The Emerging Role of ATP-Dependent Chromatin Remodeling in Memory and Substance Use Disorders.

Long-term memory formation requires coordinated regulation of gene expression and persistent changes in cell function. For decades, research has implicated histone modifications in regulating chromatin compaction necessary for experience-dependent changes to gene expression and cell function during memory formation. Recent evidence suggests that another epigenetic mechanism, ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling, works in concert with the histone-modifying enzymes to produce large-scale changes to chromatin structure. This review examines how histone-modifying enzymes and chromatin remodelers restructure chromatin to facilitate memory formation. We highlight the emerging evidence implicating ATP-dependent chromatin remodeling as an essential mechanism that mediates activity-dependent gene expression, plasticity, and cell function in developing and adult brains. Finally, we discuss how studies that target chromatin remodelers have expanded our understanding of the role that these complexes play in substance use disorders.

Emerging Therapeutics Based on the Amino Acid Neurotransmitter System: An Update on the Pharmaceutical Pipeline for Mood Disorders.

Mood disorders represent a pressing public health issue and significant source of disability throughout the world. The classical monoamine hypothesis, while useful in developing improved understanding and clinical treatments, has not fully captured the complex nature underlying mood disorders. Despite these shortcomings, the monoamine hypothesis continues to dominate the conceptual framework when approaching mood disorders. However, recent advances in basic and clinical research have led to a greater appreciation for the role that amino acid neurotransmitters play in the pathophysiology of mood disorders and as potential targets for novel therapies. In this article we review progress of compounds that focus on these systems. We cover both glutamate-targeting drugs such as: esketamine, AVP-786, REL-1017, AXS-05, rapastinel (GLYX-13), AV-101, NRX-101; as well as GABA-targeting drugs such as: brexanolone (SAGE-547), ganaxolone, zuranolone (SAGE-217), and PRAX-114. We focus the review on phase-II and phase-III clinical trials and evaluate the extant data and progress of these compounds.