Fates of Terrigenous Dissolved Organic Carbon in the Gulf of Maine.

A significant amount of organic carbon is transported in dissolved form from soils to coastal oceans via inland water systems, bridging land and ocean carbon reservoirs. However, it has been discovered that the presence of terrigenous dissolved organic carbon (tDOC) in oceans is relatively limited. Therefore, understanding the fates of tDOC in coastal oceans is essential to account for carbon sequestration through land ecosystems and ensure accurate regional carbon budgeting. In this study, we developed a state-of-the-art modeling approach by coupling a land-to-ocean tDOC flux simulation model and a coastal tDOC tracking model to determine the potential fates of tDOC exported from three primary drainage basins in the Gulf of Maine (GoM). According to our findings, over half a year in the GoM, 56.4% of tDOC was mineralized. Biomineralization was responsible for 90% of that amount, with the remainder attributed to photomineralization. Additionally, 37% of the tDOC remained suspended in the GoM, and 6.6% was buried in the marine sediment.

Delivery of Therapeutic miR-148b Mimic via Poly(ß Amino Ester) Polyplexes for Post-transcriptional Gene Regulation and Apoptosis of A549 Cells.

In this study, we utilized selectively modified, biodegradable polymer-based polyplexes to deliver custom, exogenous miR-148b mimics to induce apoptosis in human lung cancer (A549) cells. The gene regulatory effects of the payload miRNA mimics (miR-148b-3p) were first evaluated through bioinformatic analyses to uncover specific gene targets involved in critical carcinogenic pathways. Hyperbranched poly(ß amino ester) polyplexes (hPBAE) loaded with custom miR-148b mimics were then developed for targeted therapy. When evaluated in vitro, these hPBAE-based polyplexes sustained high intracellular uptake, low cytotoxicity, and efficient escape from endosomes to deliver functionally intact miRNA mimics to the cytosol. High-resolution confocal microscopy revealed successful intracellular uptake, cell viability was assessed through qualitative fluorescence microscopy and fluorescence-based DNA quantification, and successful cytosolic delivery of intact miRNA mimics was evaluated using real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) to demonstrate target gene knockdown. The hPBAE-miRNA mimic polyplexes were shown to induce apoptosis among A549 cells through direct modulation of intracellular protein expression, targeting multiple potential carcinogenic pathways at the gene level. These results indicated that spatially controlled miR-148b mimic delivery can promote efficient cancer cell death in vitro and may lead to an enhanced therapeutic design for in vivo application.

Dependence of the evolution of carbon dynamics in the northern permafrost region on the trajectory of climate change.

We conducted a model-based assessment of changes in permafrost area and carbon storage for simulations driven by RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 projections between 2010 and 2299 for the northern permafrost region. All models simulating carbon represented soil with depth, a critical structural feature needed to represent the permafrost carbon-climate feedback, but that is not a universal feature of all climate models. Between 2010 and 2299, simulations indicated losses of permafrost between 3 and 5 million km2 for the RCP4.5 climate and between 6 and 16 million km2 for the RCP8.5 climate. For the RCP4.5 projection, cumulative change in soil carbon varied between 66-Pg C (1015-g carbon) loss to 70-Pg C gain. For the RCP8.5 projection, losses in soil carbon varied between 74 and 652 Pg C (mean loss, 341 Pg C). For the RCP4.5 projection, gains in vegetation carbon were largely responsible for the overall projected net gains in ecosystem carbon by 2299 (8- to 244-Pg C gains). In contrast, for the RCP8.5 projection, gains in vegetation carbon were not great enough to compensate for the losses of carbon projected by four of the five models; changes in ecosystem carbon ranged from a 641-Pg C loss to a 167-Pg C gain (mean, 208-Pg C loss). The models indicate that substantial net losses of ecosystem carbon would not occur until after 2100. This assessment suggests that effective mitigation efforts during the remainder of this century could attenuate the negative consequences of the permafrost carbon-climate feedback.

Where and When Carbon Storage can be Bought Cost Effectively from Private Forest Owners.

The role of time in estimating the cost of forest carbon is often ignored in the literature, nor does the literature address the issues of where and when the purchase of forest carbon storage becomes socially beneficial. In our study, we identify the spatial and temporal allocations of forest carbon investments that are socially beneficial based on empirical analysis. We use the Central and Southern Appalachian region in the Eastern United States as a case study over three periods (i.e., 1992-2001, 2001-2006, and 2006-2011) that are roughly in line with moderate, upturn, and downturn market conditions. The areas from which it is socially beneficial to buy carbon storage are mainly in flat terrain and further away from urban boundaries, hence facing lower development pressure and lower urban net returns. These areas also have less urban land and more forestland. The mapping of carbon cost over the three market conditions in our case study also indicates that the socially beneficial carbon area shrinks as the opportunity cost increases when the real-estate market evolves from a moderately growing to a booming market. The socially beneficial carbon area shrinks further as the demand from urban development on forestland collapses when the real-estate market enters a downturn stage.

Combinatorial Delivery of miRNA-Nanoparticle Conjugates in Human Adipose Stem Cells for Amplified Osteogenesis.

It is becoming more apparent in tissue engineering applications that fine temporal control of multiple therapeutics is desirable to modulate progenitor cell fate and function. Herein, the independent temporal control of the co-delivery of miR-148b and miR-21 mimic plasmonic nanoparticle conjugates to induce osteogenic differentiation of human adipose stem cells (hASCs), in a de novo fashion, is described. By applying a thermally labile retro-Diels-Alder caging and linkage chemistry, these miRNAs can be triggered to de-cage serially with discrete control of activation times. The method relies on illumination of the nanoparticles at their resonant wavelengths to generate sufficient local heating and trigger the untethering of the Diels-Alder cycloadduct. Characterization of the photothermal release using fluorophore-tagged miRNA mimics in vitro is carried out with fluorescence measurements, second harmonic generation, and confocal imaging. Osteogenesis of hASCs from the sequential co-delivery of miR-21 and miR-148b mimics is assessed using xylenol orange and alizarin red staining of deposited minerals, and quantitative polymerase chain reaction for gene expression of osteogenic markers. The results demonstrate that sequential miRNA mimic activation results in upregulation of osteogenic markers and mineralization relative to miR-148b alone, and co-activation of miR-148b and miR-21 at the same time.

Potential efficiency gains in payment programs from resolving spatial and temporal heterogeneity in the cost of supplying forest carbon.

The environmental benefits and costs of conservation policies often vary over space and through time. Accounting for this spatial and temporal heterogeneity has important implications for the potential cost effectiveness of different payment program designs. In this study, we examine the cost efficiency gain from spatial and temporal targeting in payment designs for forest carbon storage in the Central and Southern Appalachian Mountains in the Eastern United States. We run a forest land change model and a carbon simulation model utilizing a panel data on forest land and its competing uses, economic returns, and spatial characteristics for each 1 km2 grid cells in 1992, 2001, 2006 and 2011. A time- and space-specific carbon cost for each individual 1 km2 grid cell is calculated that captures the spatial and temporal heterogeneity in carbon cost efficiency. From there, we compare carbon cost efficiency levels of various payment designs that allow for different degrees of spatial and temporal flexibility. We find that 1) spatial targeting improves carbon cost efficiency, and this efficiency gain is larger as payments become more narrowly targeted, 2) this carbon efficiency gain is present in all market conditions, but is largest in a moderately growing market and smallest in a downturn market, 3) accounting for temporal heterogeneity results in even larger carbon efficiency gains, almost double those from spatial targeting. Just as policies that enable spatial targeting (e.g., auctions) increase cost efficiency savings, so too will policy mechanisms that emphasize budget flexibility through time. These could include utilizing loans or flexible conservation financing, or allowing movement across budgeting categories within a given time period.

Obesity inhibits the osteogenic differentiation of human adipose-derived stem cells.

BACKGROUND: Craniomaxillofacial defects secondary to trauma, tumor resection, or congenital malformations are frequent unmet challenges, due to suboptimal alloplastic options and limited autologous tissues such as bone. Significant advances have been made in the application of adipose-derived stem/stromal cells (ASCs) in the pre-clinical and clinical settings as a cell source for tissue engineering approaches. To fully realize the translational potential of ASCs, the identification of optimal donors for ASCs will ensure the successful implementation of these cells for tissue engineering approaches. In the current study, the impact of obesity on the osteogenic differentiation of ASCs was investigated. METHODS: ASCs isolated from lean donors (body mass index <25; lnASCs) and obese donors (body mass index >30; obASCs) were induced with osteogenic differentiation medium as monolayers in an estrogen-depleted culture system and on three-dimensional scaffolds. Critical size calvarial defects were generated in male nude mice and treated with scaffolds implanted with lnASCs or obASCs. RESULTS: lnASCs demonstrated enhanced osteogenic differentiation in monolayer culture system, on three-dimensional scaffolds, and for the treatment of calvarial defects, whereas obASCs were unable to induce similar levels of osteogenic differentiation in vitro and in vivo. Gene expression analysis of lnASCs and obASCs during osteogenic differentiation demonstrated higher levels of osteogenic genes in lnASCs compared to obASCs. CONCLUSION: Collectively, these results indicate that obesity reduces the osteogenic differentiation capacity of ASCs such that they may have a limited suitability as a cell source for tissue engineering.

Plasmon-Enhanced Photocleaving Dynamics in Colloidal MicroRNA-Functionalized Silver Nanoparticles Monitored with Second Harmonic Generation.

The photocleaving dynamics of colloidal microRNA-functionalized nanoparticles are studied using time-dependent second harmonic generation (SHG) measurements. Model drug-delivery systems composed of oligonucleotides attached to either silver nanoparticles or polystyrene nanoparticles using a nitrobenzyl photocleavable linker are prepared and characterized. The photoactivated controlled release is observed to be most efficient on resonance at 365 nm irradiation, with pseudo-first-order rate constants that are linearly proportional to irradiation powers. Additionally, silver nanoparticles show a 6-fold plasmon enhancement in photocleaving efficiency over corresponding polystyrene nanoparticle rates, while our previous measurements on gold nanoparticles show a 2-fold plasmon enhancement compared to polystyrene nanoparticles. Characterizations including extinction spectroscopy, electrophoretic mobility, and fluorimetry measurements confirm the analysis from the SHG results. The real-time SHG measurements are shown to be a highly sensitive method for investigating plasmon-enhanced photocleaving dynamics in model drug delivery systems.

Developing regional weight-for-age growth references for malaria-endemic countries to optimize age-based dosing of antimalarials.

OBJECTIVE: To derive regional weight-for-age growth references to help optimize age-based dosing of antimalarials in Africa, the Americas, South-East Asia and the Western Pacific. METHODS: A weight-for-age database was constructed from pre-existing population-based anthropometric data obtained from household surveys and research groups. It contained data collected between 1995 and 2012 on 1,263,119 individuals (909,368 female, 353,751 male) older than 14 days and younger than 50 years in 64 malaria-endemic countries. Regional growth references were generated using a generalized additive model for location, scale and shape by combining data with varying distributions from a range of sources. Countries were weighted by their population at risk of malaria to enable references to be used in optimizing the dosing of antimalarials. FINDINGS: Large differences in weight-for-age distributions existed between the regions and between the regions and global growth standards. For example, the average adult male from the Americas weighed 68.1 kg ­ 6.0 kg more than males in South-East Asia and the Western Pacific (average: 62.1 kg). For adult women, the difference was over 10.4 kg: the average was 60.4 kg in the Americas and 50.0 kg in South-East Asia and the Western Pacific. CONCLUSION: There were substantial variations in weight-for-age growth curves between malaria-endemic areas. The growth reference charts derived here can be used to guide the evidence-based optimization of aged-based dosing regimens for antimalarials and other drugs often prescribed by age.

Monitoring the Photocleaving Dynamics of Colloidal MicroRNA-Functionalized Gold Nanoparticles Using Second Harmonic Generation.

Photoactivated drug delivery systems using gold nanoparticles provide the promise of spatiotemporal control of delivery that is crucial for applications ranging from regenerative medicine to cancer therapy. In this study, we use second harmonic generation (SHG) spectroscopy to monitor the light-activated controlled release of oligonucleotides from the surface of colloidal gold nanoparticles. MicroRNA is functionalized to spherical gold nanoparticles using a nitrobenzyl linker that undergoes photocleaving upon ultraviolet irradiation. The SHG signal generated from the colloidal nanoparticle sample is shown to be a sensitive probe for monitoring the photocleaving dynamics in real time. The photocleaving irradiation wavelength is scanned to show maximum efficiency on resonance at 365 nm, and the kinetics are investigated at varying irradiation powers to demonstrate that the nitrobenzyl photocleaving is a one-photon process. Additional characterization methods including electrophoretic mobility measurements, extinction spectroscopy, and fluorimetry are used to verify the SHG results, leading to a better understanding of the photocleaving dynamics for this model oligonucleotide therapeutic delivery system.

Rising methane emissions from northern wetlands associated with sea ice decline.

The Arctic is rapidly transitioning toward a seasonal sea ice-free state, perhaps one of the most apparent examples of climate change in the world. This dramatic change has numerous consequences, including a large increase in air temperatures, which in turn may affect terrestrial methane emissions. Nonetheless, terrestrial and marine environments are seldom jointly analyzed. By comparing satellite observations of Arctic sea ice concentrations to methane emissions simulated by three process-based biogeochemical models, this study shows that rising wetland methane emissions are associated with sea ice retreat. Our analyses indicate that simulated high-latitude emissions for 2005-2010 were, on average, 1.7 Tg CH4 yr-1 higher compared to 1981-1990 due to a sea ice-induced, autumn-focused, warming. Since these results suggest a continued rise in methane emissions with future sea ice decline, observation programs need to include measurements during the autumn to further investigate the impact of this spatial connection on terrestrial methane emissions.

Optimizing the programmatic deployment of the anti-malarials artemether-lumefantrine and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine using pharmacological modelling.

BACKGROUND: Successful programmatic use of anti-malarials faces challenges that are not covered by standard drug development processes. The development of appropriate pragmatic dosing regimens for low-resource settings or community-based use is not formally regulated, even though these may alter factors which can substantially affect individual patient and population level outcome, such as drug exposure, patient adherence and the spread of drug resistance and can affect a drug's reputation and its eventual therapeutic lifespan. METHODS: An in silico pharmacological model of anti-malarial drug treatment with the pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles of artemether-lumefantrine (AM-LF, Coartem®) and dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DHA-PPQ, Eurartesim®) was constructed to assess the potential impact of programmatic factors, including regionally optimized, age-based dosing regimens, poor patient adherence, food effects and drug resistance on treatment outcome at population level, and compared both drugs' susceptibility to these factors. RESULTS: Compared with DHA-PPQ, therapeutic effectiveness of AM-LF seems more robust to factors affecting drug exposure, such as age- instead of weight-based dosing or poor adherence. The model highlights the sub-optimally low ratio of DHA:PPQ which, in combination with the narrow therapeutic dose range of PPQ compared to DHA that drives the weight or age cut-offs, leaves DHA at a high risk of under-dosing. CONCLUSION: Pharmacological modelling of real-life scenarios can provide valuable supportive data and highlight modifiable determinants of therapeutic effectiveness that can help optimize the deployment of anti-malarials in control programmes.

In vitro activity studies of hyperthermal near-infrared nanoGUMBOS in MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells.

A new kind of material called nanoGUMBOS, comprised entirely of cations and anions, has been developed by pairing various functional ions that exhibit fluorescence activity with biocompatible ions, in a process very much akin to that employed in ionic liquid chemistry. In the present study, spectral and biological properties of NIR absorbing nanoGUMBOS were evaluated using electron microscopy, dynamic light scattering, absorbance, thermal imaging, and live/dead fluorescence assays in conjunction with malignant MDA-MB-231 and non-malignant HS-578-BST epithelial human breast cells. The primary focus of this study was to maximize heat generation using NIR laser irradiation and minimize non-specific cytotoxicity using biocompatible constituent ions (e.g. amino acids, vitamins, or organic acids). Concurrently, in order to generate highly responsive nanomaterials for NIR-laser-triggered hyperthermia, optimization of the nanoparticle size, shape, and uniformity was carried out. Evaluation of data from hyperthermal studies of NIR absorbing nanoGUMBOS shows that these materials can achieve temperatures above the threshold for killing cancerous cells. Additionally, in vitro cell based assays demonstrated their promising hyperthermal effects on cancer derived epithelial cells.

Applications of Diels-Alder Chemistry in Biomaterials and Drug Delivery.

Recent studies, leveraging click chemistry reactions, have significantly advanced the fields of biomaterials and drug delivery. Of these click reactions, the Diels-Alder cycloaddition is exceptionally valuable for synthetic organic chemistry and biomaterial design, as it occurs under mild reaction conditions and can undergo a retrograde reaction, under physiologically relevant conditions, to yield the initial reactants. In this review, potential applications of the Diels-Alder reaction are explored within the nexus of biomaterials and drug delivery. This includes an emphasis on key platforms such as polymers, nanoparticles, and hydrogels which utilize Diels-Alder for drug delivery, functionalized surfaces, bioconjugation, and other diverse applications. Specifically, this review will focus on the use of Diels-Alder biomaterials in applications of tissue engineering and cancer therapies, while providing a discussion of the advantages, platforms, and applications of Diels-Alder click chemistry.

Posttranscriptional Modification to Modulate Progenitor Differentiation on Heterotypic Spheroids.

Cell aggregates are widely used to study heterotypic cellular interactions during the development of vascularization in vitro. In this study, we examined heterotypic cellular spheroids made of adipose-derived stem cells and CD34+/CD31- endothelial progenitor cells induced by the transfection of miR-148b mimic for de novo induction of osteogenic differentiation and miR-210 mimic for de novo induction of endotheliogenesis, respectively. The effect of the microRNA (miRs) mimic treatment group and induction time on codifferentiation was assessed in spheroids formed of transfected cells over the course of a 4-week culture. Based on gene and protein markers of osteogenic and endotheliogenic differentiation, as well as mineralization assays, our results showed that miRs directed cell differentiation and that progenitor maturity influenced the development of heterotypic cellular regions in aggregates. Overall, the success of coculture to create a prevascularized bone model is dependent on a number of factors, particularly the induction time of differentiation before combining the multiple cell types in aggregates. The approach that has been proposed could be valuable in creating vascularized bone tissue by employing spheroids as the building blocks of more complex issues through the use of cutting-edge methods such as 3D bioprinting.

High-Throughput Bioprinting of Spheroids for Scalable Tissue Fabrication.

Tissue biofabrication that replicates an organ-specific architecture and function requires physiologically-relevant cell densities. Bioprinting using spheroids has the potential to create constructs with native cell densities, but its application is limited due to the lack of practical, scalable techniques. This study presents HITS-Bio (High-throughput Integrated Tissue Fabrication System for Bioprinting), a novel multiarray spheroid bioprinting technology enabling scalable tissue fabrication by rapidly positioning a number of spheroids simultaneously using a digitally-controlled nozzle array (DCNA) platform. HITS-Bio achieves an unprecedented speed, an order of magnitude faster compared to existing techniques while maintaining high cell viability (>90%). The platform's ability to pattern multiple spheroids simultaneously enhances fabrication rates proportionally to the size of DCNA used. The utility of HITS-Bio was exemplified in multiple applications, including intraoperative bioprinting with microRNA transfected spheroids for calvarial bone regeneration (∼30 mm 3 ) in a rat model achieving a near-complete defect closure (∼91% in 3 weeks and ∼96% in 6 weeks). Additionally, the successful fabrication of scalable cartilage constructs (1 cm 3 ) containing ∼600 chondrogenic spheroids highlights its high-throughput efficiency (under 40 min per construct) and potential for repairing volumetric tissue defects.

Near-Infrared Induced miR-34a Delivery from Nanoparticles in Esophageal Cancer Treatment.

Current nucleic acid delivery methods have not achieved efficient, non-toxic delivery of miRNAs with tumor-specific selectivity. In this study, a new delivery system based on light-inducible gold-silver-gold, core-shell-shell (CSS) nanoparticles is presented. This system delivers small nucleic acid therapeutics with precise spatiotemporal control, demonstrating the potential for achieving tumor-specific selectivity and efficient delivery of miRNA mimics. The light-inducible particles leverage the photothermal heating of metal nanoparticles due to the local surface plasmonic resonance for controlled chemical cleavage and release of the miRNA mimic payload. The CSS morphology and composition result in a plasmonic resonance within the near-infrared (NIR) region of the light spectrum. Through this method, exogenous miR-34a-5p mimics are effectively delivered to human squamous cell carcinoma TE10 cells, leading to apoptosis induction without adverse effects on untransformed keratinocytes in vitro. The CSS nanoparticle delivery system is tested in vivo in Foxn1nu athymic nude mice with bilateral human esophageal TE10 cancer cells xenografts. These experiments reveal that this CSS nanoparticle conjugates, when systemically administered, followed by 850 nm light emitting diode irradiation at the tumor site, 6 h post-injection, produce a significant and sustained reduction in tumor volume, exceeding 87% in less than 72 h.

Practical dosing of praziquantel for schistosomiasis in preschool-aged children.

OBJECTIVE: Schistosomiasis is known to occur in preschool-aged children, but achieving accurate dosing of praziquantel in its current form is challenging. While waiting for a paediatric formulation, there is a need to develop a means for using the available products to treat this age group. Current 600-mg tablets are differently scored to give units of 150 mg (a quarter of a tablet) or 300 mg (half a tablet). METHODS: We examined several dosing schemes to dose accurately (40-60 mg/kg) children aged 3-72 months (weight range 4-25 kg, based on available weight-for-age growth references from sub-Saharan Africa and Brazil, n = 106,230). RESULTS: Adequate dosing can be achieved with formulations that can be split into four 150 mg quarters for children weighing 5 kg or more, and with tablets than can be split into two 300 mg halves for children weighing 10 kg or more. Giving ½ tablet for 5-7 kg; ¾ tablet for 8-10 kg; 1 tablet for 11-15 kg; 1 ½ tablet for 16-21 kg; and two tablets for 22-25 kg will have 100% of subjects correctly dosed within the target 40-60 mg/kg range. CONCLUSIONS: Formulations that can be divided into four parts (to give 150 mg increments) are preferred for children weighing less than 11 kg; the same dosing can be applied with 600 mf praziquantel formulations that can be divided into four quarters or two halves from 11 kg body weight.

Insights and issues with simulating terrestrial DOC loading of Arctic river networks.

Terrestrial carbon dynamics influence the contribution of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to river networks in addition to hydrology. In this study, we use a biogeochemical process model to simulate the lateral transfer of DOC from land to the Arctic Ocean via riverine transport. We estimate that, over the 20th century, the pan-Arctic watershed has contributed, on average, 32 Tg C/yr of DOC to river networks emptying into the Arctic Ocean with most of the DOC coming from the extensive area of boreal deciduous needle-leaved forests and forested wetlands in Eurasian watersheds. We also estimate that the rate of terrestrial DOC loading has been increasing by 0.037 Tg C/yr2 over the 20th century primarily as a result of climate-induced increases in water yield. These increases have been offset by decreases in terrestrial DOC loading caused by wildfires. Other environmental factors (CO2 fertilization, ozone pollution, atmospheric nitrogen deposition, timber harvest, agriculture) are estimated to have relatively small effects on terrestrial DOC loading to Arctic rivers. The effects of the various environmental factors on terrestrial carbon dynamics have both offset and enhanced concurrent effects on hydrology to influence terrestrial DOC loading and may be changing the relative importance of terrestrial carbon dynamics on this carbon flux. Improvements in simulating terrestrial DOC loading to pan-Arctic rivers in the future will require better information on the production and consumption of DOC within the soil profile, the transfer of DOC from land to headwater streams, the spatial distribution of precipitation and its temporal trends, carbon dynamics of larch-dominated ecosystems in eastern Siberia, and the role of industrial organic effluents on carbon budgets of rivers in western Russia.

A life cycle and product type based estimator for quantifying the carbon stored in wood products.

BACKGROUND: Timber harvesting and industrial wood processing laterally transfer the carbon stored in forest sectors to wood products creating a wood products carbon pool. The carbon stored in wood products is allocated to end-use wood products (e.g., paper, furniture), landfill, and charcoal. Wood products can store substantial amounts of carbon and contribute to the mitigation of greenhouse effects. Therefore, accurate accounts for the size of wood products carbon pools for different regions are essential to estimating the land-atmosphere carbon exchange by using the bottom-up approach of carbon stock change. RESULTS: To quantify the carbon stored in wood products, we developed a state-of-the-art estimator (Wood Products Carbon Storage Estimator, WPsCS Estimator) that includes the wood products disposal, recycling, and waste wood decomposition processes. The wood products carbon pool in this estimator has three subpools: (1) end-use wood products, (2) landfill, and (3) charcoal carbon. In addition, it has a user-friendly interface, which can be used to easily parameterize and calibrate an estimation. To evaluate its performance, we applied this estimator to account for the carbon stored in wood products made from the timber harvested in Maine, USA, and the carbon storage of wood products consumed in the United States. CONCLUSION: The WPsCS Estimator can efficiently and easily quantify the carbon stored in harvested wood products for a given region over a specific period, which was demonstrated with two illustrative examples. In addition, WPsCS Estimator has a user-friendly interface, and all parameters can be easily modified.