Reduced tillage and crop diversification can improve productivity and profitability of rice-based rotations of the Eastern Gangetic Plains.

Intensive rice (Oryza sativa)-based cropping systems in south Asia provide much of the calorie and protein requirements of low to middle-income rural and urban populations. Intensive tillage practices demand more resources, damage soil quality, and reduce crop yields and profit margins. Crop diversification along with conservation agriculture (CA)-based management practices may reduce external input use, improve resource-use efficiency, and increase the productivity and profitability of intensive cropping systems. A field study was conducted on loamy soil in a sub-tropical climate in northern Bangladesh to evaluate the effects of three tillage options and six rice-based cropping sequences on grain, calorie, and protein yields and gross margins (GM) for different crops and cropping sequences. The three tillage options were: (1) conservation agriculture (CA) with all crops in sequences untilled, (2) alternating tillage (AT) with the monsoon season rice crop tilled but winter season crops untilled, and (3) conventional tillage (CT) with all crops in sequences tilled. The six cropping sequences were: rice-rice (R-R), rice-mung bean (Vigna radiata) (R-MB), rice-wheat (Triticum aestivum) (R-W), rice-maize (Zea mays) (R-M), rice-wheat-mung bean (R-W-MB), and rice-maize-mung bean (R-M-MB). Over three years of experimentation, the average monsoon rice yield was 8% lower for CA than CT, but the average winter crops yield was 13% higher for CA than CT. Systems rice equivalent yield (SREY) and systems calorie and protein yields were about 5%, 3% and 6%, respectively, higher under CA than CT; additionally, AT added approximately 1% more to these benefits. The systems productivity gain under CA and AT resulted in higher GM by 16% while reducing the labor and total production cost under CA than CT. The R-M rotation had higher SREY, calorie, protein yields, and GM by 24%, 26%, 66%, and 148%, respectively, than the predominantly practiced R-R rotation. The R-W-MB rotation had the highest SREY (30%) and second highest (118%) GM. Considering the combined effect of tillage and cropping system, CA with R-M rotation showed superior performance in terms of SREY, protein yield, and GM. The distribution of labor use and GM across rotations was grouped into four categories: R-W in low-low (low labor use and low GM), R-M in low-high (low labor use and high GM), R-W-MB and R-M-MB in high-high (high labor use and high GM) and R-R and R-MB in high-low (high labor use and low GM). In conclusion, CA performed better than CT in different winter crops and cropping systems but not in monsoon rice. Our results demonstrate the multiple benefits of partial and full CA-based tillage practices employed with appropriate crop diversification to achieve sustainable food security with greater calorie and protein intake while maximizing farm profitability of intensive rice-based rotational systems.

Role of Thin Film Adhesion on Capillary Peeling.

The capillary force can peel off a substrate-attached film if the adhesion energy (Gw) is low. Capillary peeling has been used as a convenient, rapid, and nondestructive method for fabricating free-standing thin films. However, the critical value of Gw, which leads to the transition between peeling and sticking, remains largely unknown. As a result, capillary peeling remains empirical and applicable to a limited set of materials. Here, we investigate the critical value of Gw and experimentally show the critical adhesion (Gw,c) to scale with the water-film interfacial energy (≈0.7γfw), which corresponds well with our theoretical prediction of Gw,c = γfw. Based on the critical adhesion, we propose quantitative thermodynamic guidelines for designing thin film interfaces that enable successful capillary peeling. The outcomes of this work present a powerful technique for thin film transfer and advanced nanofabrication in flexible photovoltaics, battery materials, biosensing, translational medicine, and stretchable bioelectronics.

Drought Vulnerability Assessment Using Geospatial Techniques in Southern Queensland, Australia.

In Australia, droughts are recurring events that tremendously affect environmental, agricultural and socio-economic activities. Southern Queensland is one of the most drought-prone regions in Australia. Consequently, a comprehensive drought vulnerability mapping is essential to generate a drought vulnerability map that can help develop and implement drought mitigation strategies. The study aimed to prepare a comprehensive drought vulnerability map that combines drought categories using geospatial techniques and to assess the spatial extent of the vulnerability of droughts in southern Queensland. A total of 14 drought-influencing criteria were selected for three drought categories, specifically, meteorological, hydrological and agricultural. The specific criteria spatial layers were prepared and weighted using the fuzzy analytical hierarchy process. Individual categories of drought vulnerability maps were prepared from their specific indices. Finally, the overall drought vulnerability map was generated by combining the indices using spatial analysis. Results revealed that approximately 79.60% of the southern Queensland region is moderately to extremely vulnerable to drought. The findings of this study were validated successfully through the receiver operating characteristics curve (ROC) and the area under the curve (AUC) approach using previous historical drought records. Results can be helpful for decision makers to develop and apply proactive drought mitigation strategies.

Incidence, trends and risk factors for perineal injuries of low-risk pregnant women: Experience from a midwife run obstetric unit, South Africa.

Pregnant women experience perineal injuries during childbirth. The objectives of this cross-sectional retrospective study were to estimate the incidence, trends, and risk factors for perineal injuries of women who had childbirths from January 2013 to December 2017. We used logistic regression to identify risk factors for all injuries, episiotomy, and obstetric anal sphincter injury (OASI) measured by odds ratios (OR). A total of 5547 women showed gradual decreases of episiotomy from 17.6% in 2013 to 7.6% in 2017 (p <0.05). Perineal injuries were reduced from 33.3% in 2013 to 28.9% in 2017 (p <0.05). The risk factor for any perineal injury were younger ages, term pregnancy, and nil parity (p,0.05). Advanced gestational age, nil parity, and previous vaginal births were risk factors for episiotomy. However, birth weight of baby was significantly associated with OASI. Episiotomy and overall perineal injury rates were commendable. Training to midwives is needed to improve perineal care and maintain good practices during delivery.

High-Throughput Stamping of Hybrid Functional Surfaces.

Hydrophobic-hydrophilic hybrid surfaces, sometimes termed biphilic surfaces, have shown potential to enhance condensation and boiling heat transfer, anti-icing, and fog harvesting performance. However, state of art techniques to develop these surfaces have limited substrate selection, poor scalability, and lengthy and costly fabrication methods. Here, we develop a simple, scalable, and rapid stamping technique for hybrid surfaces with spatially controlled wettability. To enable stamping, rationally designed and prefabricated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) stamps, which are reusable and independent of the substrate and functional coating, were used. To demonstrate the stamping technique, we used silicon wafer, copper, and aluminum substrates functionalized with a variety of hydrophobic chemistries including heptadecafluorodecyltrimethoxy-silane, octafluorocyclobutane, and slippery omniphobic covalently attached liquids. Condensation experiments and microgoniometric characterization demonstrated that the stamped surfaces have global hydrophobicity or superhydrophobicity with localized hydrophilicity (spots) enabled by local removal of the functional coating during stamping. Stamped surfaces with superhydrophobic backgrounds and hydrophilic spots demonstrated stable coalescence induced droplet jumping. Compared to conventional techniques, our stamping method has comparable prototyping cost with reduced manufacturing time scale and cost. Our work not only presents design guidelines for the development of scalable hybrid surfaces for the study of phase change phenomena, it develops a scalable and rapid stamping protocol for the cost-effective manufacture of next-generation hybrid wettability surfaces.

Assessing Spatial Flood Vulnerability at Kalapara Upazila in Bangladesh Using an Analytic Hierarchy Process.

Floods are common natural disasters worldwide, frequently causing loss of lives and huge economic and environmental damages. A spatial vulnerability mapping approach incorporating multi-criteria at the local scale is essential for deriving detailed vulnerability information for supporting flood mitigation strategies. This study developed a spatial multi-criteria-integrated approach of flood vulnerability mapping by using geospatial techniques at the local scale. The developed approach was applied on Kalapara Upazila in Bangladesh. This study incorporated 16 relevant criteria under three vulnerability components: physical vulnerability, social vulnerability and coping capacity. Criteria were converted into spatial layers, weighted and standardised to support the analytic hierarchy process. Individual vulnerability component maps were created using a weighted overlay technique, and then final vulnerability maps were produced from them. The spatial extents and levels of vulnerability were successfully identified from the produced maps. Results showed that the areas located within the eastern and south-western portions of the study area are highly vulnerable to floods due to low elevation, closeness to the active channel and more social components than other parts. However, with the integrated coping capacity, western and south-western parts are highly vulnerable because the eastern part demonstrated particularly high coping capacity compared with other parts. The approach provided was validated by qualitative judgement acquired from the field. The findings suggested the capability of this approach to assess the spatial vulnerability of flood effects in flood-affected areas for developing effective mitigation plans and strategies.

Durability and Degradation Mechanisms of Antifrosting Surfaces.

Rapid implementation of renewable energy technologies has exacerbated the potential for economic loss and safety concerns caused by ice and frost accretion, which occurs on the surfaces of wind turbine blades, photovoltaic panels, and residential and electric vehicle air-source heat pumps. The past decade has seen advances in surface chemistry and micro- and nanostructures that can promote passive antifrosting and enhance defrosting. However, the durability of these surfaces remains the major obstacle preventing real-life applications, with degradation mechanisms remaining poorly understood. Here, we conducted durability tests on antifrosting surfaces, including superhydrophobic, hydrophobic, superhydrophilic, and slippery liquid-infused surfaces. For superhydrophobic surfaces, we demonstrate durability with progressive degradation for up to 1000 cycles of atmospheric frosting-defrosting and month-long outdoor exposure tests. We show that progressive degradation, as reflected by increased condensate retention and reduced droplet shedding, results from molecular-level degradation of the low-surface-energy self-assembled monolayer (SAM). The degradation of the SAM leads to local high-surface-energy defects, which further deteriorate the surface by promoting accumulation of atmospheric particulate matter during cyclic condensation, frosting, and melt drying. Furthermore, cyclic frosting and defrost tests demonstrate the durability and degradation mechanisms of other surfaces to show, for example, the loss of water affinity of superhydrophilic surfaces after 22 days due to atmospheric volatile organic compound (VOC) adsorption and significant lubricant drainage for lubricant-infused surfaces after 100 cycles. Our work reveals the degradation mechanism of functional surfaces during exposure to long-term frost-defrost cycling and elucidates guidelines for the development of future surfaces for real-life antifrosting/icing applications.

Defect-Density-Controlled Phase-Change Phenomena.

Juxtaposing hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity on the same surface, known as hybrid surface engineering, can enhance phase-change heat transfer. However, controlling hydrophilicity on hybrid surfaces in a scalable fashion is a challenge, limiting their application. Here, using widely available metal meshes with variable dimensions and by controlling the patterning pressure, we scalably fabricate hybrid surfaces having spot and gridlike patterns using stamping. Using fog harvesting in a controlled chamber, we show that optimized hybrid surfaces have a ∼37% higher fog harvesting rate when compared to homogeneous superhydrophobic surfaces. Furthermore, condensation frosting experiments reveal that, on grid-patterned hybrid surfaces, frost propagates at ∼160% higher velocity and provides ∼20% less frost coverage when compared to homogeneous superhydrophobic surfaces. During defrost, our hybrid surfaces retain more water when compared to superhydrophobic surfaces due to the presence of hydrophilic patterns and melt water pinning. We adapt our fabrication technique to roll-to-roll patterning, demonstrating wettability contrast on round metallic geometries via atmospheric water vapor condensation. This work provides guidelines for the rapid, substrate-independent, and scalable fabrication of hybrid wettability surfaces for a wide variety of applications.

Design and evaluation of a power tiller vegetable seedling transplanter with dibbler and furrow type.

Vegetable production plays a vital role in ensuring food security in Bangladesh. However, the majority of vegetable seedlings are currently transplanted manually, which is not only time-consuming but also labor-intensive and costly. In this context, a semi-automated transplanter can be considered as an alternative solution for mechanized seedling transplanting. To mechanize seedling operations, two types of transplanters were designed, fabricated and tested: the power tiller-operated semi-automatic dibbler vegetable seedling (DVS) transplanter and the furrow opener vegetable seedling (FVS) transplanter. The goal was to evaluate their performance and impact on field crop productivity. In the DVS transplanter design, the larger sprocket was adjusted to enhance the precision of hole-making by pressing the dibbler into the soil, creating holes where seedlings would be transplanted. On the other hand, the FVS transplanter utilized a furrow opener to create furrows, and the seedling is placed in these furrow at a specific distance from the furrow opener wall, where the distance between seedlings within the furrow could be adjusted based on the specific requirements of the seedling crop. The results of the evaluation indicated that both transplanters successfully planted seedlings without any missing placements, while hole covering was achieved at 115 and 118.2% for the DVS and FVS transplanters, respectively. The field capacity and field efficiency for both transplanters were determined to be 0.05 ha h-1 and 61.18%, respectively, with a coefficient of variation of 5% or less. Field tests conducted with brinjal crops at a forward speed of 1.2 km h-1 and a spacing of 0.7 × 0.6 m demonstrated that both designs yielded higher yield productivity compared to manual transplantation. Additionally, no issues related to vegetative development were observed. Both transplanters exhibited promising performance and significant potential in terms of accurately transplanting seedlings, and ensuring satisfactory transplantation quality. Furthermore, these transplanters offer several advantages, including less time-consuming, lower labor demands and even distribution of seedlings. This design encourages small to medium-level farmers seeking to engage in mechanized vegetable farming practices.

Do customers' perceptions of Islamic banking services predict satisfaction and word of mouth? Evidence from Islamic banks in Bangladesh.

This study aims to investigate the customers' perceptions of Islamic banking services and their impact on satisfaction and word of mouth (WOM) with others. This study designs the bootstrapping procedures using a partial least square method to test path coefficient results. Structured questionnaires were distributed among clients of Islamic banks in Dhaka city, where 377 responses were collected for data analysis. The findings revealed that there is a highly significant relationship between security and customers' perception. Ethical responsibility and religious value have a positive and significant impact on customers' perception whereas benefit has a negative significant impact on customers' perception. Findings from this study also indicated that customers' perceptions mediate the effect of ethical responsibility, religious value, benefit, and security on satisfaction. In addition, customers' satisfaction mediates the effect of customers' perception and WOM. These findings can promote managers of Islamic banks to build customer satisfaction and WOM with Islamic banking services, and attain competitive advantage that may lead Islamic banks to succeed in the competitive business. This study also provides new insights into customers' WOM with others about Islamic banking services. This knowledge could assist Islamic banks to understand the customers' perceptions that would increase satisfaction and in turn, contribute to WOM with others in determining where would be best to target marketing attention of Islamic banking services with limited resources.

Ultra-resilient multi-layer fluorinated diamond like carbon hydrophobic surfaces.

Seventy percent of global electricity is generated by steam-cycle power plants. A hydrophobic condenser surface within these plants could boost overall cycle efficiency by 2%. In 2022, this enhancement equates to an additional electrical power generation of 1000 TWh annually, or 83% of the global solar electricity production. Furthermore, this efficiency increase reduces CO2 emissions by 460 million tons /year with a decreased use of 2 trillion gallons of cooling water per year. However, the main challenge with hydrophobic surfaces is their poor durability. Here, we show that solid microscale-thick fluorinated diamond-like carbon (F-DLC) possesses mechanical and thermal properties that ensure durability in moist, abrasive, and thermally harsh conditions. The F-DLC coating achieves this without relying on atmospheric interactions, infused lubricants, self-healing strategies, or sacrificial surface designs. Through tailored substrate adhesion and multilayer deposition, we develop a pinhole-free F-DLC coating with low surface energy and comparable Young's modulus to metals. In a three-year steam condensation experiment, the F-DLC coating maintains hydrophobicity, resulting in sustained and improved dropwise condensation on multiple metallic substrates. Our findings provide a promising solution to hydrophobic material fragility and can enhance the sustainability of renewable and non-renewable energy sources.

Modelling of South African Hypertension: Comparative Analysis of the Classical and Bayesian Quantile Regression Approaches.

Hypertension has become a major public health challenge and a crucial area of research due to its high prevalence across the world including the sub-Saharan Africa. No previous study in South Africa has investigated the impact of blood pressure risk factors on different specific conditional quantile functions of systolic and diastolic blood pressure using Bayesian quantile regression. Therefore, this study presents a comparative analysis of the classical and Bayesian inference techniques to quantile regression. Both classical and Bayesian inference techniques were demonstrated on a sample of secondary data obtained from South African National Income Dynamics Study (2017-2018). Age, BMI, gender male, cigarette consumption and exercises presented statistically significant associations with both SBP and DBP across all the upper quantiles (τ∈{0.75,0.95}). The white noise phenomenon was observed on the diagnostic tests of convergence used in the study. Results suggested that the Bayesian approach to quantile regression reveals more precise estimates than the frequentist approach due to narrower width of the 95% credible intervals than the width of the 95% confidence intervals. It is therefore suggested that Bayesian approach to quantile regression modelling to be used to estimate hypertension.

Modelling of South African Hypertension: Application of Panel Quantile Regression.

Hypertension is one of the crucial risk factors for morbidity and mortality around the world, and South Africa has a significant unmet need for hypertension care. This study aims to establish the potential risk factors of hypertension amongst adults in South Africa attributable to high systolic and diastolic blood pressure over time by fitting panel quantile regression models. Data obtained from the South African National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS) Household Surveys carried out from 2008 to 2018 (Wave 1 to Wave 5) was employed to develop both the fixed effects and random effects panel quantile regression models. Age, BMI, gender (males), race, exercises, cigarette consumption, and employment status were significantly associated with either one of the BP measures across all the upper quantiles or at the 75th quantile only. Suggesting that these risk factors have contributed to the exacerbation of uncontrolled hypertension prevalence over time in South Africa.

A Lipid-Inspired Highly Adhesive Interface for Durable Superhydrophobicity in Wet Environments and Stable Jumping Droplet Condensation.

Creating thin (<100 nm) hydrophobic coatings that are durable in wet conditions remains challenging. Although the dropwise condensation of steam on thin hydrophobic coatings can enhance condensation heat transfer by 1000%, these coatings easily delaminate. Designing interfaces with high adhesion while maintaining a nanoscale coating thickness is key to overcoming this challenge. In nature, cell membranes face this same challenge where nanometer-thick lipid bilayers achieve high adhesion in wet environments to maintain integrity. Nature ensures this adhesion by forming a lipid interface having two nonpolar surfaces, demonstrating high physicochemical resistance to biofluids attempting to open the interface. Here, developing an artificial lipid-like interface that utilizes fluorine-carbon molecular chains can achieve durable nanometric hydrophobic coatings. The application of our approach to create a superhydrophobic material shows high stability during jumping-droplet-enhanced condensation as quantified from a continual one-year steam condensation experiment. The jumping-droplet condensation enhanced condensation heat transfer coefficient up to 400% on tube samples when compared to filmwise condensation on bare copper. Our bioinspired materials design principle can be followed to develop many durable hydrophobic surfaces using alternate substrate-coating pairs, providing stable hydrophobicity or superhydrophobicity to a plethora of applications.

Life Span of Slippery Lubricant Infused Surfaces.

Since their discovery a decade ago, slippery liquid infused porous surfaces (SLIPSs) or lubricant infused surfaces (LISs) have been demonstrated time and again to have immense potential for a plethora of applications. Of these, one of the most promising is enhancing the energy efficiency of both thermoelectric and organic Rankine cycle power generation via enhanced vapor condensation. However, utilization of SLIPSs in the energy sector remains limited due to the poor understanding of their life span. Here, we use controlled conditions to conduct multimonth steam and ethanol condensation tests on ultrascalable nanostructured copper oxide structured surfaces impregnated with mineral and fluorinated lubricants having differing viscosities (9.7 mPa·s < µ < 5216 mPa·s) and chemical structures. Our study demonstrates that SLIPSs lose their hydrophobicity during steam condensation after 1 month due to condensate cloaking. However, these same SLIPSs maintain nonwetting after 5 months of ethanol condensation due to the absence of cloaking. Surfaces impregnated with higher viscosity oil (5216 mPa·s) increase the life span to more than 8 months of continuous ethanol condensation. Vapor shear tests revealed that SLIPSs do not undergo oil depletion during exposure to 10 m/s gas flows, critical to condenser implementation where single-phase superheated vapor impingement is prevalent. Furthermore, higher viscosity SLIPSs are shown to maintain good stability after exposure to 200 °C air. A subset of the durable SLIPSs did not show change in slipperiness after submerging in stagnant water and ethanol for up to 2 weeks, critical to condenser implementation where single-phase condensate immersion is prevalent. Our work not only demonstrates design methods and longevity statistics for slippery nanoengineered surfaces undergoing long-term dropwise condensation of steam and ethanol but also develops the fundamental design guidelines for creating durable slippery liquid infused surfaces.

Microscale Confinement and Wetting Contrast Enable Enhanced and Tunable Condensation.

Dropwise condensation represents the upper limit of thermal transport efficiency for liquid-to-vapor phase transition. A century of research has focused on promoting dropwise condensation by attempting to overcome limitations associated with thermal resistance and poor surface-modifier durability. Here, we show that condensation in a microscale gap formed by surfaces having a wetting contrast can overcome these limitations. Spontaneous out-of-plane condensate transfer between the contrasting parallel surfaces decouples the nanoscale nucleation behavior, droplet growth dynamics, and shedding processes to enable minimization of thermal resistance and elimination of surface modification. Experiments on pure steam combined with theoretical analysis and numerical simulation confirm the breaking of intrinsic limits to classical condensation and demonstrate a gap-dependent heat-transfer coefficient with up to 240% enhancement compared to dropwise condensation. Our study presents a promising mechanism and technology for compact energy and water applications where high, tunable, gravity-independent, and durable phase-change heat transfer is required.

Projection of future drought and its impact on simulated crop yield over South Asia using ensemble machine learning approach.

Understanding the development mechanism of drought events, characterization of future drought metrics, and its impact on crop yield is crucial to ensure food security globally, and more importantly, in South Asia. Therefore, the present study assessed the changes in future projected drought metrics and evaluated the future risk of yield reduction under drought intensity. We characterized the magnitude, intensity, and duration of future drought by means of the SPEI drought index using CMIP6 (Coupled Model Inter-comparison Phase-6) climate models. The impact of future drought on crop yield was quantified from the ISI-MP (Inter-Sectoral Impact Model Inter-comparison Project) crop model by a proposed non-linear ensemble of Random Forest (RF) and Gradient Boosting Machine (GBM). Results suggested that high drought magnitude with a longer drought duration is projected in some regions of South Asia while high drought intensity comes with a shorter duration. It was also found that Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India will experience a longer drought duration in the future. Our proposed ensemble machine learning (EML) approach had high predictive skill with a minimum value of RMSE (0.358-0.390), MAE (0.222-0.299), and a maximum value of R2 (0.705-0.918) compared to the stand-alone methods of RF and GBM for yield loss risk projection. The drought-driven impact on crop yield demonstrates a high risk of yield loss under extreme drought events, which will encounter 54.15%, 29.30%, and 50.66% loss in the future for rice, wheat, and maize crops, respectively. Furthermore, drought and yield loss risk dynamics suggested a one unit decrease in SPEI value would lead to a 14.2%, 7.5%, and 10.9% decrease in yield for rice, wheat, and maize crops, respectively. This study will provide a notable direction for policy agencies to build resistance to crop production against the drought impact in the regions that are critical to climate change.

Particulate-Droplet Coalescence and Self-Transport on Superhydrophobic Surfaces.

Particulate transport from surfaces governs a variety of phenomena including fungal spore dispersal, bioaerosol transmission, and self-cleaning. Here, we report a previously unidentified mechanism governing passive particulate removal from superhydrophobic surfaces, where a particle coalescing with a water droplet (∼10 to ∼100 µm) spontaneously launches. Compared to previously discovered coalescence-induced binary droplet jumping, the reported mechanism represents a more general capillary-inertial dominated transport mode coupled with particle/droplet properties and is typically mediated by rotation in addition to translation. Through wetting and momentum analyses, we show that transport physics depends on particle/droplet density, size, and wettability. The observed mechanism presents a simple and passive pathway to achieve self-cleaning on both artificial as well as biological materials as confirmed here with experiments conducted on butterfly wings, cicada wings, and clover leaves. Our findings provide insights into particle-droplet interaction and spontaneous particulate transport, which may facilitate the development of functional surfaces for medical, optical, thermal, and energy applications.

Mapping of colorectal cancer scientific landscape between South Africa and Brazil: a bibliometric analysis.

BACKGROUND: The five BRICS (Brazil, Russian, Indian, China and South Africa) countries bear a significant proportion of the world's global cancer burden. AIM: The aim of this paper is to map the scientific landscape related to colorectal cancer (CRC) research published related to South Africa (SA) and Brazil (BRA). METHODS: We used the bibliometric analysis technique to identify and map the scientific publications on CRC related to SA and BRA. We identified the document type, authors, research organisations, countries, funding sources, most relevant journals, research areas, citation reference counts, journal impact factor (IF) and open access designations in CRC scientific landscape for both countries. We analysed publications from January 2000 to August 2020 as indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection, most covering scientific medical related research and used descriptive statistical data analysis to synthesise the data. FINDINGS: During the period 2000-2020, there were 80 and 176 peer-reviewed publications on CRC related to SA and BRA, respectively. The majority were original research articles. Sixty-six percent identified had a primary (first) author affiliated to SA research institution and 87% had primary author affiliated to the BRA research institution. Overall, 275 authors published CRC related to SA and 1,025 authors published CRC related to BRA. The leading research organisation in SA was the University of Witwatersrand (Wits, 26%) and was the University of Sao Paulo (23%) for in BRA. The publications, related to both countries, mostly focused on oncology. The South African Medical Journal (10%) produced the most articles for SA with IF = 1.285; and the Value in Health (7%) for BRA with IF = 1.736. The median cited reference count was 32 for SA publications and 34 for BRA publications. There were 49% and 39% of publications without any open access designations for SA and BRA, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Mapping CRC scientific publications highlighted potential benefits of developing an informed CRC national research plan in each country to promote concerted effort to better understand the risk factors, treatment and advocate for funding as stimulus for increased CRC research outputs that can inform policy development and influence practice to help reduce and control the CRC burden in both countries.

Prevalence, incidence and seroconversion of HIV and Syphilis infections among pregnant women of South Africa.

BACKGROUND: Pregnant women in South Africa suffer from HIV and syphilis infections resulting in negative pregnancy outcomes. Little is known about the prevalence, incidence, seroconversion, and associated risk factors for those attending a midwife run obstetric unit. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was undertaken among pregnant women attending antenatal clinic from January to December 2018. Logistic regression was conducted to determine the risk factors for HIV and syphilis. RESULTS: The prevalence of HIV and syphilis were 44.3% (95% confidence interval [CI]; 41.6:46.7) and 3.8% (95% CI; 3.1:4.1), respectively. The seroconversion and incidence for HIV were 4.0% (95% CI; 3.6:4.6) and 17.1 per 100 person-years, and for syphilis 2.6% (95% CI; 2.3:2.8) and 10.9 per 100 person-years, respectively. Significant predictors for HIV prevalence were ages: ages < 20 years, Odds ratio (OR) = 0.11 (p < 0.05), ages 20-24 years, OR = 0.19 (p < 0.05) and ages 25-29 years, OR = 0.38 (p < 0.05); gestational age: second trimester, OR = 0.68 (p < 0.05) and non-reactive syphilis, OR = 0.45 (p < 0.05). Age was the predictor for HIV incidence or seroconversion (age < 20 year, OR = 0.12, p = 0.01). Predictors for syphilis were ages < 20 years, OR = 0.11 (p < 0.05), ages 20-24 years and HIV status. Gestational age > 27 weeks were nine times (OR = 9.2, p = 0.03) more likely to seroconvert to syphilis. CONCLUSIONS: The present study found high rates of seroprevalence, seroconversion and incidence of HIV and syphilis among pregnant women.