Emotional responses and perceived stressors of frontline medical staffs in case of COVID-19 treatment centers and obstetrics emergency in Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: the rapid spread of COVID-19, its lethality in severe cases and the absence of specific medicine poses a huge threat to human life and health, as well as huge impact on the mental health. Facing this critical situation, health care workers on the front line who are directly involved in the diagnosis, treatment, and care of patients with COVID-19 are at risk of developing psychological distress and other mental health symptoms including emotional disturbance. OBJECTIVE: the aim of this study will be to assess the current state of emotional responses and perceived stressors of frontline medical staffs in case of Addis Ababa COVID-19 Treatment Centers and obstetrics emergency and abortion care, Ethiopia 2020. METHODS: Hospital based comparative cross-section study design was conducted by using self-administered questionnaire survey from June 1st to 30th of 2020 among 133 and 266 frontline medical staffs from obstetric emergency and abortion care clinic and COVID-19 treatment centers respectively. The data were collected after getting written consent from each participant and it entered into the computer using Epi-data version 7, then exported to SPSS version 20 for further analysis. Descriptive analysis was done using frequencies & percent. All independent determinants with P-value < 0.05 were used to identify important predictors of emotional responses and perceived stressors. RESULT: A total of 399 frontline medical staffs were included in the study. The mean age of the respondents of those who were working in obstetrics emergency and abortion care clinic was 27.47 (SD, 3.46) years and it was 28.12 (SD, 4.09) years for the other groups. This study revealed that, 72.9 and 5.6% of the study participant from obstetrics emergency and abortion clinic and COVID-19 treatment centers had a positive emotional response, respectively. Factors such as having a low level of motivational factors (AOR 2.78, 95% CI (1.13, 6.84)), being a nurse (AOR 10.53, 95% CI (1.31, 85.26)) and working at triage (AOR 8.61, 95% CI (1.15, 64.81))) had statistically significant association with negative emotional response. CONCLUSION: The current study revealed that a high proportion of front line a negative emotional responses had negative emotional response. Further, almost all of the medical staffs working in COVID-19 treatment centers and at obstetrics emergency and abortion care unit had perceived the outbreak related stressors. So, providing comprehensive psychological support is warranted for health care providers working in such kinds of department or units.

Premedication with Intravenous Ibuprofen Improves Recovery Characteristics and Stress Response in Adults Undergoing Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.

OBJECTIVES: Examine the effect of preoperative dose of IV ibuprofen on stress response and postoperative recovery in laparoscopic cholecystectomy patients. DESIGN: Prospective, randomized, controlled, double-blind, multicenter trial. SETTING: Three university-based, tertiary care hospitals. SUBJECTS: Fifty-five adults, ASA 1, 2, or 3 scheduled for laparoscopic cholecystectomy were given a single preoperative dose of placebo or IV ibuprofen 800 mg. METHODS: Neurobehavioral assessments were evaluated preoperatively, in PACU, POD 1, and POD 3, using the 40-item Quality of Recovery questionnaire (QoR40), 9-item Modified Fatigue Severity Scale (MFSS), and 15-item Geriatric Depression scale (GDS). Blood samples were taken for cytokines (TNF-alpha, IL-1ß, IL-2, IL-6, IL-10, IFNγ), cortisol, CRP, epinephrine, and norepinephrine prior to the administration of study drug/placebo, intraoperatively, and after surgery. RESULTS: Global QoR40 scores remained at baseline for ibuprofen patients but significantly decreased in the placebo group. Severity of fatigue increased in patients receiving placebo but had no change with ibuprofen. The placebo group had lower GDS scores on POD 3. Epinephrine and norepinephrine were significantly lower intraoperatively for the ibuprofen group. Cortisol decreased postoperatively in the ibuprofen group. There was an impact of drug treatment on the immune response, as seen by an increase in TNFα and an increase in IL-10 when compared with placebo. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest the addition of NSAIDs may improve the overall quality of recovery, postsurgical fatigue, and early postoperative outcomes. Preoperative administration of IV ibuprofen modulates the stress and inflammatory response, as demonstrated by a decrease in the level of catecholamines, cortisol, and cytokines. TRIAL REGISTRATION: Clinicaltrials.gov identifier: 01938040.

Outcome of Diabetic Keto Acidosis Treatment and Associated Factors Among Adult Patients Admitted to Emergency and Medical Wards at St. Paul's Hospital, Addis Ababa Ethiopia, 2023: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: Diabetic ketoacidosis is a potentially fatal disease that affects adults. Therefore, rapid detection and treatment are required to decrease mortality rates. Most of the earlier research on diabetic ketoacidosis in Ethiopia concentrated on its prevalence and associated factors. This study aimed to assess the treatment outcomes of diabetic ketoacidosis and its associated factors in adult patients admitted to St. Paul's Hospital Millennium Medical College, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia, in 2023. Methods: This institution-based retrospective cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample size of 357. The data were entered in Epidata version 4.6 and exported to the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 25 for analysis. Adjusted Odds Ratio (AOR) with a 95% confidence interval was estimated to determine its association with outcome of treatment. Results: Three hundred fifty-seven diabetic ketoacidosis patients' charts were reviewed. Fourteen (3.9%) diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) patients had died. Those Patients with diabetic ketoacidosis who had acute comorbidity (presence of sepsis) (AOR = 3.24, 95% CI: 1.20-10.2), international unit (IU) insulin administration in the 1st 24 hours (AOR = 8.046, 95% CI: 3.881-25.32), fluid replacement in the 1st 24 hours (AOR = 5.84, 95% CI: 1.53-10.07), and potassium replacement (AOR = 3.08, 95% CI: 1.835-5.817) were independently associated with treatment outcome of diabetic ketoacidosis. Insulin administration for the first 24 hours more than >60 IU insulin showed improvement in treatment outcome by 8.04 times more likely than less <60 IU insulin administration for the first 24 hours. More >6 liters fluid replacement in the first 24 hours had improvement in treatment outcome by 5.84 times more likely than <6 liters fluid replacement. Conclusion: A considerable proportion of the patients with diabetic ketoacidosis died at St. Paul's hospital millennium medical college. Stakeholders must emphasize the treatment of patients with diabetes (diabetic ketoacidosis), according to the recommendations of local and international guidelines.

Surgery and brain atrophy in cognitively normal elderly subjects and subjects diagnosed with mild cognitive impairment.

BACKGROUND: Structural magnetic resonance imaging is used to longitudinally monitor the progression of Alzheimer disease from its presymptomatic to symptomatic phases. Using magnetic resonance imaging data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative, we tested the hypothesis that surgery would impact brain parameters associated with progression of dementia. METHODS: Brain images from the neuroimaging initiative database were used to study normal volunteer subjects and patients with mild cognitive impairment for the age group 55 to 90 inclusive. We compared changes in regional brain anatomy for three visits that defined two intervisit intervals for a surgical cohort (n = 41) and a propensity matched nonsurgical control cohort (n = 123). The first interval for the surgical cohort contained the surgical date. Regional brain volumes were determined with Freesurfer and quantitatively described with J-image software (University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California). Statistical analysis used Repeated Measures ANCOVA (SPSS, v.18.0; Chicago, IL). RESULTS: We found that surgical patients, during the first follow-up interval (5-9 months), but not subsequently, had increased rates of atrophy for cortical gray matter and hippocampus, and lateral ventricle enlargement, as compared with nonsurgical controls. A composite score of five cognitive tests during this interval showed reduced performance for surgical patients with mild cognitive impairment. CONCLUSIONS: Elderly subjects after surgery experienced an increased rate of brain atrophy during the initial evaluation interval, a time associated with enhanced risk for postoperative cognitive dysfunction. Although there was no difference in atrophy rate by diagnosis, subjects with mild cognitive impairment suffered greater subsequent cognitive effects.

A randomized double blind study to evaluate efficacy of palonosetron with dexamethasone versus palonosetron alone for prevention of postoperative and postdischarge nausea and vomiting in subjects undergoing laparoscopic surgeries with high emetogenic risk.

Postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) and postdischarge nausea and vomiting (PDNV) are common occurrences (50%-80%) after laparoscopic surgery. Palonosetron (Pal), the newest 5-HT3 antagonist, is an effective antiemetic that has advantages in treating PDNV due to its prolonged duration of action. We hypothesized that a combination of Pal and dexamethazone (Dex) could further improve the efficacy of the treatment in comparison to Pal alone in patients at high risk for PONV. Patients scheduled to undergo laparoscopic surgeries under general anesthesia were randomized to receive 8-mg dexamethasone + 0.075-mg palonosetron (Pal + Dex) or an equivalent volume of saline + 0.075 mg palonosetron (Pal). Data was collected at defined postoperative times (2, 6, 12, 24, and 72 hours). All patients also completed an 18-question QOL-Functional Living Index-Emesis instrument at 96 hours. We enrolled 118 patients, ASA 1-2, with at least 3 PONV risk factors, who were undergoing outpatient surgery. Both groups had a low incidence of vomiting in the PACU (Pal + Dex, 1.7%; Pal, 6.8%) and at 72 hours (0.0% both groups). Complete response (no vomiting, no rescue medication) was not different between treatment groups for any time intervals. Cumulative success rates over the entire 72 hours were 60.4% (Pal + Dex) versus 60.0% (Pal). The Pal + Dex group showed a trend toward greater satisfaction on the QOL- Functional Living Index-Emesis scores with the greatest differences in the "nausea domain". The combination therapy of palonosetron + dexamethasone did not reduce the incidence of PONV or PDNV when compared with palonosetron alone. There was no change in comparative efficacy over 72 hours, most likely due to the low incidence of PDNV in both groups.

Nimodipine-induced hypotension but not nitroglycerin-induced hypotension preserves long- and short-term memory in adult mice.

BACKGROUND: Acute hypotension may be implicated in cognitive dysfunction. L-type calcium channel blockers in the setting of hypoxia are protective of learning and memory. We tested the hypothesis that hypotension induced by nimodipine (NIMO) and nicardipine (NICA) would be protective of long- and short-term memory compared to hypotension induced by nitroglycerin (NTG). METHODS: Forty Swiss-Webster mice (30 to 35 g, 6 to 8 weeks) were randomized into 4 groups for i.p. injection immediately after passive avoidance (PA) learning on day 0: (1) NTG (30 mg/kg); (2) NICA (40 mg/kg); (3) NIMO (40 mg/kg); and (4) saline. PA training latencies (seconds) were recorded for entry from a suspended platform into a Plexiglas tube where a shock (0.3 mA; 2-second duration) was automatically delivered. On day 2 latencies were recorded during a testing trial during which no shock was delivered. Latencies >900 seconds were assigned this value. Lower testing latency is indicative of an impairment of long-term associative memory. Forty-nine additional mice were randomized into similar groups for object recognition testing (ORT) and given i.p. injections on day 0. ORT measures short-term memory by exploiting the tendency of mice to prefer novel objects where a familiar object is present. On day 5 during training, 2 identical objects were placed in a circular arena and mice explored both for 15 minutes. A testing trial was conducted 1 hour later for 3 minutes after a novel object replaced a familiar one. Mice with intact memory spend about 65% of the time exploring the novel object. Mice with impaired memory devote equal time to each object. Recognition index (RI) is defined as the ratio of time spent exploring the novel object to time spent exploring both objects was the measure of memory. Mean arterial blood pressure (MAP), cerebral bloodflow, and body and brain oxygenation (PO(2)) studies were done in separate groups of mice to determine the dosages for matched degrees of hypotension and the physiological profile of each treatment. RESULTS: The median PA latencies for the different conditions were as follows: NTG (219.5 ± 93.5 second semi-interquartile range [SIQR]), NICA (372.5 ± 75.5 second SIQR), NIMO (540 ± 200 second SIQR) and saline (804 ± 257.5 second SIQR). Rank methods were used to analyze the PA latencies for significant differences. NTG latency was significantly shorter than NIMO latency (P = 0.012) and saline latency (P = 0.006), but not NICA latency (P = 0.126). ORT RI values showed a similar pattern. We found that NTG RI (47.2 ± 5.9% SEM) was different from NIMO RI (60.2 ± 4.6% SEM, P = 0.031) and different from saline RI (66.9 + 3.7% SEM, P = 0.006). Physiological experiments showed that MAP decreased to 45 to 50 mm Hg in all animals who became minimally responsive to external stimuli within 10 to 15 minutes of injection. Intergroup differences for MAP, body and brain oxygenation, and cerebral bloodflow were not statistically significant. CONCLUSION: Acute hypotension induced by NIMO was protective of 2 categories of memory formation relevant to the clinical posttreatment period. Both immediate long-term associative memory consolidation as measured by the PA learning paradigm and delayed short-term working memory function as measured by the ORT paradigm were significantly improved compared to matched levels of hypotension induced by NTG. These results indicate the utility of further investigation of l-type calcium channel blockers as a potential means of preserving cognition in the setting of hypotensive and low flow states.

Meloxicam improves object recognition memory and modulates glial activation after splenectomy in mice.

CONTEXT: Surgery-induced neuroinflammation has been implicated in the development of postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD). OBJECTIVE: To test the hypothesis that meloxicam, a selective cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 inhibitor, preserves postoperative cognitive function and inhibits surgery-induced neuroinflammation in a mouse model. DESIGN: A mouse model of splenectomy-induced inflammation. METHODS: Sixty Swiss Webster male mice (6-8 week old) were randomised into six groups that underwent splenectomy. Animals in groups 1-4 were tested once on day 1, 5, 9 or 14 to determine the time course of delayed transient cognitive dysfunction associated with splenectomy. Animals in groups 5 and 6 were tested once on day 5 or 9 to determine the ability of the NSAID meloxicam to attenuate cognitive dysfunction. INTERVENTION: Animals in groups 1-4 received one dose 500 µl intraperitoneal physiological saline 24 h after splenectomy. Animals in groups 5 and 6 received one dose of intraperitoneal meloxicam (60 mg kg in 500 µl saline) 24 h after splenectomy. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Short-term working memory as determined by Object Recognition Test (ORT) index on days 1, 5, 9 and 14 was the first main outcome. Tomato lectin staining histochemistry of glial cells was assessed on days 1, 5, 9 and 14 as a second main outcome. RESULTS: Compared with day 1 (group 1), the mean ORT indices at day 5 (group 2) and day 9 (group 3) were decreased by 27.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): 0.9 to 54.1%, P = 0.04] and 23.8% (95% CI, 4.3 to 51.9%, P = 0.09), respectively. At day 5 (group 5) and day 9 (group 6), the ORT indices in the meloxicam groups were reduced by 6.6% (95% CI: -11.4 to 24.5%) and 4.3% (95% CI: -25.3 to 34.0). Thus, the administration of meloxicam attenuated the decrease in ORT indices (P = 0.031). Histochemical staining with tomato lectin showed features of microglia activation at day 5 and 9, which was reduced by the administration of meloxicam. CONCLUSION: These findings suggest that COX-2-dependent mechanisms may play a role in the development of POCD. This effect may be dependent on the modulation of glial cell activation.

Incidence Density Rate of Neonatal Mortality and Predictors in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

BACKGROUND: Neonatal mortality in Sub-Saharan countries is remarkably high. Though there are inconsistent studies about the incidence density rate of neonatal mortalities (IDR) and predictors in Sub-Saharan Africa, they are inconclusive to policymakers and program planners. In this study, the IDR of neonatal mortalities and predictors was determined. METHODS: Electronic databases (Web of Science, PubMed, EMBASE (Elsevier), Scopus, CINAHL (EBSCOhost), World Cat, Google Scholar, and Google) were explored. 20 out of 818 studies were included in this study. The IDRs and predictors of neonatal mortality were computed from studies conducted in survival analysis. Fixed and random effect models were used to compute pooled estimates. Subgroup and sensitivity analyses were performed. RESULTS: Neonates were followed for a total of 1,095,611 neonate-days; 67142 neonate-days for neonates treated in neonatal intensive care units and 1,028,469 neonate-days for community-based studies. The IDRs of neonatal mortalities in neonatal intensive care units and in the community were 24.53 and 1.21 per 1000 person-days, respectively. The IDRs of early and late neonatal mortalities neonatal intensive care units were 22.51 and 5.09 per 1000 neonate-days, respectively. Likewise, the IDRs of early and late neonatal mortalities in the community were 0.85 and 0.31, respectively. Not initiating breastfeeding within one hour, multiple births, rural residence, maternal illness, low Apgar score, being preterm, sepsis, asphyxia, and respiratory distress syndrome were independent predictors of time to neonatal mortality in neonatal intensive care units and male gender, perceived small size, multiple births, and ANC were predictors of neonatal mortality in the community. CONCLUSION: The incidence density rate of neonatal mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa is significantly high. Multiple factors (neonatal and maternal) were found to be independent predictors. Strategies must be designed to address these predictors, and prospective studies could reveal other possible factors of neonatal mortalities.

Nimodipine prevents memory impairment caused by nitroglycerin-induced hypotension in adult mice.

BACKGROUND: Hypotension and a resultant decrease in cerebral blood flow have been implicated in the development of cognitive dysfunction. We tested the hypothesis that nimodipine (NIMO) administered at the onset of nitroglycerin (NTG)-induced hypotension would preserve long-term associative memory. METHODS: The passive avoidance (PA) paradigm was used to assess memory retention. For PA training, latencies (seconds) were recorded for entry from a suspended platform into a Plexiglas tube where a shock was automatically delivered. Latencies were recorded 48 h later for a testing trial. Ninety-six Swiss-Webster mice (30-35 g, 6-8 wk), were randomized into 6 groups 1) saline (control), 2) NTG immediately after learning, 3) NTG 3 h after learning, 4) NTG and NIMO, 5) vehicle, and 6) NIMO alone. The extent of hypotension and changes in brain tissue oxygenation (PbtO(2)) and in cerebral blood flow were studied in a separate group of animals. RESULTS: All groups exhibited similar training latencies (17.0 +/- 4.6 s). Mice subjected to hypotensive episodes showed a significant decrease in latency time (178 +/- 156 s) compared with those injected with saline, NTG + NIMO, or delayed NTG (580 +/- 81 s, 557 +/- 67 s, and 493 +/- 146 s, respectively). A Kruskal-Wallis 1-way analysis of variance indicated a significant difference among the 4 treatment groups (H = 15.34; P < 0.001). In a separate group of mice not subjected to behavioral studies, the same dose of NTG (n = 3) and NTG + NIMO (n = 3) caused mean arterial blood pressure to decrease from 85.9 +/- 3.8 mm Hg sem to 31.6 +/- 0.8 mm Hg sem and from 86.2 +/- 3.7 mm Hg sem to 32.6 +/- 0.2 mm Hg sem, respectively. Mean arterial blood pressure in mice treated with NIMO alone decreased from 88.1 +/- 3.8 mm Hg to 80.0 +/- 2.9 mm Hg. The intergroup difference was statistically significant (P < 0.05). PbtO(2) decreased from 51.7 +/- 4.5 mm Hg sem to 33.8 +/- 5.2 mm Hg sem in the NTG group and from 38.6 +/- 6.1 mm Hg sem to 25.4 +/- 2.0 mm Hg sem in the NTG + NIMO groups, respectively. There were no significant differences among groups. CONCLUSION: In a PA retention paradigm, the injection of NTG immediately after learning produced a significant impairment of long-term associative memory in mice, whereas delayed induced hypotension had no effect. NIMO attenuated the disruption in consolidation of long-term memory caused by NTG but did not improve latency in the absence of hypotension. The observed effect of NIMO may have been attributable to the preservation of calcium homeostasis during hypotension, because there were no differences in the PbtO(2) indices among groups.

Physostigmine reverses cognitive dysfunction caused by moderate hypoxia in adult mice.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive changes associated with moderate hypoxia in rodents may result from the diminished functioning of central cholinergic neurotransmission. We designed this study to examine whether treatment with physostigmine (PHY), an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, could improve the impairment of working memory after hypoxic hypoxia. METHODS: We randomized 90 Swiss Webster, 30-35 g mice (6-8 wks) to three hypoxia groups at fraction of inspired oxygen, FiO2 = 0.10 (1. no treatment; 2. PHY 0.1 mg/kg intraperitoneally administered immediately before; or 3. after hypoxia), or to two room air groups (given either no treatment or PHY after an insult). An object recognition test was used to assess short-term memory function. The object recognition test exploits the tendency of mice to prefer exploring novel objects in an environment when a familiar object is also present. During the 15 min training trial, two identical objects were placed in two defined sites of the box. During the test trial performed 1 h later, one of the objects was replaced by a new object with a different shape. The time spent exploring the two objects was automatically recorded by a video camera and associated software. The performance was analyzed with ANOVA, followed by post hoc comparisons using the Newman-Keuls test when appropriate. P values <0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: Untreated mice subjected to hypoxia at Fio2 = 0.1 spent significantly less time exploring a novel object on testing day 1 than did untreated mice breathing room air. Performance of the mice subjected to hypoxia, who received physostigmine after, but not before, the insult did not differ from the control group. CONCLUSION: Moderate hypoxia impairs rodents' performance in a working memory task. It appears that changes are transient, because the cognitive functioning of the mice returned to the baseline level 7 days after treatment. Postinsult administration of PHY prevented deterioration of cognitive function. An increased level of acetylcholine in the central nervous system may be responsible for the improved performance of the hypoxia-treated mice.

The Cox-2 Inhibitor Meloxicam Ameliorates Neuroinflammation and Depressive Behavior in Adult Mice after Splenectomy.

BACKGROUND: Peripheral surgical trauma may incite neuroinflammation that leads to neuronal dysfunction associated with both depression and cognitive deficits. In a previous study, we found that adult mice developed neuroinflammation and short-term working memory dysfunction in a delayed, transient manner after splenectomy that was ameliorated by the cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor meloxicam. We tested the hypothesis that splenectomy in mice would also cause anhedonia, the diminished response to pleasure or rewarding stimuli that is a hallmark of depression, and that treatment with meloxicam would be ameliorative. METHODS: After Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee approval, Swiss-Webster mice underwent sucrose preference training before being randomized into groups on day 0, when they had either splenectomy and anesthesia or anesthesia alone. Within each group, half were randomized to receive intraperitoneal saline at 24 hours, while the other half received intraperitoneal meloxicam at 24 hours. Sucrose preference ratios were determined on days 1, 5, 9, and 14. Additional mice were randomized into groups for brain histochemistry. Specimens were stained for glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), a marker of astrocytes, and CD45, a protein tyrosine phosphatase that identifies microglial activation. RESULTS: On day 5, mice receiving splenectomy and saline demonstrated diminished sucrose preference, which was not seen in mice receiving splenectomy and meloxicam. Semiquantitative analysis of histological slides taken from splenectomized mice treated with meloxicam revealed reduced microglial-based neuroinflammation and reactive astrocytosis compared to mice receiving saline. CONCLUSION: Splenectomy in mice is associated with neuroinflammation and anhedonia, as evidenced by reactive microgliosis, astrocytosis, and behavioral changes. Postsurgical treatment with meloxicam attenuates both neuroinflammation and anhedonia. These findings suggest that cyclooxygenase-2-dependent mechanisms may play a role in the development of postoperative mood disorders, possibly via modulation of peripheral effects on neuroinflammation.

The effect of intraoperative infusion of dexmedetomidine on the quality of recovery after major spinal surgery.

BACKGROUND: Surgery induces a variety of metabolic, endocrine, and immune changes collectively known as the "stress response," which may often lead to prolonged postoperative convalescence. Anesthetic management may modulate this physiological response, thus affecting the postoperative course. We hypothesized that the intraoperative administration of dexmedetomidine (DEX), a sympatholytic agent, would reduce the stress response and improve the quality of recovery in patients undergoing major surgery. METHODS: We conducted a prospective randomized double-blinded study of 54 patients undergoing multilevel spinal fusion. Anesthesia was maintained using either propofol/fentanyl/dexmedetomidine (PFD) or propofol/fentanyl/placebo-saline (PFS). The quality of recovery (a primary endpoint) was assessed using a 40-item quality of recovery questionnaire and a 9-question Fatigue Severity Scores. The tests were carried out preoperatively on postoperative days (POD) 1, 2, 3, and 30. Blood samples were collected at baseline, in the postanesthesia care unit, and at POD 1 and were analyzed for levels of cortisol, C-reactive proteins (CRP), and cytokines interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1ß, IL-1ra, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (version 18) using a multivariate and mixed model approach to test for the effect of surgery and drug group. Pairwise comparisons were assessed by means of the t test or rank tests after correcting for multiple comparisons. RESULTS: The global 40-item quality of recovery questionnaire scores showed a significant effect of time (F(4,114)=22.63, P<0.001) and drug (F(1,51)=4.368, P=0.042), with average scores decreasing to lower values on POD 1 (163.63±2.47) and POD 2 (170.94±2.38) compared with baseline (180.56±1.588, mean±SE, 2-tailed t tests, P<0.001). By POD 3, scores were significantly lower (-13.74 point difference, P=0.005) in the PFS group (169.3±3.87) than in the PFD group (183.04±2.76). All patients reported significantly higher levels of fatigue postoperatively, but intergroup difference in Fatigue Severity Scores was detected on POD 3 only, with scores in the PFS group higher than in the PFD group (50.0±4.0 vs. 36.3±4.9, P=0.035). In both groups, plasma cortisol levels were highest in the postanesthesia care unit, whereas CRP levels were elevated on POD 1. DEX significantly reduced the levels of cortisol, but not those of CRP. Levels of cytokines IL-6, IL-8, and IL-10 were significantly higher immediately after surgery and at POD 1. Plasma levels of other cytokines were not affected by surgery. DEX delayed postoperative rise in IL-10 but not in IL-6 or IL-8. CONCLUSIONS: DEX infusion during multilevel spinal fusions moderately improved the quality of recovery and possibly reduced fatigue in the early postoperative period. Moreover, it reduced plasma levels of cortisol and IL-10 in comparison with the control group. Our sample size was not sufficient to detect differences either in the incidence of complications or in clinically relevant outcomes.

Utilization of clean and safe delivery service package of health services extension program and associated factors in rural kebeles of Kafa Zone, Southwest Ethiopia.

BACKGROUND: In Ethiopia, 94% of births take place at home unattended by trained persons. The government introduced an innovative strategy, Health Services Extension Program in 2003. Clean and safe delivery service is a component of maternal and child healthcare package of the program. However, little is known about the status of uptake of the service. This study thus aimed to assess utilization of clean and safe delivery service and associated factors in rural kebeles of Kafa Zone, Ethiopia. METHODS: A community based cross sectional survey was conducted in rural kebeles of Kefa Zone from January 21(st) to February 25(th), 2009 using a sample of 229 mothers. Kafa Zone is located 465 kilometres away from Addis Ababa to southwest of Ethiopia. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using SPSS for windows version 16. OR and 95% CI were calculated. P< 0.05 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Utilization of clean and safe delivery service was 43(19%). Women with formal schooling and those who knew at least two danger signs of pregnancy and labor were more likely to use the service than their counterparts; (AOR=5.8, 95% CI=2.1, 16) and (AOR=3.0, 95% CI=2.2, 10.6), respectively. Of 108(47.8%) mothers who had at least one antenatal care visit, 36(33.3%), were not advised about danger signs. Women who had at least one ANC visit and those who were advised about the danger signs of pregnancy and labor appeared to be more likely to use the service than their counterparts; (AOR=6.1, 95% CI=1.9, 21.3), and (AOR=5.4, 95%CI= 1.4, 21.7), respectively. CONCLUSION: Utilization of the service is low and was determined by women's educational status, history of abortion, knowledge of danger signs and antenatal care attendance. Educating women and improving their knowledge about danger signs of pregnancy and labor is recommended. Health extension workers should consider antenatal care visits as opportunities for this purpose.

Development of a standardized Intranet database of formulation records for nonsterile compounding, Part 2.

In part 1 of this series, we outlined the rationale behind the development of a centralized electronic database used to maintain nonsterile compounding formulation records in the Mission Health System, which is a union of several independent hospitals and satellite and regional pharmacies that form the cornerstone of advanced medical care in several areas of western North Carolina. Hospital providers in many healthcare systems require compounded formulations to meet the needs of their patients (in particular, pediatric patients). Before a centralized electronic compounding database was implemented in the Mission Health System, each satellite or regional pharmacy affiliated with that system had a specific set of formulation records, but no standardized format for those records existed. In this article, we describe the quality control, database platform selection, description, implementation, and execution of our intranet database system, which is designed to maintain, manage, and disseminate nonsterile compounding formulation records in the hospitals and affiliated pharmacies of the Mission Health System. The objectives of that project were to standardize nonsterile compounding formulation records, create a centralized computerized database that would increase healthcare staff members' access to formulation records, establish beyond-use dates based on published stability studies, improve quality control, reduce the potential for medication errors related to compounding medications, and (ultimately) improve patient safety.

Development of a standardized intranet database of formulation records for nonsterile compounding, part 1.

New methods for reducing medication errors in sterile compounds are always being considered, but the safety and stability of nonsterile compounded formulations are often overlooked in both hospital and independent compounding pharmacies. Extemporaneous compounding benefits from the pharmacist's easy access to a comprehensive computerized database that is based on high-performance liquid chromatography research and can be incorporated into a pharmacy information system to standardize formulations and prevent errors (which in turn improves patient safety). The Mission Health System, which is based in Asheville, North Carolina, is the cornerstone of advanced medical care in western North Carolina. Hospital providers in that healthcare system occasionally require customized compounded formulations to meet the needs of their patients (in particular, pediatric patients). However, each satellite pharmacy in the Mission Hospital system has a specific set of formulation records, and no standardized format for those records exists. In addition, beyond-use dates in many of those formulations either do not exist or are not referenced. The objectives of this project were to standardize the format of formulation records, create a computerized system so that all hospital pharmacists would have access to the same formulation records, create a computerized system so that all hospital pharmacists would have access to the same formulations, establish beyond-use dates (for nonsterile preparations) based on published stability studies or the most current tertiary literature, and improve the quality-control process for extemporaneously compounded nonsterile formulations prepared at the satellite hospital preparations and if standardized formulations are rendered easily accessible, then the potential for medication errors will be reduced and patient safety will improve.

Does mild cognitive impairment increase the risk of developing postoperative cognitive dysfunction?

BACKGROUND: Increasingly, postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) is recognized as a complication after surgery in the elderly. We sought to determine whether patients with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) would have an accelerated progression of dementia postoperatively when compared with the patients without MCI. METHODS: The Center for Brain Health at the New York University (NYU) Medical Center maintains records of volunteers who undergo a series of neurological assessments. We reviewed records of 670 patients who received at least 2 evaluations and whose surgery occurred before the second assessment. Longitudinal differences of several cognitive domains were examined. RESULTS: Individuals with MCI and surgery had a greater decline in performance on the Digit Span Forward test compared with those with MCI without surgery on their postoperative evaluation (F(3,158) = 3.12, P = .03). No performance changes were detected in the normal subjects. CONCLUSION: These preliminary findings suggest that surgery negatively impacts attention/concentration in patients with MCI but not in normal individuals. This is the first study that identified a specific subgroup of patients who are predisposed to POCD.

Efficacy of clevidipine in controlling perioperative hypertension in neurosurgical patients: initial single-center experience.

BACKGROUND: Acute blood pressure (BP) elevations in neurosurgical patients are associated with serious neurologic, cardiovascular, or surgical site complications. Clevidipine, an ultra-short-acting dihydropyridine calcium antagonist, has been shown to be efficacious and safe for acute hypertension in cardiac surgery. This study assessed the efficacy and safety of clevidipine in controlling perioperative hypertension in the neurosurgical setting. METHODS: Patients scheduled for intracranial surgery were prospectively enrolled after giving consent. Clevidipine (0.5 mg/mL in 20% lipid solution, which was to be initiated at 10 mg/h and titrated to effect) was administered as the primary antihypertensive agent for perioperative hypertension, with target BPs of less than 130 mm Hg. Other vasoactive drugs were administered as needed for treating systolic BP (SBP) less than 90 mm Hg or greater than 130 mm Hg. The primary study endpoint was the proportion of patients not requiring rescue antihypertensives to maintain target SBP (<130 mm Hg). RESULTS: Twenty-two patients were enrolled. One patient did not require antihypertensive therapy. Seventeen patients (17 of 21, 81%) were treated with clevidipine alone; one received clevidipine in the postanesthesia care unit only. Twenty-eight hypertensive episodes (defined as any new acute BP elevation requiring clevidipine initiation) were documented. SBP was reduced to target level within 15 minutes in 22 of 28 episodes (78.6%). Two mild hypotensive episodes occurred after the initiation of clevidipine infusion; these transient decreases in BP were treated with vasoactive drugs and resolved within 5 minutes. CONCLUSIONS: Clevidipine is effective and safe for perioperative hypertension in patients undergoing intracranial procedures. Rapid control of BP is possible with higher starting doses. Drug effects resolved rapidly after drug discontinuation.

Nimodipine prevents transient cognitive dysfunction after moderate hypoxia in adult mice.

BACKGROUND: Cognitive changes associated with moderate hypoxia may be related to the elevation of cytosolic calcium (Ca) levels which may, in turn, affect neurotransmitter synthesis and metabolism. We tested whether treatment with nimodipine (NIMO), an L-type Ca channel blocker, would preserve working memory after hypoxic hypoxia. METHODS: We randomized 157 Swiss-Webster, 30 to 35 g mice (6 to 8 wk) to 6 groups, which were exposed to the following gas mixtures for 1 hour: (1) O2 21%; (2) O2 21% followed by 0.1 mg/kg of subcutaneous NIMO; (3) O2 21% followed by vehicle (60% polyethylene glycol/40% methanol); (4) O2 10%; (5) O2 10% then NIMO; (6) O2 10% then vehicle. The Object Recognition Test (ORT) was given once either on Day 1 or Day 7 to assess changes in short-term memory. ORT exploits the tendency of mice to prefer novel over familiar objects. Two identical objects were placed in an arena for 15 minutes of training. During the testing 1 hour later, one of the objects was replaced by a new object. Recognition Index (RI) was used to compare performance. It is defined as the time spent exploring the novel object divided by the time spent exploring both objects, the novel plus the familiar, and this ratio is converted to a percentage. RI was analyzed with analysis of variance. Tukey Honestly Significant Difference tests were used for post hoc comparisons when appropriate. P values <0.05 were considered significant. RESULTS: RI for the control group was 68.3% (SE+/-3.6%). RI was 53.7% (SE+/-3.8%) for the 10% O2 group on the first posttreatment day. O2 saturation (SpO2) for the hypoxic group was 71.7% (SE+/-0.5%). By Day 7, RI for the 10% O2 group increased to 64.2% (SE+/-4.7%), which was not significantly different from control. On Day 1, RI was 68.6% (SE+/-5.2%) for hypoxic rodents treated with NIMO. These results were statistically significant. Low RI indicates impaired working memory and high RI indicates intact working memory. These results suggest that NIMO prevented impairment of working memory after moderate hypoxia. CONCLUSIONS: NIMO reverses the disturbance of short-term working memory caused by moderate hypoxia in mice. The results may have implications for cognitive changes linked to Ca homeostasis in the postoperative period.