Upregulation of CYR61 by TGF-ß and YAP signaling exerts a counter-suppression of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Transforming growth factor-ß (TGF-ß) and Hippo signaling are two critical pathways engaged in cancer progression by regulating both oncogenes and tumor suppressors, yet how the two pathways coordinately exert their functions in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains elusive. In this study, we firstly conducted an integrated analysis of public liver cancer databases and our experimental TGF-ß target genes, identifying CYR61 as a pivotal candidate gene relating to HCC development. The expression of CYR61 is downregulated in clinical HCC tissues and cell lines than that in the normal counterparts. Evidence revealed that CYR61 is a direct target gene of TGF-ß in liver cancer cells. In addition, TGF-ß-stimulated Smad2/3 and the Hippo pathway downstream effectors YAP and TEAD4 can form a protein complex on the promoter of CYR61, thereby activating the promoter activity and stimulating CYR61 gene transcription in a collaborative manner. Functionally, depletion of CYR61 enhanced TGF-ß- or YAP-mediated growth and migration of liver cancer cells. Consistently, ectopic expression of CYR61 was capable of impeding TGF-ß- or YAP-induced malignant transformation of HCC cells in vitro and attenuating HCC xenograft growth in nude mice. Finally, transcriptomic analysis indicates that CYR61 can elicit an antitumor program in liver cancer cells. Together, these results add new evidence for the crosstalk between TGF-ß and Hippo signaling and unveil an important tumor suppressor function of CYR61 in liver cancer.

Trends in the burden and determinants of HIV in the Asia-Pacific region (1990-2019): An age-period-cohort analysis of the 2019 Global Burden of Disease Study.

Although the burden of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) in the Asia-Pacific region is increasingly severe, comprehensive evidence of the burden of HIV is scarce. We aimed to report the burden of HIV in people aged 15-79 years from 1990 to 2019 using data from the Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) 2019. We analyzed rates of age-standardized disability-adjusted life years (ASDR), age-standardized mortality (ASMR), and age-standardized incidence (ASIR) in our age-period-cohort analysis by sociodemographic index (SDI). According to HIV reports in 2019 from 29 countries in the Asia-Pacific region, the low SDI group in Papua New Guinea had the highest ASDR, ASMR, and ASIR. From 1990 to 2019, the ASDR, ASIR, and ASMR of persons with acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) increased in 21 (72%) of the 29 countries in the Asia-Pacific region. During the same period, the disability-adjusted life years (DALYs) of AIDS patients in the low SDI group in the region grew the fastest, particularly in Nepal. The incidence of HIV among individuals aged 20-30 years in the low-middle SDI group was higher than that of those in the other age groups. In 2019, unsafe sex was the main cause of HIV-related ASDR in the region's 29 countries, followed by drug use. The severity of the burden of HIV/AIDS in the Asia-Pacific region is increasing, especially among low SDI groups. Specific public health policies should be formulated based on the socioeconomic development level of each country to alleviate the burden of HIV/AIDS.

The Fabrication and Property Characterization of a Ho2YSbO7/Bi2MoO6 Heterojunction Photocatalyst and the Application of the Photodegradation of Diuron under Visible Light Irradiation.

A novel photocatalytic nanomaterial, Ho2YSbO7, was successfully synthesized for the first time using the solvothermal synthesis technique. In addition, a Ho2YSbO7/Bi2MoO6 heterojunction photocatalyst (HBHP) was prepared via the hydrothermal fabrication technique. Extensive characterizations of the synthesized samples were conducted using various instruments, such as an X-ray diffractometer, a Fourier transform infrared spectrometer, a Raman spectrometer, a UV-visible spectrophotometer, an X-ray photoelectron spectrometer, and a transmission electron microscope, as well as X-ray energy dispersive spectroscopy, photoluminescence spectroscopy, a photocurrent test, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy, and electron paramagnetic resonance. The photocatalytic activity of the HBHP was evaluated for the degradation of diuron (DRN) and the mineralization of total organic carbon (TOC) under visible light exposure for 152 min. Remarkable removal efficiencies were achieved, with 99.78% for DRN and 97.19% for TOC. Comparative analysis demonstrated that the HBHP exhibited markedly higher removal efficiencies for DRN compared to Ho2YSbO7, Bi2MoO6, or N-doped TiO2 photocatalyst, with removal efficiencies 1.13 times, 1.21 times, or 2.95 times higher, respectively. Similarly, the HBHP demonstrated significantly higher removal efficiencies for TOC compared to Ho2YSbO7, Bi2MoO6, or N-doped TiO2 photocatalyst, with removal efficiencies 1.17 times, 1.25 times, or 3.39 times higher, respectively. Furthermore, the HBHP demonstrated excellent stability and reusability. The mechanisms which could enhance the photocatalytic activity remarkably and the involvement of the major active species were comprehensively discussed, with superoxide radicals identified as the primary active species, followed by hydroxyl radicals and holes. The results of this study contribute to the advancement of efficient heterostructural materials and offer valuable insights into the development of sustainable remediation strategies for addressing DRN contamination.

[Circular RNA-Encoded Proteins in Gastrointestinal Cancer:A Review].

Circular RNAs(CircRNAs)are a class of non-coding RNAs with a covalently closed-loop structure,high stability,and tissue specificity,with the production mechanisms different from linear RNAs.Recent studies have discovered that some CircRNAs can encode proteins via cap-independent translation mechanisms such as internal ribosome entry site,N6-methyladenosine,and rolling loop translation.The encoded proteins regulate homologous linear proteins or downstream signaling pathways via protein bait or other mechanisms,thereby exerting biological functions.Studies have shown that CircRNAs play a role in various diseases,especially in tumor progression,proliferation,invasion,and metastasis and immune regulation.Therefore,by elucidating the expression and roles of proteins encoded by CircRNAs in tumorigenesis and development,this paper is expected to provide new tumor markers and potential targets for tumor diagnosis and treatment.

M2 Macrophage Membrane-Mediated Biomimetic-Nanoparticle Carrying COX-siRNA Targeted Delivery for Prevention of Tendon Adhesions by Inhibiting Inflammation.

Tendon adhesion is the most common outcome of tendon or tendon-to-bone healing after injury. Our group developed a hydrogel-nanoparticle sustained-release system previously to inhibit cyclooxygenases (COXs) expression and consequently prevent tendon adhesion and achieved satisfactory results. However, effective treatment of multiple tendon adhesions is always a challenge in research on the prevention of tendon adhesion. In the present study, an M2M@PLGA/COX-siRNA delivery system is successfully constructed using the cell membranes of M2 macrophages and poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) nanoparticles. Targeting properties and therapeutic effects are observed in mice or rat models of flexor digitorum longus (FDL) tendon injury combined with rotator cuff injury. The results showed that the M2M@PLGA/COX-siRNA delivery system has low toxicity and remarkable targeting properties to the injured areas. Treatment with the M2M@PLGA/COX-siRNA delivery system reduced the inflammatory reaction and significantly improved tendon adhesion in both the FDL tendon and rotator cuff tissues. These findings indicate that the M2M@PLGA delivery system can provide an effective biological strategy for preventing multiple tendon adhesions.

Therapeutic effects of curcumin liposomes and nanocrystals on inflammatory osteolysis: In vitro and in vivo comparative study.

Curcumin could inhibit periprosthetic osteolysis induced by wear debris and adherent endotoxin, which commonly cause prosthesis loosening and negatively influence the long-term survival of joint arthroplasty. However, its limited water solubility and poor stability pose challenges for its further clinical application. To address these issues, we developed curcumin liposomes for intraarticular injection, as liposomes possess good lubricant capacity and pharmacological synergy with curcumin. Additionally, a nanocrystal dosage form was prepared to enable comparison with the liposomes based on their ability to disperse curcumin effectively. A microfluidic method was used for its controllability, repeatability, and scalability. The Box-Behnken Design was employed to screen the formulations and flow parameters, while computational fluid dynamics was used to simulate the mixing process and predict the formation of liposomes. The optimized curcumin liposomes (Cur-LPs) had a size of 132.9 nm and an encapsulation efficiency of 97.1%, whereas the curcumin nanocrystals (Cur-NCs) had a size of 172.3 nm. Both Cur-LPs and Cur-NCs inhibited LPS-induced pro-inflammatory polarization of macrophages and reduced the expression and secretion of inflammatory factors. The mouse air pouch model further demonstrated that both dosage forms attenuated inflammatory cell infiltration and inflammatory fibrosis in subcutaneous tissues. Interestingly, the anti-inflammatory effect of Cur-LPs was more potent than that of Cur-NCs, both in vitro and in vivo, although the cellular uptake of Cur-NCs was quicker. In conclusion, the results demonstrate that Cur-LPs have great potential for the clinical treatment of inflammatory osteolysis and that the therapeutic effect is closely related to the liposomal dosage form.

Regulation of RIP1-Mediated necroptosis via necrostatin-1 in periodontitis.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the mechanism of receptor-interacting protein 1 (RIP1)-mediated necroptosis during periodontitis progression. BACKGROUND: RIP3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) have been detected to be upregulated in periodontitis models. Because RIP1 is involved in necroptosis, it might also play a role in the progression of periodontitis. METHODS: An experimental periodontitis model in BALB/c mice was established by inducing oral bacterial infection. Western blotting and immunofluorescence analyses were used to detect RIP1 expression in the periodontal ligament. Porphyromonas gingivalis was used to stimulate L929 and MC3T3-E1. RIP1 was inhibited using small-interfering RNA. Western blotting, reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) analyses were used to detect the effect of necroptosis inhibition on the expression of damage-associated molecular patterns and inflammatory cytokines. Necrostatin-1 (Nec-1) was intraperitoneally injected to inhibit RIP1 expression in mice. Necroptosis activation and inflammatory cytokine expression in periodontal tissue were verified. Tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase staining was applied to observe osteoclasts in the bone tissues of different groups. RESULTS: RIP1-mediated necroptosis was activated in mice with periodontitis. P. gingivalis induced RIP1-mediated necroptosis in L929 and MC3T3-E1 cells. After RIP1 inhibition, the expression levels of high mobility group protein B1 (HMGB1) and inflammatory cytokines were downregulated. After inhibiting RIP1 with Nec-1 in vivo, necroptosis was also inhibited, the expression levels of HMGB1 and inflammatory cytokines were downregulated, and osteoclast counts in the periodontal tissue decreased. CONCLUSION: RIP1-mediated necroptosis plays a role in the pathological process of periodontitis in mice. Nec-1 inhibited necroptosis, alleviated inflammation in periodontal tissue, and reduced bone resorption in periodontitis.

Mechanisms of mechanical force aggravating periodontitis: A review.

Periodontitis is a widespread oral disease accompanied by uncontrolled inflammation-related tissue destruction. Periodontitis is related to various factors. Among them, occlusal trauma can aggravate the severity of periodontitis and has been attracting a great deal of attention. We systematically searched PubMed and Web of Science databases for related articles. Keywords for the search were "mechanical force", "mechanical stress", "occlusal trauma" and "periodontitis". This review focuses on the effect of mechanical forces on periodontitis and discusses the possible pivotal targets participating in this process. We elucidated and summarized 21 articles that reported on our topic. Several biological processes and pathways that participate in enhancing the inflammatory response to mechanical stress have been studied, including the regulation of osteogenesis and osteoclastic resorption balance, Yes-associated protein signaling, induction of collagen destruction, and regulation of programmed cell death. Mechanical force enhances the process of periodontitis in multiple ways. However, currently, no studies have further examined its underlying mechanism. Understanding the specific roles of mechanical forces may assist in the treatment of periodontitis with traumatic occlusal trauma.

Activation of receptor-interacting protein 3-mediated necroptosis accelerates periodontitis in mice.

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the involvement and role of receptor-interacting protein 3 (RIP3)-mediated necroptosis in periodontitis. METHODS: A periodontitis murine model was established by oral infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis, and activation of necroptosis pathway was identified by immunohistochemistry. Adeno-associated virus was used to knock down Rip3 and the effect of Rip3 knockdown on periodontal inflammation was examined by Micro-CT, qRT-PCR and histological staining. In vitro, P. gingivalis-LPS was used to infect fibroblast cell line L929 and siRNA was used to knock down Rip3. Necroptosis pathway signalling and inflammation in cells were detected by cell viability and death assay, Western Blot, qRT-PCR and immunofluorescence analysis. RESULTS: Phosphorylation of RIP3 and mixed lineage kinase domain-like protein (MLKL) was increased in the periodontal ligament of mice infected with P. gingivalis. RIP3 knockdown reduced osteoclastogenesis and inflammatory cytokines in the periodontal area, and alleviated alveolar bone loss in vivo. In vitro, P. gingivalis-LPS-induced RIP3-mediated necroptosis in L929 cells, and knockdown of RIP3 by siRNA decreased the expression of inflammatory cytokines. CONCLUSION: RIP3-mediated necroptosis is activated in periodontitis and blocking necroptosis alleviates disease progression, indicating that RIP3 may be a potential target for periodontitis treatment.

Inhibition of Rgs10 aggravates periodontitis with collagen-induced arthritis via the nuclear factor-κB pathway.

OBJECTIVE: To explore the role of the Rgs10-associated nuclear factor (NF)-κB signalling pathway in periodontitis with rheumatoid arthritis. METHODS: Porphyromonas gingivalis and collagen were locally applied to mice to establish in vivo periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis models, respectively. Both agents were administered together to establish the comorbid group. All models were treated with adeno-associated virus-green fluorescent protein (AAV-GFP) or adeno-associated virus small hairpin Rgs10 (AAV-sh-Rgs10). In vivo expression of Rgs10 and inflammatory cytokines was analysed, along with exploration of the NF-κB signalling pathway in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated mouse-derived RAW264.7 cells, with and without treatment of small interfering RNA (siRNA; Rgs10-Mus-MSS245072). RESULTS: In the comorbidity mouse group (mice with both periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis), inhibition of Rgs10 exacerbated periodontitis, along with upregulation of phospho-RelA (pP65), tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) expression in the NF-κB signalling pathway. Similarly, treatment of LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells with siRNA resulted in the inhibition of Rgs10, along with upregulation of pP65, TNF-α and IL-6 expression in vitro. CONCLUSION: Inhibition of Rgs10 in mice with periodontitis and rheumatoid arthritis can promote the progression of periodontitis, indicating the potential therapeutic role of Rgs10 in this condition.

Anterior knee pain as a potential risk factor for falls in older adults: insights from the osteoarthritis initiative data.

BACKGROUND: Knee joint pain has been demonstrated to be a separate risk factor for falling. A common pain site in the knee, anterior knee pain(AKP), is believed to be associated with early knee osteoarthritis (KOA).This study investigated the relationship between falls and AKP in people with or at risk for KOA. METHODS: Four years of follow-up data from the Osteoarthritis Initiative cohort trial, a large-scale, multicenter observational investigation, were analyzed in this study. A patellar quadriceps tenderness/tendinitis knee exam was performed to evaluate AKP. Falls were self-reported. The associations between falls (recurrent falls: ≥2 falls/year; any falls: ≥1 fall(s)/year) and AKP were analyzed using the generalized estimation equation of repeated logistic regression and adjusted for confounding variables. RESULTS: The study analyzed data from 3,318 participants, split into two groups: those with AKP (720 participants) and those without AKP (2,598 participants). The primary outcome of the study, which focused on repeated falls, revealed that participants with AKP were 1.27 times more likely to experience repeated falls compared to those without AKP (95% CI: 1.07-1.52, P = 0.007). However, when considering any falls experienced by an individual as an additional outcome, it is important to note that our findings did not indicate a significant predictive effect of AKP on any falls investigated. Sensitivity analyses, which excluded knee arthroplasty cases, yielded consistent results with the aforementioned findings. CONCLUSIONS: Older adults with AKP experience a higher frequency of falls compared to those without AKP in individuals diagnosed with KOA or at a high risk of developing KOA.

RGS10 negatively regulates apical periodontitis via TFEB-mediated autophagy in BABL/c mice model and in vitro.

AIM: Apical periodontitis is a prevalent oral inflammatory disease that has recently been linked to transcription factor EB (TFEB)-mediated autophagy. Regulator of G-protein signalling 10 (RGS10) is reported to be an effective regulator of the immune system and inflammation. This study aimed to investigate the involvement of RGS10 during the development of apical periodontitis through the TFEB-mediated autophagy signalling pathway. METHODOLOGY: Sixty BALB/c mice were randomly divided into four groups of 15 mice for the in vivo experiment. Rgs10 was locally overexpressed through eight injections of an adeno-associated virus vector. The model of apical periodontitis was established 21 days following pulp exposure, and the mice were euthanized to obtain mandibles for analysis. Micro-computed tomography was employed to assess alveolar bone destruction, and the levels of Rgs10, TFEB-mediated autophagy signalling factors and inflammatory factors were measured using quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions, western blotting, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays, immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry. All experimental results were displayed as images or graphs. For the in vitro experiments, we employed small interfering RNA (siRNA) to silence Rgs10 expression in RAW 264.7 cells. The data were analysed via one-way anova or Mann-Whitney U test/Kruskal-Wallis test of variance, where p < .05 or U > 1.96 was considered statistically significant. RESULTS: Local overexpression of Rgs10 reduced alveolar bone destruction within the apical periodontitis lesion and significantly decreased macrophage infiltration (p < .05). Meanwhile, the expression of TFEB-mediated autophagy signalling factors was upregulated, along with a decrease in inflammatory factor expression (p < .05). Lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW 264.7 cells exhibited decreased Rgs10 expression and TFEB-mediated autophagy signalling. siRNA-mediated silencing of Rgs10 further suppressed autophagy and concomitantly upregulated inflammatory factors (p < .05). CONCLUSIONS: Collectively, the findings revealed that RGS10 suppresses the inflammatory response and bone destruction through TFEB-mediated autophagy in apical periodontitis.

Antiviral Therapy for Chronic Hepatitis B Infection Improves Outcomes After Total Hip Arthroplasty: A Multicenter Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies have shown that chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection may place patients at increased risk of postoperative adverse events. However, there is limited information on the effects of antiviral treatment (AVT) on postoperative outcomes following total hip arthroplasties (THAs). METHODS: A multicenter retrospective database query was used to identify patients infected with HBV undergoing THAs between 2012 and 2017. All eligible patients were divided into 2 cohorts on the basis of AVT before surgery: the treated group and the untreated group. The treated cohort was matched at a ratio of 1:3 to the untreated cohort by propensity score matching. Operating times, blood losses, all-type complications, surgical complications, lengths of stay, 90-day readmissions, unplanned reoperations, and implant revisions were compared between the 2 cohorts. After these patients were further stratified by liver fibrosis status, multivariate logistic analyses were performed by controlling for differences in demographics and comorbidities. In total, 918 patients chronically infected with HBV were identified. Over four-fifths of these patients (83.0%) did not receive preoperative AVT. Of interest, more than half of the untreated patients (54.1%) were previously undiagnosed. RESULTS: The untreated group had significantly longer mean operating time (82 versus 76 minutes, P = .007) and higher mean blood loss (515 versus 465 mL, P = .03) than the treated group. Moreover, they were more prone to experiencing surgical complications (25.4% versus 16.7%, P = .01), longer lengths of stay (6.2 versus 5.4 days, P = .0005), readmissions (12.4% versus 5.8%, P = .02), reoperations (16.7% versus 9.6%, P = .03), and revisions (11.1% versus 4.5%, P = .02). Multivariate regression analyses found that AVT significantly decreased all-type complications, reoperations, and revisions in patients with significant fibrosis (all P < .05). CONCLUSION: The AVT of HBV infection prior to THAs could reduce the risk of developing postoperative complications, regardless of the presence of liver fibrosis. This finding emphasizes that surgeons should recommend HBV screening and treatment integrated into preoperative medical optimization.

The Role of Regulated Programmed Cell Death in Osteoarthritis: From Pathogenesis to Therapy.

Osteoarthritis (OA) is a worldwide chronic disease that can cause severe inflammation to damage the surrounding tissue and cartilage. There are many different factors that can lead to osteoarthritis, but abnormally progressed programmed cell death is one of the most important risk factors that can induce osteoarthritis. Prior studies have demonstrated that programmed cell death, including apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, autophagy, and cuproptosis, has a great connection with osteoarthritis. In this paper, we review the role of different types of programmed cell death in the generation and development of OA and how the different signal pathways modulate the different cell death to regulate the development of OA. Additionally, this review provides new insights into the radical treatment of osteoarthritis rather than conservative treatment, such as anti-inflammation drugs or surgical operation.

Preparation and Property Characterization of Sm2EuSbO7/ZnBiSbO5 Heterojunction Photocatalyst for Photodegradation of Parathion Methyl under Visible Light Irradiation.

An unprecedented photocatalyst, Sm2EuSbO7, was successfully fabricated in this paper, through a high-temperature solid-state calcination method, which represented its first ever synthesis. Additionally, using the solvothermal method, the Sm2EuSbO7/ZnBiSbO5 heterojunction photocatalyst (SZHP) was fabricated, marking its debut in this study. XRD analysis confirmed that both Sm2EuSbO7 and ZnBiSbO5 exhibited pyrochlore-type crystal structures with a cubic lattice, belonging to the Fd3m space group. The crystal cell parameter was determined to be 10.5682 Å or 10.2943 Å for Sm2EuSbO7 or ZnBiSbO5, respectively. The band gap width measured for Sm2EuSbO7 or ZnBiSbO5 was 2.73 eV or 2.61 eV, respectively. Under visible light irradiation for 150 min (VLTI-150 min), SZHP exhibited remarkable photocatalytic activity, achieving 100% removal of parathion methyl (PM) concentration and 99.45% removal of total organic carbon (TOC) concentration. The kinetic constant (k) for PM degradation and visible light illumination treatment was determined to be 0.0206 min-1, with a similar constant k of 0.0202 min-1 observed for TOC degradation. Remarkably, SZHP exhibited superior PM removal rates compared with Sm2EuSbO7, ZnBiSbO5, or N-doped TiO2 photocatalyst, accompanied by removal rates 1.09 times, 1.20 times, or 2.38 times higher, respectively. Furthermore, the study investigated the oxidizing capability of free radicals through the use of trapping agents. The results showed that hydroxyl radicals had the strongest oxidative capability, followed by superoxide anions and holes. These findings provide a solid scientific foundation for future research and development of efficient heterojunction compound catalysts.

Resveratrol pretreatment alleviates NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated cardiomyocyte pyroptosis by targeting TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling cascade in coronary microembolization-induced myocardial damage.

Percutaneous coronary intervention and acute coronary syndrome are both closely tied to the frequently occurring complication of coronary microembolization (CME). Resveratrol (RES) has been shown to have a substantial cardioprotective influence in a variety of cardiac diseases, though its function and potential mechanistic involvement in CME are still unclear. The forty Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups randomly: CME, CME + RES (25 mg/kg), CME + RES (50 mg/kg), and sham (10 rats per group). The CME model was developed. Echocardiography, levels of myocardial injury markers in the serum, and histopathology of the myocardium were used to assess the function of the cardiac muscle. For the detection of the signaling of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB along with the expression of pyroptosis-related molecules, ELISA, qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence, and Western blotting were used, among other techniques. The findings revealed that myocardial injury and pyroptosis occurred in the myocardium following CME, with a decreased function of cardiac, increased levels of serum myocardial injury markers, increased area of microinfarct, as well as a rise in the expression levels of pyroptosis-related molecules. In addition to this, pretreatment with resveratrol reduced the severity of myocardial injury after CME by improving cardiac dysfunction, decreasing serum myocardial injury markers, decreasing microinfarct area, and decreasing cardiomyocyte pyroptosis, primarily by blocking the signaling of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB and also reducing the NLRP3 inflammasome activation. Resveratrol may be able to alleviate CME-induced myocardial pyroptosis and cardiac dysfunction by impeding the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome and the signaling pathway of TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB.

Self-Amplifying Iridium(III) Photosensitizer for Ferroptosis-Mediated Immunotherapy Against Transferrin Receptor-Overexpressing Cancer.

Photoimmunotherapy is attractive for cancer treatment due to its spatial controllability and sustained responses. This work presents a ferrocene-containing Ir(III) photosensitizer (IrFc1) that can bind with transferrin and be transported into triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cells via a transferrin receptor-mediated pathway. When the ferrocene in IrFc1 is oxidized by reactive oxygen species, its capability to photosensitize both type I (electron transfer) and type II (energy transfer) pathways is activated through a self-amplifying process. Upon irradiation, IrFc1 induces the generation of lipid oxidation to cause ferroptosis in TNBC cells, which promotes immunogenic cell death (ICD) under both normoxia and hypoxia. In vivo, IrFc1 treatment elicits a CD8+ T-cell response, which activates ICD in TNBC resulting in enhanced anticancer immunity. In summary, this work reports a small molecule-based photosensitizer with enhanced cancer immunotherapeutic properties by eliciting ferroptosis through a self-amplifying process.

The potential and capability of the methylotrophic yeast Ogataea methanolica in a "methanol bioeconomy".

Efficient bioconversion of methanol, which can be generated from greenhouse gases, into valuable resources contributes to achieving climate goals and developing a sustainable economy. The methylotrophic yeast Ogataea methanolica is considered to be a suitable host for efficient methanol bioconversion because it has outstanding characteristics for the better adaptive potential to a high methanol environment (i.e., greater than 5%). This capacity represents a huge potential to construct an innovative carbon-neutral production system that converts methanol into value-added chemicals under the control of strong methanol-induced promoters. In this review, we discuss what is known about the regulation of methanol metabolism and adaptation mechanisms for 5% methanol conditions in O. methanolica in detail. We also discuss about the potential to breed "super methylotrophic yeast," which has potent growth characteristics under high methanol conditions.

Upcycling Waste Polyethylene into Carbon Nanomaterial via a Carbon-Grown-on-Carbon Strategy.

Upcycling waste plastics (e.g., polyethylene (PE)) into value-added carbon products is regarded as a promising approach to address the increasingly serious waste plastic pollution and simultaneously achieve carbon neutrality. However, developing new carbonization technology routes to promote the oxidation of PE at low temperature and construct the stable cross-linking network remains challenging. Here, a facile carbon-grown-on-carbon strategy is proposed using carbon black (CB) to convert waste PE into core/shell carbon nanoparticles (CN) in high yields at low temperature. The yield of CN remarkably increases when the heating temperature decreases or the dosage of CB increases. The obtained CN displays turbostratic structure and closely aggregated granular morphology with a size of ≈80 nm. It is found that, prior to the oxidation and carbonization of PE, CB forms a 3D network architecture in the PE matrix. More importantly, CB not only catalyzes the partial oxidation of PE to form PE macromolecular radicals and introduce oxygen-containing groups at low temperature in the early stage, but also favors for the construction of a stable cross-linking network in the latter stage. This work offers a facile sustainable strategy for chemical upcycling of PE into value-added carbon products without post-treatments or usage of metallic catalysts.

Green Synthesis of Carbon Nitride-Based Conjugated Copolymer for Efficient Photocatalytic Degradation of Tetracycline.

Upcycling waste plastics into advanced semiconductor photocatalysts provides a new strategy to reasonably and economically solve the huge amount of waste plastics, which remains challenging. Herein, a carbon nitride-based donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated copolymer by copolymerization of dicyandiamide and terephthalic acid from discarded polyethylene terephthalate (PET) using Zn(OH)2 as catalyst and template at 360-440 °C is synthesized. The morphology and structure of the conjugated copolymer are well regulated by the calcination temperature. The resultant conjugated copolymer exhibits merits of high light absorption and low electron-hole recombination probability. Consequently, it works excellently in the persulfate-based advanced oxidation process for visible light-driven photocatalytic degradation of tetracycline. The kinetic constant (3.4 × 10-2  min-1 ) is 40.5 and 2.3 times that of the conjugated copolymer system and persulfate system, respectively. Furthermore, the reactive species (including •OH, SO4 •- , •O2 - , 1 O2 , and h+ ) and degradation intermediates of tetracycline are analyzed to expound its degradation process. This work not only pioneers design guidelines on upcycling of waste plastics in a sustainable manner, but also provides a facile strategy to synthesize carbon nitride-based D-A conjugated copolymers for the efficient activation of persulfate-based advanced oxidation process in wastewater treatment.