CD3 Target Affinity Chromatography Mass Spectrometry as a New Tool for Function-Structure Characterization of T-Cell Engaging Bispecific Antibody Proteoforms and Product-Related Variants.

T-cell engaging bispecific antibodies (TCBs) targeting CD3 and tumor-specific antigens are very promising therapeutic modalities. Since CD3 binding is crucial for the potency of TCBs, understanding the functional impact of CD3 antigen-binding fragment modifications is of utmost importance for defining critical quality attributes (CQA). The current CQA assessment strategy requires the integration of structure-based physicochemical separation and functional cell-based potency assays. However, this strategy is tedious, and coexisting proteoforms with potentially different functionalities may not be individually assessed. This increases the degree of ambiguities for defining meaningful CQAs, particularly for complex bispecific antibody formats such as TCBs. Here, we report for the first time a proof-of-concept study to separate and identify critically modified proteoforms of TCBs using functional CD3 target affinity chromatography (AC) coupled with online mass spectrometry (MS). Our method enabled functional distinction of relevant deamidated and glycosylated proteoforms and the simultaneous assessment of product-related variants such as TCB mispairings. For example, CD3 AC-MS allowed us to separate TCB mispairings with increased CD3 binding (i.e., knob-knob homodimers) within the bound fraction. The functional separation of proteoforms was validated using an established workflow for CQA identification based on thoroughly characterized ion-exchange fractions of a 2+1 TCB. In addition, the new method facilitated the criticality assessment of post-translational modifications in stress studies and structural variants in early stage clone selection. CD3 AC-MS has high impact for streamlining the integration of functional and structural characterizations of the large landscape of therapeutic CD3 targeting TCBs from early stage research to late stage characterization.

Glycosylation of recombinant rabbit immunoglobulins influences protease susceptibility as shown by comprehensive mass spectrometric glycan analysis.

Recombinant immunoglobulins (rIgGs) have become increasingly important as therapeutic agents and diagnostic tools in recent years. Genetic engineering allows the introduction of non-natural features such as the Sortase motif for site-directed labeling. In this study, the enzyme Sortase A (SrtA) was used for the proteolytic cleavage of rIgGs to produce their biotinylated Fab fragments by locating the cleavage site close to the hinge region. However, SrtA cleavage of engineered rabbit IgGs (rRb-IgGs) derived from human embryonic kidney (HEK) 293 cells showed significantly lower yields compared with their mouse counterparts. Nonrecombinant Rb-IgGs have N- and O-glycans, and the presence of O-glycans close to the hinge region of the rRb-IgGs might affect the susceptibility of these antibodies to SrtA cleavage. In addition, the glycosylation pattern of rIgGs differs depending on the host cell used for expression. Therefore, we analyzed the N- and O-glycans of various rRb-IgGs expressed in HEK293 cells, detecting and quantifying 13 different N-glycan and 3 different O-glycan structures. The distribution of the different detected glycoforms in our rRb-IgG N-glycan analysis is in agreement with previous studies on recombinant human IgG N-glycans, confirming the hypothesis that the host cell defines the glycosylation of the recombinant produced IgGs. O-glycosylation could be mapped onto the threonine residue within the hinge region sequence XPTCPPPX, as already described previously for nonrecombinant Rb-IgGs. Substitution of this threonine allowed an almost complete Fab fragment cleavage. Therefore, we could confirm the hypothesis that the O-glycans affect the SrtA activity, probably due to steric hindrance.

Affinity Capillary Electrophoresis-Mass Spectrometry as a Tool to Unravel Proteoform-Specific Antibody-Receptor Interactions.

Monoclonal antibody (mAb) pharmaceuticals consist of a plethora of different proteoforms with different functional characteristics, including pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, requiring their individual assessment. Current binding techniques do not distinguish between coexisting proteoforms requiring tedious production of enriched proteoforms. Here, we have developed an approach based on mobility shift-affinity capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry (ACE-MS), which permitted us to determine the binding of coexisting mAb proteoforms to Fc receptors (FcRs). For high-sensitivity MS analysis, we used a sheathless interface providing adequate mAb sensitivity allowing functional characterization of mAbs with a high sensitivity and dynamic range. As a model system, we focused on the interaction with the neonatal FcR (FcRn), which determines the half-life of mAbs. Depending on the oxidation status, proteoforms exhibited different electrophoretic mobility shifts in the presence of FcRn, which could be used to determine their affinity. We confirmed the decrease of the FcRn affinity with antibody oxidation and observed a minor glycosylation effect, with higher affinities for galactosylated glycoforms. Next to relative binding, the approach permits the determination of individual KD values in solution resulting in values of 422 and 139 nM for double-oxidized and non-oxidized variants. Hyphenation with native MS provides unique capabilities for simultaneous heterogeneity assessment for mAbs, FcRn, and complexes formed. The latter provides information on binding stoichiometry revealing 1:1 and 1:2 for antibody/FcRn complexes. The use of differently engineered Fc-only constructs allowed distinguishing between symmetric and asymmetric binding. The approach opens up unique possibilities for proteoform-resolved antibody binding studies to FcRn and can be extended to other FcRs and protein interactions.

Cysteine Aminoethylation Enables the Site-Specific Glycosylation Analysis of Recombinant Human Erythropoietin using Trypsin.

Recombinant human erythropoietin (rhEPO) is an important biopharmaceutical for which glycosylation is a critical quality attribute. Therefore, robust analytical methods are needed for the in-depth characterization of rhEPO glycosylation. Currently, the protease GluC is widely established for the site-specific glycosylation analysis of rhEPO. However, this enzyme shows disadvantages, such as its specificity and the characteristics of the resulting (glyco)peptides. The use of trypsin, the gold standard protease in proteomics, as the sole protease for rhEPO is compromised, as no natural tryptic cleavage site is located between the glycosylation sites Asn24 and Asn38. Here, cysteine aminoethylation using 2-bromoethylamine was applied as an alternative alkylation strategy to introduce artificial tryptic cleavage sites at Cys29 and Cys33 in rhEPO. The (glyco)peptides resulting from a subsequent digestion using trypsin were analyzed by reverse-phase liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The new trypsin-based workflow was easily implemented by adapting the alkylation step in a conventional workflow and was directly compared to an established approach using GluC. The new method shows an improved specificity, a significantly reduced chromatogram complexity, allows for shorter analysis times, and simplifies data evaluation. Furthermore, the method allows for the monitoring of additional attributes, such as oxidation and deamidation at specific sites in parallel to the site-specific glycosylation analysis of rhEPO.

Fast and Automated Characterization of Antibody Variants with 4D HPLC/MS.

Characterization of unknown monoclonal antibody (mAb) variants is important in order to identify their potential impact on safety, potency, and stability. Ion exchange chromatography (IEC) coupled with UV detection is frequently used to separate and quantify mAb variants in routine quality control (QC). However, characterization of the chromatographic peaks resulting from an IEC separation is an extremely time-consuming process, involving many cumbersome steps. Presented here is an online four-dimensional high performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (4D HPLC/MS) approach, developed to circumvent these limitations. To achieve this, a 2D HPLC system was extended through the introduction of additional modules, hence enabling fully automated bioseparation of mAbs, fractionation of peaks, reduction, tryptic digestion, and reversed-phase (RP) separation of resulting peptides followed by MS detection. The entire separation and analytical process for an unknown peak is performed in less than 1.5 h, leading to a significant time savings, with comparable sequence coverage. To show the comparability with the traditional offline process, a proof of concept study with a previously characterized mAb1 is presented in this paper.

Detailed Characterization of Monoclonal Antibody Receptor Interaction Using Affinity Liquid Chromatography Hyphenated to Native Mass Spectrometry.

We report on the online coupling of FcRn affinity liquid chromatography (LC) with electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI-MS) in native conditions to study the influence of modifications on the interaction of recombinant mAbs with the immobilized FcRn receptor domain. The analysis conditions were designed to fit the requirements of both affinity LC and ESI-MS. The mobile phase composition was optimized to maintain the proteins studied in native conditions and enable sharp pH changes in order to mimic properly IgGs Fc domain/FcRn receptor interaction. Mobile phase components needed to be sufficiently volatile to achieve native MS analysis. MS data demonstrated the conservation of the pseudonative form of IgGs and allowed identification of the separated variants. Native FcRn affinity LC-ESI-MS was performed on a therapeutic mAb undergoing various oxidation stress. Native MS detection was used to determine the sample oxidation level. Lower retention was observed for mAbs oxidized variants compared to their intact counterparts indicating decreased affinities for the receptor. This methodology proved to be suitable to identify and quantify post-translational modifications at native protein level in order to correlate their influence on the binding to the FcRn receptor. Native FcRn affinity LC-ESI-MS can tremendously reduce the time required to assess the biological relevance of the IgG microheterogeneities thus providing valuable information for biopharmaceutical research and development.

Glycoforms of Immunoglobulin G Based Biopharmaceuticals Are Differentially Cleaved by Trypsin Due to the Glycoform Influence on Higher-Order Structure.

It has been reported that glycosylation can influence the proteolytic cleavage of proteins. A thorough investigation of this phenomenon was conducted for the serine protease trypsin, which is essential in many proteomics workflows. Monoclonal and polyclonal immunoglobulin G biopharmaceuticals were employed as model substances, which are highly relevant for the bioanalytical applications. Relative quantitation of glycopeptides derived from the conserved Fc-glycosylation site allowed resolution of biases on the level of individual glycan compositions. As a result, a strong preferential digestion of high mannose, hybrid, alpha2-3-sialylated and bisected glycoforms was observed over the most abundant neutral, fucosylated glycoforms. Interestingly, this bias was, to a large extent, dependent on the intact higher order structure of the antibodies and, consequently, was drastically reduced in denatured versus intact antibodies. In addition, a cleavage protocol with acidic denaturation was tested, which featured reduced hands-on time and toxicity while showing highly comparable results to a published denaturation, reduction, and alkylation based protocol.

Linkage-specific sialic acid derivatization for MALDI-TOF-MS profiling of IgG glycopeptides.

Glycosylation is a common co- and post-translational protein modification, having a large influence on protein properties like conformation and solubility. Furthermore, glycosylation is an important determinant of efficacy and clearance of biopharmaceuticals such as immunoglobulin G (IgG). Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI)-time-of-flight (TOF)-mass spectrometry (MS) shows potential for the site-specific glycosylation analysis of IgG at the glycopeptide level. With this approach, however, important information about glycopeptide sialylation is not duly covered because of in-source and metastable decay of the sialylated species. Here, we present a highly repeatable sialic acid derivatization method to allow subclass-specific MALDI-TOF-MS analysis of tryptic IgG glycopeptides. The method, employing dimethylamidation with the carboxylic acid activator 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylamino)propyl)carbodiimide (EDC) and the catalyst 1-hydroxybenzotriazole (HOBt), results in different masses for the functionally divergent α2,3- and α2,6-linked sialic acids. Respective lactonization and dimethylamidation leads to their direct discrimination in MS and importantly, both glycan and peptide moieties reacted in a controlled manner. In addition, stabilization allowed the acquisition of fragmentation spectra informative with respect to glycosylation and peptide sequence. This was in contrast to fragmentation spectra of underivatized samples, which were dominated by sialic acid loss. The method allowed the facile discrimination and relative quantitation of IgG Fc sialylation in therapeutic IgG samples. The method has considerable potential for future site- and sialic acid linkage-specific glycosylation profiling of therapeutic antibodies, as well as for subclass-specific biomarker discovery in clinical IgG samples derived from plasma.

Chemo-Enzymatic Synthesis of (13)C Labeled Complex N-Glycans As Internal Standards for the Absolute Glycan Quantification by Mass Spectrometry.

Methods for the absolute quantification of glycans are needed in glycoproteomics, during development and production of biopharmaceuticals and for the clinical analysis of glycan disease markers. Here we present a strategy for the chemo-enzymatic synthesis of (13)C labeled N-glycan libraries and provide an example for their use as internal standards in the profiling and absolute quantification of mAb glycans by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry. A synthetic biantennary glycan precursor was (13)C-labeled on all four amino sugar residues and enzymatically derivatized to produce a library of 15 glycan isotopologues with a mass increment of 8 Da over the natural products. Asymmetrically elongated glycans were accessible by performing enzymatic reactions on partially protected UV-absorbing intermediates, subsequent fractionation by preparative HPLC, and final hydrogenation. Using a preformulated mixture of eight internal standards, we quantified the glycans in a monoclonal therapeutic antibody with excellent precision and speed.

Benchmarking glycoform-resolved affinity separation - mass spectrometry assays for studying FcγRIIIa binding.

The antibody- FcγRIIIa interaction triggers key immunological responses such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), making it highly important for therapeutic mAbs. Due to the direct glycan-glycan interaction with FcγRIIIa receptor, differences in antibody glycosylation can drastically influence the binding affinity. Understanding the differential binding of mAb glycoforms is a very important, yet challenging task due to the co-existence of multiple glycoforms in a sample. Affinity liquid chromatography (AC) and affinity capillary electrophoresis (ACE) hyphenated with mass spectrometry (MS) can provide glycoform-resolved affinity profiles of proteins based on their differences in either dissociation (AC) or equilibrium (ACE) constants. To cross-validate the affinity ranking provided by these complementary novel approaches, both techniques were benchmarked using the same FcγRIIIa constructs. Both approaches were able to assess the mAb - FcγRIIIa interaction in a glycoform selective manner and showed a clear increase in binding for fully versus hemi-fucosylated mAbs. Also, other features, such as increasing affinity with elevated galactosylation or the binding affinity for high mannose glycoforms were consistent. We further applied these approaches to assess the binding towards the F158 allotype of FcγRIIIa, which was not reported before. The FcγRIIIa F158 allotype showed a very similar profile compared to the V158 receptor with the strongest increase in binding due to afucosylation and only a slight increase in binding with additional galactosylation. Both techniques showed a decrease of the binding affinity for high mannose glycoforms for FcγRIIIa F158 compared to the V158 variant. Overall, both approaches provided very comparable results in line with orthogonal methods proving the capabilities of separation-based affinity approaches to study FcγR binding of antibody glycoforms.

High-throughput work flow for IgG Fc-glycosylation analysis of biotechnological samples.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) fragment crystallizable (Fc) glycosylation is crucial for antibody effector functions such as antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity and complement-dependent cytotoxicity. To monitor IgG Fc glycosylation, high-throughput techniques for glycosylation analysis are needed in the biotechnology industry. Here we describe the development of a fully automated high-throughput method based on glycopeptide analysis. Samples are prepared in 96-well plates. The IgG's are purified directly from fermentation broths by means of immobilized protein A followed by trypsin digestion. Glycopeptides are purified by hydrophilic interaction solid-phase extraction and analyzed by electrospray mass spectrometry in the positive-ion mode. Data are automatically processed and relative intensities of the various IgG glycopeptides are obtained. The intermediate precision of the method is below 5% for the five major glycoforms of an IgG1 antibody. The newly developed method is suitable for glycosylation profiling of IgG's from fermentation broths. We compared the developed method to other glycoanalytical methods and successfully applied it to analyze the fermentation time course of two different clones of the same therapeutic antibody.

Characterization of high-molecular weight by-products in the production of a trivalent bispecific 2+1 heterodimeric antibody.

The development of increasingly complex antibody formats, such as bispecifics, can lead to the formation of increasingly complex high- and low-molecular-weight by-products. Here, we focus on the characterization of high molecular weight species (HMWs) representing the highest complexity of size variants. Standard methods used for product release, such as size exclusion chromatography (SEC), can separate HMW by-products from the main product, but cannot distinguish smaller changes in mass. Here, for the identification of the diverse and complex HMW variants of a trivalent bispecific CrossMAb antibody, offline fractionation, as well as production of HMW by-products combined with comprehensive analytical testing, was applied. Furthermore, HMW variants were analyzed regarding their chemical binding nature and tested in functional assays regarding changes in potency of the variants. Changes in potency were explained by detailed characterization using mass photometry, SDS-PAGE analysis, native mass spectrometry (MS) coupled to SEC and bottom-up proteomics. We identified a major portion of the HMW by-products to be non-covalently linked, leading to dissociation and changes in activity. We also identified and localized high heterogeneity of a by-product of concern and applied a CD3 affinity column coupled to native MS to annotate unexpected by-products. We present here a multi-method approach for the characterization of complex HMW by-products. A better understanding of these by-products is beneficial to guide analytical method development and proper specification setting for therapeutic bispecific antibodies to ensure constant efficacy and patient safety of the product through the assessment of by-products.

Discrepancies between High-Resolution Native and Glycopeptide-Centric Mass Spectrometric Approaches: A Case Study into the Glycosylation of Erythropoietin Variants.

Glycosylation represents a critical quality attribute modulating a myriad of physiochemical properties and effector functions of biotherapeutics. Furthermore, a rising landscape of glycosylated biotherapeutics including biosimilars, biobetters, and fusion proteins harboring complicated and dynamic glycosylation profiles requires tailored analytical approaches capable of characterizing their heterogeneous nature. In this work, we perform in-depth evaluation of the glycosylation profiles of three glycoengineered variants of the widely used biotherapeutic erythropoietin. We analyzed these samples in parallel using a glycopeptide-centric liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry approach and high-resolution native mass spectrometry. Although for all of the studied variants the glycopeptide and native mass spectrometry data were in good qualitative agreement, we observed substantial quantitative differences arising from ionization deficiencies and unwanted neutral losses, in particular, for sialylated glycopeptides in the glycoproteomics approach. However, the latter provides direct information about glycosite localization. We conclude that the combined parallel use of native mass spectrometry and bottom-up glycoproteomics offers superior characterization of glycosylated biotherapeutics and thus provides a valuable attribute in the characterization of glycoengineered proteins and other complex biotherapeutics.

Multilevel capillary gel electrophoresis characterization of new antibody modalities.

Capillary gel electrophoresis-based methods were applied to comprehensively characterize two development phase new modality monoclonal antibodies including a glycoengineered and a bispecific test compound. The samples were subjected to multilevel characterization at the intact (both by SDS-SGE and cIEF) as well as the reduced protein and the released N-glycan levels. SDS capillary gel electrophoresis analysis showed excellent separation of the light and heavy chains of both samples. The bispecific antibody required a special temperature gradient denaturation process and a longer capillary to resolve its two light chain fragments. Separation of PNGase F digested antibodies revealed migration time shifts, suggesting the presence of N-linked glycosylation on the corresponding subunits. For efficient glycan removal, the highly glycosylated glycoengineered monoclonal antibody was trypsin digested prior to the endoglycosidase treatment. The released glycans were profiled by capillary gel electrophoresis after APTS labeling and their oligosaccharide structures were identified by exoglycosidase based carbohydrate sequencing. Finally, capillary isoelectric focusing shed light on the charge heterogeneity of the test compounds, providing important complementary information. A flowchart was established for workflow optimization.

Multiattribute Monitoring of Antibody Charge Variants by Cation-Exchange Chromatography Coupled to Native Mass Spectrometry.

The aim of this study was to characterize the product variants of a therapeutic T-cell bispecific humanized monoclonal antibody (TCB Mab, ∼200 kDa, asymmetric) and to develop an online cation-exchange chromatography native electrospray mass spectrometry method (CEC-UV-MS) for direct TCB Mab charge variant monitoring during bioprocess and formulation development. For the identification and functional evaluation of the diverse and complex TCB Mab charge variants, offline fractionation combined with comprehensive analytical testing was applied. The offline fractionation of abundant product variant peaks enabled identification of coeluting acid charge variants such as asparagine deamidation, primary and secondary Fab glycosylation (with and without sialic acid), and the presence of O-glycosylation in the G4S-linker region. Consequently, a new nonconsensus N-glycosylation motif (N-338-FG) in the heavy chain CDR region was discovered. Functional evaluation by cell-based potency testing demonstrated a clear and negative impact of both asparagine deamidations, whereas the O-glycosylation did not affect the TCB Mab biological activity. We established an online native CEC-UV-MS method, with an ammonium acetate buffer and pH gradient, to directly monitor the TCB Mab charge variants. All abundant chemical degradations and post-translational amino acid modifications already identified by offline fraction experiments and liquid chromatography mass spectrometry peptide mapping could also be monitored by the online CEC-UV-MS method. The herein reported online native CEC-UV-MS methodology represents a complementary or even alternative approach for multiattribute monitoring of biologics, offering multiple benefits, including increased throughput and reduced sample handling and intact protein information in the near-native state.

Analysis of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced proteome changes in 5L rat hepatoma cells reveals novel targets of dioxin action including the mitochondrial apoptosis regulator VDAC2.

As part of a comprehensive survey of the impact of the environmental pollutant and hepatocarcinogen 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) on the proteome of hepatic cells, we have performed a high resolution two-dimensional gel electrophoresis study on the rat hepatoma cell line 5L. 78 protein species corresponding to 73 different proteins were identified as up- or down-regulated following exposure of the cells to 1 nm TCDD for 8 h. There was an overlap of only nine proteins with those detected as altered by TCDD in our recent study using the non-gel-based isotope-coded protein label method (Sarioglu, H., Brandner, S., Jacobsen, C., Meindl, T., Schmidt, A., Kellermann, J., Lottspeich, F., and Andrae, U. (2006) Quantitative analysis of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin-induced proteome alterations in 5L rat hepatoma cells using isotope-coded protein labels. Proteomics 6, 2407-2421) indicating a strong complementarity of the two approaches. For the majority of the altered proteins, an effect of TCDD on their abundance or posttranslational modifications had not been known before. Several observations suggest that a sizable fraction of the proteins with altered abundance was induced as an adaptive response to TCDD-induced oxidative stress that was demonstrated using the fluorescent probe dihydrorhodamine 123. A prominent group of these proteins comprised various enzymes for which there is evidence that their expression is regulated via the Keap1/Nrf2/antioxidant response element pathway. Other proteins included several involved in the maintenance of mitochondrial energy production and the regulation of the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway. A particularly intriguing finding was the up-regulation of the mitochondrial outer membrane pore protein, voltage-dependent anion channel-selective protein 2 (VDAC2), which was dependent on the presence of a functional aryl hydrocarbon receptor. The regulatability of VDAC2 protein abundance has not been described previously. In view of the recently discovered central role of VDAC2 as an inhibitor of the activation of the proapoptotic protein BAK and the mitochondrial apoptotic pathway, the present data point to a hitherto unrecognized mechanism by which TCDD may affect cellular homeostasis and survival.

Intact and subunit-specific analysis of bispecific antibodies by sheathless CE-MS.

Bispecific antibodies (BsAb) are next-generation, antibody-based pharmaceuticals which come with a great functional versatility and often a vast structural heterogeneity. Although engineering of the primary sequence of BsAbs guides the proper pairing of the different chains, several side products can often be observed contributing to the macroheterogeneity of these products. Furthermore, changes in the amino acid sequence can result in different protein modifications which can affect the properties of the antibody and further increase the structural complexity. A multi-methods approach can be used for the characterization of their heterogeneity but new analytical strategies are needed for a more accurate and in-depth analysis. Here, we present a combination of intact antibody and subunit-specific mass measurements using sheathless capillary electrophoresis-mass spectrometry for assessing the macro- and microheterogeneity of BsAbs. Two homologous BsAbs with the same bispecificity but slightly different amino acid sequences were analyzed. Intact measurements were performed using a positively coated capillary and a background electrolyte (BGE) consisting of 3% acetic acid. For intact BsAbs, the separation permitted the characterization of free light chains, homo- and heterodimers as well as incomplete assemblies. For subunit-specific measurements, BsAbs were hinge region cleaved using two different enzymes (SpeB and IdeS) followed by disulfide-bond reduction. The six different subunits (Lc1, Lc2, Fd'1, Fd'2, (Fc/2)1 and (Fc/2)2) were separated using the same positively-coated capillary and a BGE consisting of 20% acetic acid and 10% methanol. Mass measurements of hinge region cleaved antibodies were performed at isotopic resolution (resolving power 140000 at m/z 1100) for a more confident analysis of low abundance proteoforms. For both BsAbs several proteoforms with e.g. pyroglutamic acid (Pyro-Glu) or glycation which could not be properly assigned at the intact level, were accurately determined in the subunits showing the complementarity of both approaches.

Recent advances in LC-MS based characterization of protein-based bio-therapeutics - mastering analytical challenges posed by the increasing format complexity.

Alongside the success of protein-based bio-therapeutics over the last decades and facilitated by advances both in protein engineering and manufacturing, new product formats progressively enter into the biopharmaceutical industry's pipelines with major implications on the analytical methods used for their characterization. While conventional approaches have proved sufficient for standard (IgG-like) molecules, the increased complexity of novel formats requires proper adjustments of the employed methodologies, in particular with regard to separation-based techniques coupled to UV/FLD detection. After introducing the status quo for the characterization of biopharmaceuticals in quality control settings, this review provides a comprehensive portrayal of emerging LC-MS based technologies, which have already demonstrated their potential to complement the existing analytical toolbox. In this context, the benefits of native LC-MS and two-/multidimensional LC-MS applications to assess product attributes while preserving the higher-order structure are discussed based on challenges arising from the analysis of complex product formats.

Monitoring glycation levels of a bispecific monoclonal antibody at subunit level by ultrahigh-resolution MALDI FT-ICR mass spectrometry.

Bispecific monoclonal antibodies (BsAbs) are engineered proteins with multiple functionalities and properties. The "bi-specificity" of these complex biopharmaceuticals is a key characteristic for the development of novel and more effective therapeutic strategies. The high structural complexity of BsAbs poses a challenge to the analytical methods needed for their characterization. Modifications of the BsAb structure, resulting from enzymatic and non-enzymatic processes, further complicate the analysis. An important example of the latter type of modification is glycation, which can occur in the manufacturing process, during storage in the formulation or in vivo after application of the drug. Glycation affects the structure, function, and stability of monoclonal antibodies, and consequently, a detailed analysis of glycation levels is required. Mass spectrometry (MS) plays a key role in the structural characterization of monoclonal antibodies and top-down, middle-up and middle-down MS approaches are increasingly used for the analysis of modifications. Here, we apply a novel middle-up strategy, based on IdeS digestion and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization (MALDI) Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FT-ICR) MS, to analyze all six different BsAb subunits in a single high-resolution mass spectrum, namely two light chains, two half fragment crystallizable regions and two Fd' regions, thus avoiding upfront chromatography. This method was used to monitor glycation changes during a 168 h forced-glycation experiment. In addition, hot spot glycation sites were localized using top-down and middle-down MALDI-in-source decay FT-ICR MS, which provided complementary information compared to standard bottom-up MS.

Glycoform-resolved FcɣRIIIa affinity chromatography-mass spectrometry.

Determination of the impact of individual antibody glycoforms on FcɣRIIIa affinity, and consequently antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) previously required high purity glycoengineering. We hyphenated FcɣRIIIa affinity chromatography to mass spectrometry, which allowed direct affinity comparison of glycoforms of intact monoclonal antibodies. The approach enabled reproduction and refinement of known glycosylation effects, and insights on afucosylation pairing as well as on low-abundant, unstudied glycoforms. Our method greatly improves the understanding of individual glycoform structure-function relationships. Thus, it is highly relevant for assessing Fc-glycosylation critical quality attributes related to ADCC.