Sepsis Study catchment area. All patients with confirmed bloodstream infection have been prospectively registered continuously since 1994. Severity of sepsis, observation frequency of vital signs, treatment data, length of stay (LOS) in high dependency and intensive care units, and mortality were retrospectively registered from the patients' medical journals. RESULTS: The post-intervention group (n = 409) were observed better and had higher odds of surviving 30 days (OR 2.7, 95 % CI 1.6, 4.6), lower probability of developing severe organ failure (0.7, 95 % CI 0.4, 0.9), and on average, 3.7 days (95 % CI 1.5, 5.9 days) shorter LOS than the pre-intervention group (n = 472). CONCLUSIONS: In a cohort with stable mortality rates, early sepsis recognition by ward nurses may have reduced progression of disease and improved survival for patients in hospital with sepsis.

Symptoms of anxiety and depression and risk of acute myocardial infarction: the HUNT 2 study.

AIMS: The nature of the association of depression and anxiety with risk for acute myocardial infarction (AMI) remains unclear. We aimed to study the prospective association of single and recurrent self-reported symptoms of anxiety and depression with a risk of AMI in a large Norwegian population based cohort. METHODS AND RESULTS: In the second wave of the Nord-Trøndelag Health Study (HUNT2, 1995-97) baseline data on anxiety and depression symptoms, sociodemographic variables, health status including cardiovascular risk factors and common chronic disorders were registered for 57,953 adult men and women free of cardiovascular disease. The cohort was followed up during a mean (SD) 11.4 (2.9) years for a first AMI from baseline through 2008. A total of 2111 incident AMIs occurred, either identified at hospitals or by the National Cause of Death Registry. The multi-adjusted hazard ratios were 1.31 (95% CI 1.03-1.66) for symptoms of depression and 1.25 (CI 0.99-1.57) for anxiety. Two episodes of mixed symptoms of anxiety and depression (MSAD), reported 10 years apart, increased the risk for AMI by 52% (11-108%). After exclusion of the first 5 years of follow-up, the association of depression symptoms with AMI risk was attenuated. Relative risk for AMI with anxiety symptoms and MSAD weakened when participants with chronic disorders were excluded. CONCLUSION: Self-reported symptoms of depression and anxiety, especially if recurrent, were moderately associated with the risk of incident AMI. We had some indications that these associations might partly reflect reverse causation or confounding from common chronic diseases.

Nurses' and Physicians' Experiences After Implementation of a Quality Improvement Project to Improve Sepsis Awareness in Hospitals.

Purpose: Previous research has explored nurses´ experience with the implementation of early detection alert systems, and nurses and physicians' perceptions of sepsis management and use of sepsis triage. As one of the first, this study aims to investigate the perceived usefulness of an interdisciplinary quality improvement project including standardized sepsis patient pathway to improve the early identification and treatment of sepsis patients. Participants and Methods: This study was a qualitative study that employed semi-structured interviews with thirteen ward nurses and five ward physicians recruited by convenience and respondent-driven sampling, respectively. The interviews explored the perceived usefulness of mutual training in sepsis care in medical hospital wards. We applied Systematic Text Condensation to analyze the experiences and knowledge of professional identification and cooperation in early identification of sepsis patients. Results: The results revealed three main themes: Awareness of sepsis, collaboration between nurses and physicians, and clinical assessment and judgement. The findings highlighted the positive impact of the project in terms of raising awareness, improving communication, and enhancing the ability to detect and treat sepsis. The study also identified the importance of repetition and reminders to maintain awareness, the need for ongoing training for new healthcare professionals, and the challenges of collaboration and decision-making processes. Conclusion: The sepsis intervention seemed successful in improving awareness of sepsis and enhancing interprofessional collaboration between nurses and physicians. Health professionals continued to rely on their clinical judgment but increased the use of objective measurements and communication of vital signs. Continuous repetition and education for new colleagues were identified as important factors for the sustainability of the intervention. Overall, the study highlights the importance of standardized protocols and training for early detection and management of sepsis in healthcare settings.

Predicting In-Hospital Death from Derived EHR Trajectory Features.

Medical histories of patients can predict a patient's immediate future. While most studies propose to predict survival from vital signs and hospital tests within one episode of care, we carried out selective feature engineering from longitudinal medical records in this study to develop a dataset with derived features. We thereafter trained multiple machine learning models for the binary prediction of whether an episode of care will culminate in death among patients suspected of bloodstream infections. The machine learning classifier performance is evaluated and compared and the feature importance impacting the model output is explored. The extreme gradient boosting model achieved the best performance for predicting death in the next hospital episode with an accuracy of 92%. Age at the time of the first visit, length of history, and information related to recent episodes were the most critical features.

The Effects of Shift Work on the Immune System: A Narrative Review.

Working a shift work schedule has been hypothesized to have negative effects on health. One such described consequence is altered immune response and increased risk of infections. Former reviews have concluded that more knowledge is needed to determine how shift work affects the immune system. Since the last review focusing on this subject was published in 2016, new insight has emerged. We performed a search of the topic in PubMed, Scopus and Embase, identifying papers published after 2016, finding a total of 13 new studies. The articles identified showed inconsistent effect on immune cells, cytokines, circadian rhythms, self-reported infections, and vaccine response as a result of working a shift schedule. Current evidence suggests working shifts influence the immune system, however the clinical relevance and the mechanism behind this potential association remains elusive. Further studies need to include longitudinal design and objective measures of shift work and immune response.

Direct and indirect effects of socioeconomic status on sepsis risk and mortality: a mediation analysis of the HUNT Study.

BACKGROUND: Socioeconomic status (SES) may influence risk of sepsis and sepsis-related mortality, but to what extent lifestyle and health-related factors mediate this effect is not known. METHODS: The study included 65 227 participants of the population-based HUNT Study in Norway linked with hospital records to identify incident sepsis and sepsis-related deaths. Cox regression estimated HRs of sepsis risk and mortality associated with different indicators of SES, whereas mediation analyses were based on an inverse odds weighting approach. RESULTS: During ~23 years of follow-up (1.3 million person-years), 4200 sepsis cases and 1277 sepsis-related deaths occurred. Overall, participants with low SES had a consistently increased sepsis risk and sepsis-related mortality using education, occupational class and financial difficulties as indicators of SES. Smoking and alcohol consumption explained 57% of the sepsis risk related to low education, whereas adding risk factors of cardiovascular disease and chronic diseases to the model increased the explained proportion to 78% and 82%, respectively. CONCLUSION: This study shows that SES is inversely associated with sepsis risk and mortality. Approximately 80% of the effect of education on sepsis risk was explained by modifiable lifestyle and health-related factors that could be targets for prevention.

Long-term temporal trends in incidence rate and case fatality of sepsis and COVID-19-related sepsis in Norwegian hospitals, 2008-2021: a nationwide registry study.

OBJECTIVES: To estimate temporal trends in incidence rate (IR) and case fatality during a 14-year period from 2008 to 2021, and to assess possible shifts in these trends during the COVID-19 pandemic. SETTING: All Norwegian hospitals 2008-2021. PARTICIPANTS: 317 705 patients ≥18 year with a sepsis International Classification of Diseases 10th revision code retrieved from The Norwegian Patient Registry. PRIMARY AND SECONDARY MEASURES: Annual age-standardised IRs with 95% CIs. Poisson regression was used to estimate changes in IRs across time, and logistic regression was used to estimate ORs for in-hospital death. RESULTS: Among 12 619 803 adult hospitalisations, a total of 317 705 (2.5%) hospitalisations in 222 832 (70.0%) unique patients met the sepsis criteria. The overall age-standardised IR of a first sepsis admission was 246/100 000 (95% CI 245 to 247), whereas the age-standardised IR of all sepsis admissions was 352/100 000 (95% CI 351 to 354). In the period 2009-2019, the annual IR for a first sepsis episode was stable (IR ratio (IRR) per year, 0.999; 95% CI 0.994 to 1.004), whereas for recurrent sepsis the IR increased (annual IRR, 1.048; 95% CI 1.037 to 1.059). During the COVID-19 pandemic, the IRR for a first sepsis was 0.877 (95% CI 0.829 to 0.927) in 2020 and 0.929 (95% CI 0.870 to 0.992) in 2021, and for all sepsis it was 0.870 (95% CI 0.810 to 0.935) in 2020 and 0.908 (95% CI 0.840 to 0.980) in 2021, compared with the previous 11-year period. Case fatality among first sepsis admissions declined in the period 2009-2019 (annual OR 0.954 (95% CI 0.950 to 0.958)), whereas case fatality increased during the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020 (OR 1.061 (95% CI 1.001 to 1.124) and in 2021 (OR 1.164 (95% CI 1.098 to 1.233)). CONCLUSION: The overall IR of sepsis increased from 2009 to 2019, due to an increasing IR of recurrent sepsis, and indicates that sepsis awareness with updated guidelines and education must continue.

Sepsis prediction, early detection, and identification using clinical text for machine learning: a systematic review.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the effects of using unstructured clinical text in machine learning (ML) for prediction, early detection, and identification of sepsis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: PubMed, Scopus, ACM DL, dblp, and IEEE Xplore databases were searched. Articles utilizing clinical text for ML or natural language processing (NLP) to detect, identify, recognize, diagnose, or predict the onset, development, progress, or prognosis of systemic inflammatory response syndrome, sepsis, severe sepsis, or septic shock were included. Sepsis definition, dataset, types of data, ML models, NLP techniques, and evaluation metrics were extracted. RESULTS: The clinical text used in models include narrative notes written by nurses, physicians, and specialists in varying situations. This is often combined with common structured data such as demographics, vital signs, laboratory data, and medications. Area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) comparison of ML methods showed that utilizing both text and structured data predicts sepsis earlier and more accurately than structured data alone. No meta-analysis was performed because of incomparable measurements among the 9 included studies. DISCUSSION: Studies focused on sepsis identification or early detection before onset; no studies used patient histories beyond the current episode of care to predict sepsis. Sepsis definition affects reporting methods, outcomes, and results. Many methods rely on continuous vital sign measurements in intensive care, making them not easily transferable to general ward units. CONCLUSIONS: Approaches were heterogeneous, but studies showed that utilizing both unstructured text and structured data in ML can improve identification and early detection of sepsis.