Role of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation as a salvage therapy for liver transplantation recipients in a high-volume transplant center.

Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) has been used sporadically in adult orthotopic liver transplantation (OLT) recipients for the treatment of acute cardiopulmonary failure. This retrospective study aimed to identify OLT patients who would benefit from ECMO support. We reviewed 109 OLT patients who received ECMO support for more than 24 h from January 2007 to December 2020. Among the enrolled patients, 15 (13.8%) experienced 18 ECMO-related complications and 12 (11.0%) experienced ECMO reapplication after weaning during the same hospitalization period. The successful weaning rates were 50.98% in patients who received ECMO support during the peritransplantation period (0-30 days from transplantation) and 51.72% in patients who received ECMO support in the post-OLT period (more than 30 days after OLT); 24 (47.1%) and 23 (39.7%) patients survived until hospital discharge, respectively. The 109 enrolled OLT recipients who received ECMO support during the perioperative period had a 1-year survival rate of 42.6%. Multivariate analyses identified the following as significant and independent risk factors for in-hospital mortality: ECMO treatment prior to 2011 ( p = 0.04), septic shock as the indication for ECMO treatment ( p = 0.001), and a total bilirubin level of ≥5.0 mg/dl ( p = 0.02). The outcomes of adult OLT recipients with ECMO treatment were acceptable in terms of weaning success and survival until hospital discharge. This study confirmed that ECMO treatment for OLT recipients with septic shock and elevated bilirubin levels might be associated with a higher in-hospital mortality and demonstrated the importance of a multidisciplinary ECMO team approach.

Risk factors for Pneumocystis pneumonia with acute respiratory failure among kidney transplant recipients.

PURPOSE: One of the rare life-threatening fungal infections is pneumocystis pneumonia (PCP). Immunocompromised patients are the main vulnerable population. We investigate the risk factors associated with the development of severe PCP infection with acute respiratory failure after kidney transplantation. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective, single-center, case-control study. PCP patients who are kidney transplant recipients and required high-flow oxygen support or mechanical ventilation between March 2009 and February 2017 were included in the study. The comparison was conducted between the non-severe and severe PCP groups. To identify associated risk factors, we performed univariate and multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Among the total 2,330 kidney transplant recipients, 50 patients (2.1%) were diagnosed with PCP. Of these, 27 patients (54.0%) had severe PCP and 7 patients (14.0%) died, all of them were severe PCP patients. In the severe PCP group, the time from transplantation to PCP diagnosis (23.4 ± 24.9 months vs. 13.7 ± 9.9 months, p = 0.090) was insignificantly faster than in the non-severe PCP group. According to multiple logistic regression analysis, the significant risk factors associated with severe PCP were as follows, age (odds ratios (OR) 1.07; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 1.01-1.13; p = 0.027), time from transplantation to PCP diagnosis (odds ratios (OR) 0.92; 95% confidence intervals (CI): 0.86-0.99; p = 0.024), lymphopenia (OR 6.48; 95% CI: 1.05-40.09; p = 0.044), and history of acute rejection within 1 year (OR 8.28; 95% CI: 1.29-53.20; p = 0.026). CONCLUSION: Patients who have lymphopenia at the time of hospital admission or have been recently treated with acute rejection are more likely to progress to severe PCP, requiring intensive monitoring and aggressive treatment.

The Profile of Early Sedation Depth and Clinical Outcomes of Mechanically Ventilated Patients in Korea.

BACKGROUND: Current international guidelines recommend against deep sedation as it is associated with worse outcomes in the intensive care unit (ICU). However, in Korea the prevalence of deep sedation and its impact on patients in the ICU are not well known. METHODS: From April 2020 to July 2021, a multicenter, prospective, longitudinal, noninterventional cohort study was performed in 20 Korean ICUs. Sedation depth extent was divided into light and deep using a mean Richmond Agitation-Sedation Scale value within the first 48 hours. Propensity score matching was used to balance covariables; the outcomes were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: Overall, 631 patients (418 [66.2%] and 213 [33.8%] in the deep and light sedation groups, respectively) were included. Mortality rates were 14.1% and 8.4% in the deep and light sedation groups (P = 0.039), respectively. Kaplan-Meier estimates showed that time to extubation (P < 0.001), ICU length of stay (P = 0.005), and death (P = 0.041) differed between the groups. After adjusting for confounders, early deep sedation was only associated with delayed time to extubation (hazard ratio [HR], 0.66; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.55-0.80; P < 0.001). In the matched cohort, deep sedation remained significantly associated with delayed time to extubation (HR, 0.68; 95% CI, 0.56-0.83; P < 0.001) but was not associated with ICU length of stay (HR, 0.94; 95% CI, 0.79-1.13; P = 0.500) and in-hospital mortality (HR, 1.19; 95% CI, 0.65-2.17; P = 0.582). CONCLUSION: In many Korean ICUs, early deep sedation was highly prevalent in mechanically ventilated patients and was associated with delayed extubation, but not prolonged ICU stay or in-hospital death.

Clinical outcomes and prognostic factors of patients with sepsis caused by intra-abdominal infection in the intensive care unit: a post-hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study in Korea.

BACKGROUND: Sepsis is the most common cause of death in hospitals, and intra-abdominal infection (IAI) accounts for a large portion of the causes of sepsis. We investigated the clinical outcomes and factors influencing mortality of patients with sepsis due to IAI. METHODS: This post-hoc analysis of a prospective cohort study included 2126 patients with sepsis who visited 16 tertiary care hospitals in Korea (September 2019-February 2020). The analysis included 219 patients aged > 19 years who were admitted to intensive care units owing to sepsis caused by IAI. RESULTS: The incidence of septic shock was 47% and was significantly higher in the non-survivor group (58.7% vs 42.3%, p = 0.028). The overall 28-day mortality was 28.8%. In multivariable logistic regression, after adjusting for age, sex, Charlson Comorbidity Index, and lactic acid, only coagulation dysfunction (odds ratio: 2.78 [1.47-5.23], p = 0.001) was independently associated, and after adjusting for each risk factor, only simplified acute physiology score III (SAPS 3) (p < 0.001) and continuous renal replacement therapy (CRRT) (p < 0.001) were independently associated with higher 28-day mortality. CONCLUSIONS: The SAPS 3 score and acute kidney injury with CRRT were independently associated with increased 28-day mortality. Additional support may be needed in patients with coagulopathy than in those with other organ dysfunctions due to IAI because patients with coagulopathy had worse prognosis.

Development of a new pharmacokinetic model for target-concentration controlled infusion of vancomycin in critically ill patients.

The aim of this prospective study was to construct a new pharmacokinetic model of vancomycin for target-concentration controlled infusion (TCI). As the first loading dose, 25 mg/kg of vancomycin was administered during 60-90 min. Arterial blood samples were obtained at pre-set intervals to measure the serum concentrations of vancomycin. Population pharmacokinetic analysis was performed using the NONMEM software (ICON Development Solutions). In total, 197 serum concentration measurements from 22 patients were used to characterise the pharmacokinetics of vancomycin. A three-compartment mammillary model best described the pharmacokinetics of vancomycin in critically ill patients. The ideal body weight was a significant covariate for the central and slow peripheral volume of distribution. The weight and age converted to categorical variables at a cut-off of 65 years were a significant covariate for the clearance. Based on the results of stochastic simulation, the TCI method maintained the therapeutic concentration range for the longest duration. In addition, assuming that vancomycin was administered by the TCI method for 7 days, the dose was reduced by about 15% compared with the standard administration methods. The daily area under the curve values were maintained between 500 mg·h/L and 600 mg·h/L. TCI has the potential to become a new infusion method for patient-tailored dosing in critically ill patients. To administer vancomycin via TCI in clinical practice, the newly constructed pharmacokinetic model should undergo proper external validation.

Feasibility, safety, and functional recovery after active rehabilitation in critically ill surgical patients.

BACKGROUND: The characteristics of critically ill surgical patients differ from those of medical patients. Few studies have evaluated rehabilitation in surgical intensive care units (SICUs), particularly in non-Western countries and in elderly patients. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the rehabilitation characteristics, safety, and functional recovery in non-Western SICU patients. METHODS: Data from patients who received active rehabilitation in 2016 were retrospectively reviewed. Clinical characteristics, functional recovery, and safety were investigated and compared in patients aged <65 or ≥65 years. Potential safety events were also compared between the two age groups and according to the reason for SICU admission. RESULTS: Data from 157 patients were included in the analysis. The number of patients who were able to stand or walk increased from the beginning of rehabilitation to the time of ICU discharge (from 52 to 102 patients, P < 0.01). The Activity Measure for Post-Acute Care (AM-PAC) score also increased during rehabilitation (from 11.6 to 13.9, P < 0.01). Functional recovery did not differ between the two age groups. During 780 rehabilitation sessions, 23 potential safety events (3.0%) were noted; no significant differences were seen between the two age groups. A significant difference was noted when patients were grouped according to the reason for SICU admission (1.7% in postoperative care patients vs 4.5% in patients admitted for other reasons, P = 0.02). CONCLUSIONS: Active rehabilitation in critically ill surgical patients is feasible and safe and resulted in improved mobility, regardless of age. However, the reason for SICU admission should be considered.

Prevalence of Malnutrition in Hospitalized Patients: a Multicenter Cross-sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Malnutrition is associated with many adverse clinical outcomes. The present study aimed to identify the prevalence of malnutrition in hospitalized patients in Korea, evaluate the association between malnutrition and clinical outcomes, and ascertain the risk factors of malnutrition. METHODS: A multicenter cross-sectional study was performed with 300 patients recruited from among the patients admitted in 25 hospitals on January 6, 2014. Nutritional status was assessed by using the Subjective Global Assessment (SGA). Demographic characteristics and underlying diseases were compared according to nutritional status. Logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the risk factors of malnutrition. Clinical outcomes such as rate of admission in intensive care units, length of hospital stay, and survival rate were evaluated. RESULTS: The prevalence of malnutrition in the hospitalized patients was 22.0%. Old age (≥ 70 years), admission for medical treatment or diagnostic work-up, and underlying pulmonary or oncological disease were associated with malnutrition. Old age and admission for medical treatment or diagnostic work-up were identified to be risk factors of malnutrition in the multivariate analysis. Patients with malnutrition had longer hospital stay (SGA A = 7.63 ± 6.03 days, B = 9.02 ± 9.96 days, and C = 12.18 ± 7.24 days, P = 0.018) and lower 90-day survival rate (SGA A = 97.9%, B = 90.7%, and C = 58.3%, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION: Malnutrition was common in hospitalized patients, and resulted in longer hospitalization and associated lower survival rate. The rate of malnutrition tended to be higher when the patient was older than 70 years old or hospitalized for medical treatment or diagnostic work-up compared to elective surgery.

Liberation from mechanical ventilation in critically ill patients: Korean Society of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines.

BACKGROUND: Successful liberation from mechanical ventilation is one of the most crucial processes in critical care because it is the first step by which a respiratory failure patient begins to transition out of the intensive care unit and return to their own life. Therefore, when devising appropriate strategies for removing mechanical ventilation, it is essential to consider not only the individual experiences of healthcare professionals, but also scientific and systematic approaches. Recently, numerous studies have investigated methods and tools for identifying when mechanically ventilated patients are ready to breathe on their own. The Korean Society of Critical Care Medicine therefore provides these recommendations to clinicians about liberation from the ventilator. METHODS: Meta-analyses and comprehensive syntheses were used to thoroughly review, compile, and summarize the complete body of relevant evidence. All studies were meticulously assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) method, and the outcomes were presented succinctly as evidence profiles. Those evidence syntheses were discussed by a multidisciplinary committee of experts in mechanical ventilation, who then developed and approved recommendations. RESULTS: Recommendations for nine PICO (population, intervention, comparator, and outcome) questions about ventilator liberation are presented in this document. This guideline includes seven conditional recommendations, one expert consensus recommendation, and one conditional deferred recommendation. CONCLUSIONS: We developed these clinical guidelines for mechanical ventilation liberation to provide meaningful recommendations. These guidelines reflect the best treatment for patients seeking liberation from mechanical ventilation.

Liberation from Mechanical Ventilation in Critically Ill Patients: Korean Society of Critical Care Medicine Clinical Practice Guidelines.

BACKGROUND: Successful liberation from mechanical ventilation is one of the most crucial processes in critical care, because it is the first step through which a respiratory failure patient begins to transition out of the intensive care unit, and return to normal life. Therefore, when devising appropriate strategies for removing mechanical ventilation, it is essential to consider scientific and systematic approaches, as well as the individual experiences of healthcare professionals. Recently, numerous studies have investigated methods and tools to identify when mechanically ventilated patients are ready to breathe on their own. The Korean Society of Critical Care Medicine therefore provides these recommendations to clinicians for liberation from the ventilator. METHODS: Meta-analyses and comprehensive syntheses were used to thoroughly review, compile, and summarize the complete body of relevant evidence. All studies were meticulously assessed using the Grading of Recommendations, Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) method, and the outcomes were presented succinctly as evidence profiles. These evidence syntheses were discussed by a multidisciplinary committee of experts in mechanical ventilation, who then developed and approved the recommendations. RESULTS: Recommendations for nine questions on ventilator liberation about Population, Intervention, Comparator, and Outcome (PICO) are presented in this document. This guideline presents seven conditional recommendations, one expert consensus recommendation, and one conditional deferred recommendation. CONCLUSION: We developed these clinical guidelines for mechanical ventilation liberation to provide meaningful recommendations. These guidelines reflect the best treatment for patients seeking liberation from mechanical ventilation.

The effects of environmental interventions for delirium in critically ill surgical patients.

BACKGROUND: Delirium occurs at high rates among patients in intensive care units and increases the risk of morbidity and mortality. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of environmental interventions on delirium. METHODS: This prospective cohort study enrolled 192 patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit (SICU) during the pre-intervention (June 2013 to October 2013) and post-intervention (June 2014 to October 2014) periods. Environmental interventions involved a cognitive assessment, an orientation, and a comfortable environment including proper sleep conditions. The primary outcomes were the prevalence, duration, and onset of delirium. RESULTS: There were no statistically significant differences in incidence rate, time of delirium onset, general characteristics, and mortality between the pre-intervention and post-intervention groups. The durations of delirium were 14.4±19.1 and 7.7±7.3 days in the pre-intervention and post-intervention groups, respectively, a significant reduction (P=0.027). The lengths of SICU stay were 20.0±22.9 and 12.6±8.7 days for the pre-intervention and post-intervention groups, respectively, also a significant reduction (P=0.030). CONCLUSIONS: The implementation of an environmental intervention program reduced the duration of delirium and length of stay in the SICU for critically ill surgical patients.

Specialty impact on residents' perceived quality of life, stress, and job satisfaction: a comparative study.

Purpose: Specialty choice in residency training has a significant impact on an individual's career and satisfaction, as well as the supply-demand imbalance in the healthcare system. The current study aimed to investigate the quality of life (QOL), stress, self-confidence, and job satisfaction of residents, and to explore factors associated with such variables, including postgraduate year, sex, and especially specialty, through a cross-sectional survey. Methods: An online survey was administered to residents at 2 affiliated teaching hospitals. The survey had a total of 46 items encompassing overall residency life such as workload, QOL, stress, confidence, relationship, harassment, and satisfaction. Related survey items were then reconstructed into 4 key categories through exploratory factor analysis for comparison according to group classification. Results: The weekly work hours of residents in vital and other specialties were similar, but residents in vital specialties had significantly more on-call days per month. Residents in vital specialties had significantly lower scores for QOL and satisfaction. Specifically, vital-surgical residents had significantly lower QOL scores and higher stress scores than the other specialty groups. Satisfaction scores were also lowest among vital-surgical residents, with a marginal difference from vital-medical, and a significant difference from other-surgical residents. Female residents had significantly lower satisfaction scores than their male counterparts. Conclusion: Residents in vital specialties, particularly vital-surgical specialties, experience significantly worse working conditions across multiple dimensions. It is necessary to improve not only the quantity but also the quality of the system in terms of resource allocation and prioritization.

Determining the appropriate resting energy expenditure requirement for severe trauma patients using indirect calorimetry in Korea: a retrospective observational study.

Purpose: This study aimed to compare the resting energy expenditure (REE) measured using indirect calorimetry with that estimated using predictive equations in severe trauma patients to determine the appropriate caloric requirements. Methods: Patients admitted to the surgical intensive care unit between January 2020 and March 2023 were included in this study. Indirect calorimetry was used to measure the patients' REE values. These values were subsequently compared with those estimated using predictive equations: the weight-based equation (rule of thumb, 25 kcal/kg/day), Harris-Benedict, Ireton-Jones, and the Penn State 2003 equations. Results: A total of 27 severe trauma patients were included in this study, and 47 indirect calorimetric measurements were conducted. The weight-based equation (mean difference [MD], -28.96±303.58 kcal) and the Penn State 2003 equation (MD, -3.56±270.39 kcal) showed the closest results to REE measured by indirect calorimetry. However, the REE values estimated using the Harris-Benedict equation (MD, 156.64±276.54 kcal) and Ireton-Jones equation (MD, 250.87±332.54 kcal) displayed significant differences from those measured using indirect calorimetry. The concordance rate, which the predictive REE differs from the measured REE value within 10%, was up to 36.2%. Conclusions: The REE values estimated using predictive equations exhibited substantial differences from those measured via indirect calorimetry. Therefore, it is necessary to measure the REE value through indirect calorimetry in severe trauma patients.

Current status of laparoscopic emergency surgery in Korea: multicenter restrospective cohort study.

Purpose: Laparoscopic surgery is a choice in several emergency settings. However, there has been no nationwide study or survey that has compared the clinical use of laparoscopic emergency surgery (LES) versus open abdominal emergency surgery (OES) in Korea. Therefore, we examined the state of LES across multiple centers in Korea and further compared this data with the global state based on published reports. Methods: Data of 2,122 patients who received abdominal emergency surgery between 2014 and 2019 in three hospitals in Korea were collected and retrospectively analyzed. Several clinical factors were investigated and analyzed. Results: Of the patients, 1,280 (60.3%) were in the OES group and 842 (39.7%) were in the LES group. The most commonly operated organ in OES was the small bowel (25.8%), whereas that for LES was the appendix. In appendectomy and cholecystectomy, 93.7% and 88.0% were in the LES group. In small bowel surgery, gastric surgery, and large bowel surgery, 89.4%, 92.0%, and 79.1% were in the OES group. The severity-related factors of patient status demonstrated statistically significant limiting factors of selection between LES and OES. Conclusion: Although our study has several limitations, compared to the LES data from other countries, the general LES state was similar in appendectomies, cholecystectomies, and small bowel surgeries. However, in gastric and colorectal surgeries, the LES state was different from those of other countries. This study demonstrated the LES state and limiting factors of selection between LES and OES in various operated organs. Further studies are required to analyze these differences and the various limiting factors.

Outcomes of hemodynamically stable patients with pancreatic injury after blunt abdominal trauma.

BACKGROUND: To date there is no systematical report about blunt pancreatic injury focused on hemodynamically stable patients. This study reports on our experience in this rare subgroup at a tertiary referral hospital. METHODS: A total of 58 adult patients were identified during a 10-year period and their clinical data were analyzed. Injury to the main pancreatic duct (MPD) was basically confirmed by pancreatography or surgical findings. RESULTS: MPD disruption was confirmed in 36 patients (62%) and was more frequent in the pancreatic neck and body. The median time from trauma to confirmation was 14 days [interquartile range (IQR) 3-23 days] including time from admission to confirmation of 10.5 days [IQR 3-20 days]. Patients with MPD injury showed higher injury severity score, more frequent pancreas-specific complications and longer hospital stays. The sensitivity and specificity of initial computed tomography (CT) for MPD injury were 63.9% (23/36) and 81.8% (18/22), respectively. The mortality rate was 7%, and all deaths were directly attributed to pancreatic injury. Complications occurred in 22 patients (37%) and 17 developed during hospitalization. Time from trauma to confirmation of MPD disruption (odds ratio 1.132; 95% confidence interval 1.021-1.255, P=0.019) was the only independent factor associated with unfavorable events among patients with high-grade injury. CONCLUSIONS: MPD injury was not infrequent in hemodynamically stable patients. Physicians were more responsible for the delay in diagnosis of MPD disruption, which was primarily associated with adverse outcomes. A rapid, multidisciplinary approach may lead to better outcomes in hemodynamically stable patients with blunt pancreatic injury.

Intensive pulmonary support using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in adult patients undergoing liver transplantation.

BACKGROUND/AIMS: Adult liver transplantation (LT) recipients occasionally show serious acute cardiopulmonary dysfunction, requiring intensive care. We have assessed the feasibility of extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) support in adult LT recipients facing acute pulmonary failure and refractory to conventional mechanical ventilation and concurrent nitric oxide gas inhalation. METHODOLOGY: From January 2008 to June 2009, 9 adult LT recipients required ECMO support due to pneumonia (n=5) and adult respiratory distress syndrome (n=4). Mean age was 52.6 ± 5.9 years and mean model for end-stage liver disease score was 29.0 ± 7.5. Five patients underwent living-donor LT and four underwent deceased-donor LT. RESULTS: Veno-venous access mode was used and continuous veno-venous hemodiafiltration was performed concurrently in all 9 patients. No procedure related complications occurred. Successful ECMO weaning was achieved in 4 patients (44.4%) at the first attempt, after mean ECMO support of 12.0 ± 6.8 days but the other five died due to overwhelming infection prior to ECMO weaning. Univariate analysis revealed no significant risk factors for failing ECMO support before ECMO start. CONCLUSIONS: ECMO as rescue therapy seems beneficial to be considered as a final therapeutic option for LT recipients with refractory pulmonary dysfunction who would otherwise die due to hypoxemia.

Clinical Effect of Preoperative 25-OH-Vitamin D3 Level in Liver Transplant Recipients.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency is common in patients with chronic liver disease and is associated with increased risk of infection and mortality. This study evaluated the effects of preoperative vitamin D levels on clinical outcomes after liver transplant. METHODS: This single-center retrospective study included liver transplant recipients from June to November 2017 who had preoperative 25-OH-vitamin D3 (25-OH-D3) data. Severe vitamin D deficiency, insufficiency, and normal levels were defined as serum 25-OH-D3 concentrations of < 10 ng/mL, 10 to 20 ng/mL, and ≥ 20 ng/mL, respectively. The primary outcome was length of hospital stay; secondary outcomes included the duration of normalization of inflammatory markers after liver transplant, new infection rates, rejection rates, length of intensive care unit stay, and mortality according to preoperative 25-OH-D3 levels. RESULTS: Among 219 liver transplant recipients, 67.6% were vitamin D-deficient. The mean (standard deviation) 25-OH-D3 concentration was 17.8 (13.2) ng/mL, and 65 (29.7%) patients had levels < 10 ng/mL. Patients with lower mean 25-OH-D3 levels had significantly longer intensive care unit (13.8 [21.9] days vs 5.9 [12.3] days vs 2.7 [4.6] days, P < .001) and hospital (59.0 [66.0] days vs 42.0 [67.4] days vs 27.2 [17.1] days, P = .001) stays. The incidence of new infections was higher in the vitamin D deficiency group. (46.2% vs 28.9% vs 14.1%, P < .001). A higher Nutritional Risk Screening 2002 score (adjusted odds ratio, 1.77; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.24-2.56; P = .002) and severe vitamin D deficiency (adjusted odds ratio, 3.43; 95% CI, 1.57-7.57; P = .002) were significant risk factors for poor outcome among patients who had been in the hospital for more than 43 days. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin D deficiency before liver transplant was associated with increased intensive care unit and hospital lengths of stay. Although several factors may influence the clinical outcomes of patients with liver transplant, low vitamin D3 was an independent risk factor.

Treatment Outcome and Risk Factors Associated with Diffuse Axonal Injury in Patients with Moderate to Severe Head Injury.

AIM: To evaluate diffuse axonal injury (DAI) patients according to DAI stage to identify risk factors that may affect clinical outcome. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 992 traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients visited our hospital between 2011 and 2016. Thirtyseven patients diagnosed with DAI were enrolled in this study and stratified by DAI stage: Stage I, 20 patients (54.1%); Stage II, 4 patients (10.8%); and Stage III, 13 patients (35.1%). RESULTS: The mean age and the median follow-up period were 45.43 years and 13 months, respectively. Patient demographic data and clinical findings on admission showed no differences according to DAI stage, except for the revised trauma score (RTS) (p=0.026). In univariate analysis, stages I and II vs. III (p=0.001) and stages I vs. II and III (p=0.019), transfusion within 24 hours of visit (p=0.033), shock or cardiac arrest (p=0.006), traumatic subarachnoid hemorrhage (T-SAH) (p=0.011), and subdural hematoma (SDH) (p=0.009) were significantly correlated with Glasgow outcome score (GOS). In multivariate analysis, DAI stage I and II vs. III (p=0.005) and SDH (p=0.040) were significant. CONCLUSION: Clinically, Stage II was more correlated with Stage I, rather than stage III. Stage III showed a much poorer outcome compared to stages I and II. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) should be promptly performed in all TBI patients when a patient?s level of consciousness and cranialcomputed tomography (CT) does not match, as there is a possibility of stage III DAI.

Impact of an Acute Care Surgery Model on the Management of Acute Appendicitis in South Korea: A Retrospective Cohort Study.

BACKGROUND: The acute care surgery (ACS) system is a new model for the prompt management of diseases that require rapid treatment in patients with acute abdomen. This study compared the outcomes and characteristics of the ACS system and traditional on-call system (TROS) for acute appendicitis in South Korea. METHODS: This single-center, retrospective study included all patients (aged ≥18 years) who underwent surgery for acute appendicitis in 2016 and 2018. The TROS and ACS system were used for the 2016 and 2018 groups, respectively. We retrospectively obtained data on each patient from the electrical medical records. The independent samples t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test were used for continuous and nonnormally distributed data, respectively. RESULTS: In total, 126 patients were included. The time taken to get from the emergency room admission to the operating room, operation times, and postoperative complication rates were similar between both groups. However, the length of the hospital stay was shorter in the ACS group than in the TROS group (4.3 ± 3.2 days vs. 7.2 ± 9.6 days, p=0.039). CONCLUSIONS: Since the introduction of the ACS system, the length of hospital stay for surgical patients has decreased. This may be due to the application of an integrated medical procedure, such as a new clinical pathway, rather than differences in the surgical techniques.

Current status of initial antibiotic therapy and analysis of infections in patients with solitary abdominal trauma: a multicenter trial in Korea.

PURPOSE: Proper use of antibiotics during emergency abdominal surgery is essential in reducing the incidence of surgical site infection. However, no studies have investigated the type of antibiotics and duration of therapy in individuals with abdominal trauma in Korea. We aimed to investigate the status of initial antibiotic therapy in patients with solitary abdominal trauma. METHODS: From January 2015 to December 2015, we retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients with solitary abdominal trauma from 17 institutions including regional trauma centers in South Korea. Both blunt and penetrating abdominal injuries were included. Time from arrival to initial antibiotic therapy, rate of antibiotic use upon injury mechanism, injured organ, type, and duration of antibiotic use, and postoperative infection were investigated. RESULTS: Data of the 311 patients were collected. The use of antibiotic was initiated in 96.4% of patients with penetrating injury and 79.7% with blunt injury. Initial antibiotics therapy was provided to 78.2% of patients with solid organ injury and 97.5% with hollow viscus injury. The mean day of using antibiotics was 6 days in solid organ injuries, 6.2 days in hollow viscus. Infection within 2 weeks of admission occurred in 36 cases. Infection was related to injury severity (Abbreviated Injury Scale of >3), hollow viscus injury, operation, open abdomen, colon perforation, and RBC transfusion. There was no infection in cases with laparoscopic operation. Duration of antibiotics did not affect the infection rate. CONCLUSION: Antibiotics are used extensively (84.2%) and for long duration (6.2 days) in patients with abdominal injury in Korea.

Clinical Outcomes of Enteral Feeding Protocol Via Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastrostomy: A Single-Center, Retrospective Study.

BACKGROUND: The development of the endoscopic technique has resulted in an increasing number of patients undergoing percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (PEG) insertion; however, the protocols for increasing the volume of feeding formula after PEG insertion have not been established. Therefore, we compared the clinical outcomes of patients receiving low- and high-volume increase in enteral feeding formula. METHODS: A total of 215 patients who underwent PEG insertion between January 2016 and March 2019 were included. They were divided into 2 groups according to the increase in volume of feeding formula: the low-volume group (n = 135) received ≤150 mL/d, and the high-volume group (n = 80) received ≥300 mL/d. Patient characteristics, procedure, and feeding-related clinical outcomes were retrospectively reviewed using medical records. RESULTS: The adverse events of the feeding protocol did not significantly differ between the 2 groups. The number of days needed to attain the calorie targets was significantly lower in the high-volume group than in the low-volume group (5.4 ± 3.0 vs 2.4 ± 1.5; P < .001). The duration of supplemental parenteral nutrition and the length of hospitalization were also significantly lower in the high-volume group (3.9 ± 3.3 vs 1.2 ± 2.2; P < .001 and 5.8 ± 2.7 vs 4.6 ± 2.6; P = .007, respectively). CONCLUSION: To rapidly attain the calorie targets in appropriately selected patients with PEG insertion, a high-volume increase in daily feeding can safely be recommended given the favorable outcomes.