Photochromic Uranyl-Based Coordination Polymer for Quantitative and On-Site Detection of UV Radiation Dose.

A highly sensitive detection of ultraviolet (UV) radiation is required in a broad range of scientific research, chemical industries, and health-related applications. Traditional UV photodetectors fabricated by direct wide-band-gap inorganic semiconductors often suffer from several disadvantages such as complicated manufacturing procedures, requiring multiple operations and high-cost instruments to obtain a readout. Searching for new materials or simple strategies to develop UV dosimeters for quantitative, accurate, and on-site detection of UV radiation dose is still highly desirable. Herein, a photochromic uranyl-based coordination polymer [(UO2)(PBPCA)·DMF]·DMF (PBPCA = pyridine-3,5-bis(phenyl-4-carboxylate), DMF = N,N'-dimethylformamide, denoted as SXU-1) with highly radiolytic and chemical stabilities was successfully synthesized via the solvothermal method at 100 °C. Surprisingly, the fresh samples of SXU-1 underwent an ultra-fast UV-induced (365 nm, 2 mW) color variation from yellow to orange in less than 1 s, and then the color changed further from orange to brick red after the subsequent irradiation, inspiring us to develop a colorimetric dosimeter based on red-green-blue (RGB) parameters. The mechanism of radical-induced photochromism was intensively investigated by UV-vis absorption spectra, EPR analysis, and SC-XRD data. Furthermore, SXU-1 was incorporated into an optoelectronic device to fabricate a novel dosimeter for convenient, quantitative, and on-site detection of UV radiation dose.

Response of abundance, diversity, and network of rhizosphere fungal community to monoculture of cut chrysanthemum.

The effects of different monoculture years on rhizosphere fungal communities (abundance, diversity, structure, and cooccurrence network) of cut chrysanthemum were determined. Three different monoculture years were (i) planting for only 1 year (Y1), (ii) continuous monoculture for 6 years (Y6), and (iii) continuous monoculture for 12 years (Y12). Compared to the Y1 treatment, the Y12 treatment significantly decreased the rhizosphere fungal gene copy numbers but increased the potential pathogen Fusarium oxysporum (P < 0.05). Both the Y6 and Y12 treatments significantly increased fungal diversity (Shannon and Simpson indices), but Y6 had great potential to enhance fungal richness (Chao1 index) relative to the Y12 treatment. Monoculture treatments decreased the relative abundance of Ascomycota but increased that of Mortierellomycota. Four ecological clusters (Modules 0, 3, 4, and 9) were observed in the fungal cooccurrence network across the Y1, Y6, and Y12 treatments, and only Module 0 was significantly enriched in the Y12 treatment and associated with soil properties (P < 0.05). RDA (redundancy analysis) and Mantel analysis showed that soil pH and soil nutrients (organic carbon, total nitrogen, and available phosphorus) were the key factors affecting fungal communities during monoculture of cut chrysanthemum. Overall, the changes in soil properties were responsible for shaping rhizospheric soil fungal communities in long-term rather than short-term monoculture systems. KEY POINTS: • Both short- and long-term monocultures reshaped the soil fungal community structure. • Long-term monoculture enhanced the network complexity of the fungal community. • Soil pH, C and N levels mainly drove modularization in the fungal community network.

Hexavalent chromium induces hepatocyte apoptosis via regulation of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1/c-Jun amino-terminal kinase signaling.

With the spread of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) contamination, Cr(VI)-induced hepatotoxicity has attracted increasing attention in recent years. To date, however, the exact mechanism of Cr(VI) toxicity remains unclear. In this study, we investigated the role of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 (ASK1)/c-Jun amino-terminal kinase (JNK) in Cr(VI)-induced hepatic toxicity and the possible related mechanisms. AML-12 hepatocyte cell-lines were treated with 0, 1, 4, and 16 µmol/Lof Cr(VI) with or without GS-444271 (an ASK1 inhibitor). Adult male mice were administered with 0, 2, 8, and 32 mg/kg body mass (BM)/day of Cr(VI) for 5 days. The level of hepatocyte apoptosis/proliferation, generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and expression levels of mRNAs and proteins related to ASK1/JNK and nuclear factor-E2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) signaling were assessed. Results showed that high Cr(VI) exposure induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury by generation of ROS and down-regulation of Nrf2 signaling. In addition, ASK1/JNK signaling activity was upregulated in the Cr(VI)-treated group. Furthermore, GS-444217 treatment significantly rescued Cr(VI)-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver dysfunction in vitro and in vivo by down-regulation of ASK1/JNK signaling. Thus, ASK1/JNK signaling appears to play an important role in Cr(VI)-induced hepatocyte apoptosis and liver injury. This study should help improve our understanding of the mechanism of Cr(VI)-induced liver injury and provide support for future investigations on liver disease therapy.

Low-temperature plasma induced phosphate groups onto coffee residue-derived porous carbon for efficient U(VI) extraction.

For the continuous utilization of nuclear energy and efficient control of radioactive pollution, low-cost materials with high efficient U(VI) removal are of great importance. In this study, low temperature plasma method was applied for the successful modification of O-phosphorylethanolamine (O-PEA) on the porous carbon materials. The produced materials (Cafe/O-PEA) could adsorb U(VI) efficiently with the maximum sorption capacity of 648.54 mg/g at 1 hr, T=298 K, and pH=6.0, much higher than those of most carbon-based composites. U(VI) sorption was mainly controlled by strong surface complexation. From FTIR, SEM-EDS and XPS analyses, the sorption of U(VI) was related to the complexation with -NH2, phosphate and -OH groups on Cafe/O-PEA. The low temperature plasma method was an efficient, environmentally friendly and low-cost method for surface modification of materials for the effective enrichment of U(VI) from aqueous solutions.

Application of aluminosilicate clay mineral-based composites in photocatalysis.

Aluminosilicate clay mineral (ACM) is a kind of typical raw materials that used widely in manufacturing industry owing to the abundant reserve and low-cost exploring. In past two decades, in-depth understanding on unique layered structure and abundant surface properties endows ACM in the emerging research and application fields. In field of solar-chemical energy conversion, ACM has been widely used to support various semiconductor photocatalysts, forming the composites and achieving efficient conversion of reactants under sunlight irradiation. To date, classic ACM such as kaolinite and montmorillonite, loaded with semiconductor photocatalysts has been widely applied in photocatalysis. This review summaries the recent works on ACM-based composites in photocatalysis. Focusing on the properties of surface and layered structure, we elucidate the different features in the composition with various functional photocatalysts on two typical kinds of ACM, i.e., type 1:1 and type 2:1. Not only large surface area and active surface hydroxyl group assist the substrate adsorption, but also the layered structure provides more space to enlarge the application of ACM-based photocatalysts. Besides, we overview the modifications on ACM from both external surface and the inter-layer space that make the formation of composites more efficiently and boost the photo-chemical process. This review could inspire more upcoming design and synthesis for ACM-based photocatalysts, leading this kind of economic and eco-friendly materials for more practical application in the future.

Gli2-regulated activation of hepatic stellate cells and liver fibrosis by TGF-ß signaling.

The Hedgehog (Hh) signaling pathway is correlated with hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) activation and liver fibrosis. Gli2 is a key transcription effector of Hh signaling. However, the role of Gli2 in HSC-mediated liver fibrosis progression is largely unknown. In the present study, we investigated the effect of Gli2 on liver fibrogenesis and its possible mechanism using conditional knockout (cKO) Gli2 mice and HSC models. Wild-type (WT) and GFAP-CreERT;Gli2flox/flox male mice were exposed to CCl4 for 1 mo to induce liver fibrosis. Primary HSCs were isolated from mice and the transition of HSCs into a myofibroblastic phenotype was evaluated. Livers from mice underwent histological, immunohistochemical, and immunofluorescence analyses. The expression levels of proteins and genes were evaluated by Western blot (WB) analysis and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), respectively. RNA-seq was used to screen differentially expressed genes. Results showed that CCl4 treatment induced liver fibrosis, promoted HSCs activation and proliferation, and upregulated Hh signaling activity. The cKO of Gli2 in GFAP-CreERT;Gli2flox/flox mice decreased liver fibrosis as well as HSC activation and proliferation. In vitro studies showed that KO of Gli2 in HSCs blocked cell proliferation and activation by decrease of cyclin D1/D2 expression. The RNA-seq results revealed that the expression levels TGF-ß1 ligands were downregulated in Gli2 KO HSCs. Furthermore, overexpression of Gli2 rescued proliferation and activation of HSCs by upregulation of TGF-ß signaling activity. Our data demonstrated that Gli2 regulated HSC activation and liver fibrosis by TGF-ß signaling, thus providing support for future Gli2-based investigations of liver fibrosis therapy.NEW & NOTEWORTHYGli2 is a key transcription effector of Hh signaling. We found that Hh/Gli2 signaling activity was upregulated in CCl4-induced liver fibrosis. Conditional deletion of the Gli2 gene in HSCs ameliorated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis and HSCs activation. Moreover, Gli2 promoted activation of HSCs through upregulation of cyclin expression and TGF-ß signaling activity. Thus, our data provide strong support for future investigations on Gli2 inhibition to slow liver fibrosis progression in humans.

The photocatalytic reduction of U(VI) into U(IV) by ZIF-8/g-C3N4 composites at visible light.

The development of new photocatalyst towards the highly efficient photo-reduction of U(VI) was highly desirable. In this study, ZIF-8/g-C3N4 photocatalyst was fabricated to photo-reduce U(VI) from aqueous solutions under different water chemistry. It is demonstrated that ZIF-8/g-C3N4 exhibited the fast-photocatalytic rate (completely photoreduction within 30 min), high photocatalytic activity (Kd > 105 mL/g) and superior chemical stability (No significant decrease after fifth cycles). The photoreduction rate of U(VI) significantly decreased with increasing pH, H2O2 radicals and photo-generated electrons play an important role in U(VI) photoreduction by quenching experiments and ESR analysis. According to XPS and XANES analysis, adsorbed U(VI) was partly photo-reduced into U(IV) by ZIF-8/g-C3N4 photocatalyst. The highly efficient removal of U(VI) on ZIF-8/g-C3N4 photocatalyst was attributed to the synergistic effect of ZIF-8 and g-C3N4 photocatalyst. The present study may provide a new strategy to apply new photocatalyst for in-situ photoreduction of U(VI) in actual environmental remediation.

Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) exposure suppressed the community diversity and abundance of ammonia-oxidizers and mitigated N2O emissions in an alkaline soil.

Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) pollution has become an increasing issue worldwide, but little is known about its effects on ammonia-oxidizers and nitrous oxide (N2O) in the soil environment. Here, a 50-day soil microcosm experiment was conducted using low and high doses bis (2-Ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) to estimate the effect of DEHP exposure on soil N2O emissions and the nitrifying community in calcareous soil. The results showed that DEHP exposure at 10 and 100 mg kg-1 doses significantly reduced N2O by 67.5% and 73.6%, respectively, relative to the DEHP absent treatment. The microbial biomass carbon and nitrogen (MBC and MBN) were consistently and significantly decreased with DEHP exposure at 5, 22, and 50 days after incubation, especially with high-dose. The bipartite association networks showed that DEHP exposure changed the compositions of both ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) communities. Moreover, the AOA and AOB amoA gene abundances were significantly decreased by DEHP addition to the soil (P < 0.05). Random forest modeling showed that the AOB Shannon index and pH were the most important biotic and abiotic factors affecting N2O emissions in the soil with DEHP exposure, respectively. Partial least squares path modeling (PLS-PM) demonstrated that the reduction of N2O emissions due to DEHP exposure was mainly ascribed to the changes of the AOB community. The results from this study highlight the toxicity of DEHP on the ammonia oxidizers, and its mitigating effect on N2O emissions in the soil where ammonia-oxidation is largely driven by AOB.

Comparative analysis of kinetics and mechanisms for Pb(II) sorption onto three kinds of microplastics.

Microplastics (MPs), a kind of novel contaminant, have potential to concentrate and transport heavy metals in the aquatic environment. This feature may affect the distribution and bioavailability of heavy metals. In order to determine the sorption behaviors of heavy metals onto the MPs, the sorption kinetics and mechanisms were investigated between the MPs (polyvinylchloride PVC, polyethylene PE, polystyrene PS) and Pb(II). The results suggested that the Pb(II) sorption onto the MPs were pH- and ionic strength-dependent. The sorption processes were best fitted by the pseudo-second-order model, and the rate-limiting steps were the intraparticle diffusion and final equilibrium process. The maximum sorption capacities of PVC, PE and PS were 483.1 µg/g, 416.7 µg/g and 128.5 µg/g under the condition of 0.01 M NaCl, pH 6.0, T = 298 K. The sorption rate constants were in the following order: PVC

ROCK inhibitor attenuates carbon blacks-induced pulmonary fibrosis in mice via Rho/ROCK/NF-kappa B pathway.

Exposure to carbon blacks (CBs) has been associated with the progression of pulmonary fibrosis, whereas the mechanism is still not clear. We therefore aimed to investigate the effect of RhoA/ROCK pathway on pulmonary fibrosis caused by CBs exposure. Western blot analysis indicated that CBs could promote the activation of RhoA/ROCK pathway and phosphorylation of p65 and IκBα in mice lung. However, ROCK inhibitor Y-27632 could attenuate phosphorylation levels of p65 and IκBα and restore histopathological changes of the lung tissue. Then, we evaluated the effect of RhoA/ROCK pathway on pulmonary fibrosis by detecting the expression levels of α-SMA, vimentin, and Collagen type-I (Col-I), which could be partly inhibited by Y-27632. It was assumed that inhibition of ROCK could be a promising therapeutic candidate for CBs-induced pulmonary fibrosis, which possibly through the blockage of RhoA/ROCK/NF-κB pathway.

Shh-Yap signaling controls hepatic ductular reactions in CCl4 -induced liver injury.

Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) exposure can induce hepatic ductular reactions. To date, however, the related mechanism remains largely unknown. Sonic hedgehog (Shh) and Yes-associated protein (Yap) signaling are correlated with liver injury and regeneration. Herein, we investigated the role of Shh and Yap signaling in the fate of ductular reaction cells in CCl4 -treated livers and the possible mechanisms. Wild-type and Shh-EGFP-Cre male mice were exposed to CCl4 (2 mL/kg), and then treated with or without the Shh signaling inhibitor Gant61. The level of liver injury, proliferation of ductular reaction cells, and expression levels of mRNA and protein related to the Shh and Yap signaling components were assessed. Results showed that CCl4 treatment induced liver injury and promoted activation and proliferation of ductular reaction cells. In addition, CCl4 induced the expression of Shh ligands in hepatocytes, accompanied by activation of Shh and Yap1 signaling in the liver. Furthermore, administration of Gant61 ameliorated liver regeneration, inhibited hepatic ductular reactions, and decreased Shh and Yap1 signaling activity. Thus, Shh-Yap1 signaling appears to play an integral role in the proliferation of ductular reaction cells in CCl4 -induced liver injury. This study should improve our understanding of the mechanism of CCl4 -induced liver injury and ductular reactions and provide support for future investigations on liver disease therapy.

High Sorption and Selective Extraction of Actinides from Aqueous Solutions.

The selective elimination of long-lived radioactive actinides from complicated solutions is crucial for pollution management of the environment. Knowledge about the species, structures and interaction mechanism of actinides at solid-water interfaces is helpful to understand and to evaluate physicochemical behavior in the natural environment. In this review, we summarize recent works about the sorption and interaction mechanism of actinides (using U, Np, Pu, Cm and Am as representative actinides) on natural clay minerals and man-made nanomaterials. The species and microstructures of actinides on solid particles were investigated by advanced spectroscopy techniques and computational theoretical calculations. The reduction and solidification of actinides on solid particles is the most effective way to immobilize actinides in the natural environment. The contents of this review may be helpful in evaluating the migration of actinides in near-field nuclear waste repositories and the mobilization properties of radionuclides in the environment.

A 2-year study of the impact of reduced nitrogen application combined with double inhibitors on soil nitrogen transformation and wheat productivity under drip irrigation.

BACKGROUND: Nitrification inhibitors (NIs) and urease inhibitors (UIs) can decrease the risk of nitrogen (N) loss and extend N uptake by plants. However, there are few case studies about reduced N application combined with double inhibitors (DIs, NI plus UI), especially under drip irrigation systems. A 2-year field experiment was therefore conducted to explore the effect of 80% N application rate combined with NI or DIs on soil N transformation, wheat productivity and N use efficiency (NUE) in a drip-irrigated field. The four treatments included a no-fertilizer control, 100% urea, 80% urea + NI (nitrapyrin) and 80% urea + DIs (nitrapyrin and N-(n-butyl) thiophosphorictriamide (NBPT)). RESULTS: Our results showed that the 80% urea + DIs treatment significantly increased the ratio of NH4 + to NO3 - and N content (urea-N, NH4 + -N and NO3 - -N) in soil at 0-20 cm depth (P < 0.05) at the heading stage and the filling stage of wheat in both 2013 and 2014, relative to the 100% urea treatment. A total of 80% urea + NI treatment decreased wheat N uptake and wheat productivity (plant biomass and yield) compared to 100% urea treatments (P < 0.05). However, application of 80% urea combined with DIs achieved equivalent wheat productivity with 100% urea treatment. Moreover, the greatest NUE (43.6%) was recorded with the application of DIs. CONCLUSIONS: Cutting the N application rate by 20% combined with NBPT and nitrapyrin could provide a sustainable fertilization strategy for wheat production under drip irrigation. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Adsorption and mechanistic study of the invasive plant-derived biochar functionalized with CaAl-LDH for Eu(III) in water.

Herein, we developed the invasive plant-derived biochar (IPB) functionalized with CaAl-LDH at five mass ratios using a physical mixture method, assessed their adsorption perform for Eu(III), and explored the relative mechanisms. Results show that the IPB successfully loaded CaAl-LDH in five composites and their Eu(III) sorption affinities were strongly affected by solution pH, contact time, temperature, and the mass ratio of LDH and IPB. All the sorpiton process for Eu(III) occurred on the heterogeneous surface of five composites and the boundary layer diffusion limited the chemical sorption rate. Interestingly, the CaAl-LDH/IPB composite with high ratio of IPB had higher sorption capacity than the one with high ratio of LDH due to larger porosity of the former. Three mechanisms containing ion exchange between Al and Eu ions, surface complexation with carboxyl- and oxygen-containing functional groups, and precipitation were involved in the Eu(III) sorption, but the dominant sorption mechanism for each CaAl-LDH/IPB composite differed with different mass ratio of CaAl-LDH and IPB. In composite with more IPB (e.g., CaAl-LDH/IPB-13), both ion exchange and surface complexes dominated the sorption process and the intensity of Eu3+ was identified with the one of Eu2O3. Whereas in composites with high LDH, ion exchange dominated the sorption and the intensity of Eu3+ was obviously higher than the one of Eu2O3. This research will provide a new perspective for the application of the LDH/biochar materials.

Enhanced Photoreduction of U(VI) on C3N4 by Cr(VI) and Bisphenol A: ESR, XPS, and EXAFS Investigation.

The effect of Cr(VI) and bisphenol A (BPA) on U(VI) photoreduction by C3N4 photocatalyst was demonstrated by the batch experiments, electron spin resonance (ESR), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray absorption near edge structure (XANES), and extended X-ray absorption fine structure (EXAFS) techniques. The batch experiments manifested that Cr(VI) and BPA enhanced the photocatalytic activity of C3N4 for U(VI) photoreduction, whereas U(VI) photoreduction was significantly diminished with increased pH from 4.0 to 8.0. According to radical scavengers and ESR analysis, U(VI) was photoreduced to U(IV) by photogenerated electrons of conduction band edge, whereas Cr(VI) was reduced to Cr(III) by H2O2. BPA and its products such as organic acid and alcohols can capture photoinduced holes, which resulted in the enhancement of U(VI) photoreduction to U(IV). XPS and XANES analyses demonstrated that U(VI) was gradually photoreduced to U(IV) by C3N4 within irradiation 60 min, whereas U(IV) was reoxidized to U(VI) with increasing irradiation time. EXAFS analysis determined that the dominant interaction mechanisms of U(VI) on C3N4 after irradiation for 240 min were reductive precipitation and inner-sphere surface complexation. This work highlights the synergistic removal of radionuclides, heavy metals, and persistent organic pollutants by C3N4, which is crucial for the design and application of a high-performance photocatalyst in actual environmental cleanup.

Performance of biochar derived from rice straw for removal of Ni(II) in batch experiments.

Biochar, as a cost-efficient adsorbent, is of major interest in the removal of heavy metals from wastewater. Herein, batch experiments were conducted to investigate the performance of biochar derived from rice straw for the removal of Ni(II) as a function of various environmental conditions. The results showed that Ni(II) sorption was strongly dependent on pH but independent of ionic strength and the effects of electrolyte ions could be negligible over the whole pH range. Ionic exchange and inner-sphere surface complexation dominated the sorption of Ni(II). Humic/fulvic acids clearly enhanced the Ni(II) sorption at pH <7.2 but inhibited the sorption at pH >7.2. The sorption reached equilibrium within 10 hours, and the kinetics followed a pseudo-second-order rate model. Any of the Langmuir, Freundlich, or Dubinin-Radushkevich isotherm models could describe the sorption well, but the Langmuir model described it best. The maximum sorption capacity calculated from the Langmuir model was 0.257 m·mol/g. The thermodynamic parameters suggested that Ni(II) sorption was a spontaneous and endothermic process and was enhanced at high temperature. The results of this work indicate that biochar derived from rice straw may be a valuable bio-sorbent for Ni(II) in aqueous solutions, but it still requires further modification.

Mechanistic insights into sequestration of U(VI) toward magnetic biochar: Batch, XPS and EXAFS techniques.

The magnetic iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles stabilized on the biochar were synthesized by fast pyrolysis of Fe(II)-loaded hydrophyte biomass under N2 conditions. The batch experiments showed that magnetic biochar presented a large removal capacity (54.35mg/g) at pH3.0 and 293K. The reductive co-precipitation of U(VI) to U(IV) by magnetic biochar was demonstrated according to X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption near edge structure analysis. According to extended X-ray absorption fine structure analysis, the occurrence of U-Fe and U-U shells indicated that high effective removal of uranium was primarily inner-sphere coordination and then reductive co-precipitation at low pH. These observations provided the further understanding of uranium removal by magnetic materials in environmental remediation.

Performance and mechanism of U(vi) removal from solution by humic acid-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticle-modified biochar from filamentous green algae.

The adsorbent material humic acid-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticle-modified biochar from filamentous green algae was fabricated by introducing the composites of humic acid-coated Fe3O4 nanoparticles onto biochar from filamentous green algae using the co-precipitation method. Then, the removal of U(vi) from solution by humic acid-Fe3O4/BC was carried out through batch experiments. The results of the characterization showed that the reaction conditions had an important influence on U(vi) removal by humic acid-Fe3O4/BC. The pseudo-second-order kinetic model and Langmuir model better illustrate the adsorption process of U(vi) on the surface of humic acid-Fe3O4/BC. The adsorption processes were dominated by chemisorption and monolayer adsorption. The maximum adsorption capacity of U(vi) by humic acid-Fe3O4/BC could be calculated, and it could reach 555.56 mg g-1. The probable mechanisms of U(vi) removal by humic acid-Fe3O4/BC were reduction reaction, inner-sphere surface complexation and electrostatic adsorption. The high stability and reusability of humic acid-Fe3O4/BC made it more promising in U(vi) removal applications.

Modelling of soil environmental quality and early warning of integrated ecological risk.

The knowledge of dynamic trend in soil heavy metal contamination and associated risk is important for soil pollution prevention, safe utilization and early warning of soil environmental quality and ecological risk. In this study, a modified integrated risk index (NIRI) was adopted to evaluate ecological risk in agricultural soil in Wenzhou with 70 samples, which is located in the southeast of China. In addition, two scenarios with different metal fluxes (optimistic and default scenario) were constructed to predict future dynamic trend of metal concentrations. Results showed the agricultural soil was mainly contaminated by Cd and Pb. The NIRI indicated moderate to considerable risk in most sites and Cd posed the greatest contribution to NIRI value. Besides, higher risk was determined in paddy soil than that in vegetable. Scenario simulation results revealed general declining trend in optimistic scenario while increasing trend in default scenario for metal concentration. However, exceedance varied with prediction period, soil types and metals. Ecological risk probability showed similar trend with metal concentration, indicating significant shift to higher risk level in default scenario while insignificant decrease in optimistic scenario. The proposed scenario simulation results provide reference to support soil quality improvement and risk management.

Catalyst-free contact-electro-catalytic H2O2 synthesis via simple combination of a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) stir bar and ultrasound.

Herein, we present a catalyst-free contact-electro-catalytic method for synthesizing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) by combining continuous agitation with a poly(tetrafluoroethylene) (PTFE) stir bar and ultrasonication. A high H2O2 production rate of 256.6 µM h-1 is achieved under ambient conditions without adding particle catalysts and sacrificial agents, which is competitive with recent advancements in redox technology. Eco-friendliness, convenience and efficiency make this process a promising alternative method for H2O2 synthesis.