Silencing KPNA2 Promotes Ferroptosis in Laryngeal Cancer by Activating the FoxO Signaling Pathway.

We aim to clarify the specific role of Karyopherin α2 (KPNA2) in the progression of laryngeal cancer, a kind of malignant tumor with a poor curative effect. We performed the bioinformatic analysis to obtain the ferroptosis-related differentially expressed genes. KPNA2 was screened out. Then the CCK-8 assay, wound healing assay, and transwell assay were used to clarify the changes in the proliferation, migration, and invasion abilities of laryngeal cancer cells after silencing KPNA2. The concentrations of iron ions, glutathione, superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde were evaluated by the corresponding detection kits. The expression levels of cyclooxygenase 2, Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4, glutathione peroxidase 4, forkhead box O (FoxO)1a and FoxO3a were determined by Western Blot. A total of 45 ferroptosis-related differentially expressed genes in laryngeal cancer were obtained, and KPNA2 was selected after bioinformatic analysis. In ferroptosis-induced laryngeal cancer cells, the cell viability, migration rate, invasion ability, and the expression of glutathione peroxidase 4, glutathione, and superoxide dismutase were further decreased and the expression of cyclooxygenase 2, Acyl-CoA synthetase long-chain family member 4, iron ions, and malondialdehyde were further increased after silencing KPNA2. The expression levels of FoxO1a and FoxO3a in laryngeal cancer cells were increased by silencing KPNA2. KPNA2 may be a promising therapeutic target for laryngeal cancer. Down-regulation of KPNA2 can promote ferroptosis in laryngeal cancer by stimulating the FoxO signaling pathway.

Peripheral substitution effects on unnatural base pairs: A case of brominated TPT3 to enhance replication fidelity.

The high fidelity poses a central role in developing unnatural base pairs (UBPs), which means the high pairing capacity of unnatural bases with their partners, and low mispairing with all the natural bases. Different strategies have been used to develop higher-fidelity UBPs, including optimizing hydrophobic interaction forces between UBPs. Variant substituent groups are allowed to fine tune the hydrophobic forces of different UBPs' candidates. However, the modifications on the skeleton of TPT3 base are rare and the replication fidelity of TPT3-NaM remains hardly to improve so far. In this paper, we reasoned that modifying and/or expanding the aromatic surface by Bromo-substituents to slightly increase hydrophobicity of TPT3 might offer a way to increase the fidelity of this pair. Based on the hypothesis, we synthesized the bromine substituted TPT3, 2-bromo-TPT3 and 2, 4-dibromo-TPT3 as the new TPT3 analogs. While the enzyme reaction kinetic experiments showed that d2-bromo-TPT3-dNaM pair and d2, 4-dibromo-TPT3TP-dNaM pair had slightly less efficient incorporation and extension rates than that of dTPT3-dNaM pair, the assays did reveal that the mispairing of 2-bromo-TPT3 and 2, 4-dibromo-TPT3 with all the natural bases could dramatically decrease in contrast to TPT3. Their lower mispairing capacity promoted us to run polymerase chain amplification reactions, and a higher fidelity of d2-bromo-TPT3-dNaM pair could be obtained with 99.72 ± 0.01% of the in vitro replication fidelity than that of dTPT3-dNaM pair, 99.52 ± 0.09%. In addition, d2-bromo-TPT3-dNaM can also be effectively copied in E. coli cells, which showed the same replication fidelity as that of dTPT3-dNaM in the specific sequence, but a higher fidelity in the random sequence context.

Overexpression of ZmSTOP1-A Enhances Aluminum Tolerance in Arabidopsis by Stimulating Organic Acid Secretion and Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging.

Aluminum (Al) toxicity and low pH are major factors limiting plant growth in acidic soils. Sensitive to Proton Rhizotoxicity 1 (STOP1) transcription factors respond to these stresses by regulating the expression of multiple Al- or low pH-responsive genes. ZmSTOP1-A, a STOP1-like protein from maize (Zea mays), was localized to the nucleus and showed transactivation activity. ZmSTOP1-A was expressed moderately in both roots and shoots of maize seedlings, but was not induced by Al stress or low pH. Overexpression of ZmSTOP1-A in Arabidopsis Atstop1 mutant partially restored Al tolerance and improved low pH tolerance with respect to root growth. Regarding Al tolerance, ZmSTOP1-A/Atstop1 plants showed clear upregulation of organic acid transporter genes, leading to increased organic acid secretion and reduced Al accumulation in roots. In addition, the antioxidant enzyme activity in roots and shoots of ZmSTOP1-A/Atstop1 plants was significantly enhanced, ultimately alleviating Al toxicity via scavenging reactive oxygen species. Similarly, ZmSTOP1-A could directly activate ZmMATE1 expression in maize, positively correlated with the number of Al-responsive GGNVS cis-elements in the ZmMATE1 promoter. Our results reveal that ZmSTOP1-A is an important transcription factor conferring Al tolerance by enhancing organic acid secretion and reactive oxygen species scavenging in Arabidopsis.

Dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 protects PM2.5 exposure-induced lung injury in mice by repressing inflammation and oxidative stress.

BACKGROUND: Airborne fine particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 µm (PM2.5) pollution is associated with the prevalence of respiratory diseases, including asthma, bronchitis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In patients with those diseases, circulating asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA) levels are increased, which contributes to airway nitric oxide deficiency, oxidative stress and inflammation. Overexpression of dimethylarginine dimethylaminohydrolase 1 (DDAH1), an enzyme degrading ADMA, exerts protective effects in animal models. However, the impact of DDAH1/ADMA on PM2.5-induced lung injury has not been investigated. METHODS: Ddah1-/- and DDAH1-transgenic mice, as well as their respective wild-type (WT) littermates, were exposed to either filtered air or airborne PM2.5 (mean daily concentration ~ 50 µg/m3) for 6 months through a whole-body exposure system. Mice were also acutely exposed to 10 mg/kg PM2.5 and/or exogenous ADMA (2 mg/kg) via intratracheal instillation every other day for 2 weeks. Inflammatory response, oxidative stress and related gene expressions in the lungs were examined. In addition, RAW264.7 cells were exposed to PM2.5 and/or ADMA and the changes in intracellular oxidative stress and inflammatory response were determined. RESULTS: Ddah1-/- mice developed more severe lung injury than WT mice after long-term PM2.5 exposure, which was associated with greater induction of pulmonary oxidative stress and inflammation. In the lungs of PM2.5-exposed mice, Ddah1 deficiency increased protein expression of p-p65, iNOS and Bax, and decreased protein expression of Bcl-2, SOD1 and peroxiredoxin 4. Conversely, DDAH1 overexpression significantly alleviated lung injury, attenuated pulmonary oxidative stress and inflammation, and exerted opposite effects on those proteins in PM2.5-exposed mice. In addition, exogenous ADMA administration could mimic the effect of Ddah1 deficiency on PM2.5-induced lung injury, oxidative stress and inflammation. In PM2.5-exposed macrophages, ADMA aggravated the inflammatory response and oxidative stress in an iNOS-dependent manner. CONCLUSION: Our data revealed that DDAH1 has a marked protective effect on long-term PM2.5 exposure-induced lung injury.

Effect of multidimensional lifestyle interventions on metabolic risk reduction in children: a cluster randomised controlled trial.

Few clinical trials have investigated lifestyle intervention effect on metabolic health in children. The study aimed to examine the effect of diet and physical activity intervention on the reduction of clustered metabolic risk score (CMRS) in children and moderators and mediators of the intervention effect. A multicentre, clustered randomised controlled trial was conducted with examination conducted at baseline and after intervention over one year. 7110 children (49.7% girls) with a mean of 9.06 (95% CI: 9.03, 9.09) years were included in the analysis. In Beijing, each three schools were randomly assigned to diet-only, physical activity-only intervention and control groups. In five other urban cities, each 15 schools were randomly assigned to comprehensive intervention and control groups. CMRS was computed by summing the Z scores of % fat mass, systolic blood pressure, fasting glucose, ratio of cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride. Compared with controls (n = 2808), children in the comprehensive intervention group (n = 2848) had more reduction in CMRS (multivariate-adjusted mean difference (95% CI): -0.49 (-0.85, -0.14)). The body mass index (BMI) reduction explained 7.3% (95% CI 2.8%-18.1%) of the total intervention effect. The intervention was more effective in children with higher birthweight, lower parental BMI, or complete parental data. Diet-only or physical activity-only intervention had non-significant effects on CMRS reduction. Our multidimensional comprehensive intervention resulted in significant reduction in CMRS in primary school children and this effect was modified by birthweight, parental BMI, and parental involvement. A minority of metabolic risk reduction was mediated through BMI. Clinical Trial Registry number and website: ChiCTR-PRC-09000402, URL: http://www.chictr.org.cn.

Association between milk consumption and the nutritional status of poor rural Chinese students in 2016.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Milk promotes the growth of children's height. However, the relationship between milk consumption and anemia or obesity remain unclear. We explored the association between milk consumption and the nutritional status of poor rural Chinese students, including anemia, height, weight, malnutrition, and overweight/obesity. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: A total of 22,315 students aged 8-16 years were recruited. The frequency of milk consumption and other information were investigated using the questionnaire. Students' morning fasting height, weight, and whole-blood hemoglobin were measured. The children were classified as malnutrition, normal weight, and overweight/obesity according to their age-specific height and BMI. Multivariate linear and multiple logistic regression were used to analyze the association between milk consumption and nutritional status. RESULTS: In total, 10.6% of students drank milk at least once a day. Compared to students who drank milk <1 time/week, The heights and weights of students who consumed milk 1-3 times/week, 4-6 times/week, and at least once per day were 0.8, 0.9, and 1.3 cm greater and 0.8, 0.6, and 1.0 kg heavier. Students who drank milk at least once a day (OR=0.817), and 1-3 times/week (OR=0.868) had a significantly lower prevalence of malnutrition. Students who drank milk 4-6 times/week (OR=0.472) had a significantly lower prevalence of anemia. However, no significant association was identified between milk consumption and overweight/obesity. CONCLUSIONS: Frequent consumption of milk was associated with these students having a lower risk of malnutrition and anemia, being taller, and being heavier.

Effect of equipment layout on bioaerosol temporal-spatial distribution and deposition in one BSL-3 laboratory.

Reasonable equipment layout is essential for creating a healthy and safe environment, especially in a three-level biosafety laboratory with high potential risk factors of infection. Since 2019, COVID-19, an emerging infection has swept the world and caused severe losses. Biosafety laboratories are mandatory sites for detecting high-risk viruses, so related research is urgently needed to prevent further laboratory-acquired infections of operators. This study investigated the effects of obstacles on exposure infection of staff in a biosafety laboratory with related experimental equipment. The numerical simulation results are highly verified by the measured results. The results indicate that although the equipment layout does not affect the bioaerosol removal time, nearly 17% of the pollutant particles in the actual laboratory cannot be discharged effectively compared with the ideal situation. These particles lingered in the lower space under the influence of vortex, which would increase the respiratory risk of operators. In addition, after the experiment a large part of bioaerosol particles would be captured by equipment and floor, and the deposition rate per unit area is 0.45%/m2 and 0.8%/m2, respectively. Although the results show that the equipment layout could reduce the pollution on the floor, the disinfection is still an important link, especially on the surfaces of equipment. Meanwhile, the result also indicates that the action should be light and slow when operating in BSL-3 laboratory, so as to avoid the secondary suspension pollution of bioaerosol particles on the equipment surface and floor.

[Breakfast food varieties of children aged 6-17 in China from 2010 to 2012].

OBJECTIVE: To analyze breakfast food varieties among children aged 6-17 in China from 2010 to 2012. METHODS: Data came from China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. By using multi-stage stratified sampling and population proportional stratified random sampling method, 5822 children aged 6-17 from 150 sites in 31 provinces, autonomous regions or municipalities in China were selected as subjects. Information on breakfast food varieties was collected by using the 24 h recall method for 3 consecutive days, and compared by different ages, genders and regions. RESULTS: The rate of school-aged children aged 6 to 17 years in China who ingested cereals, vegetables and fruits, meat, fish and eggs, milk, soy bean and nuts was 88.1%, 47.8%, 49.5% and 33.1% respectively. The rate of breakfast food reaching 3 kinds or above was 41.7%, and the rate of breakfast food varieties reached 3 kinds or above among children aged 15-17 years and poor rural children were lower than other groups(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in different gender. CONCLUSION: It is common that the kinds of breakfast food for school-age children cannot reach 3 or above. More attention and improvement measures are needed for children of high age groups and poor rural areas.

[Relationship between breakfast and nutrition status study of children aged 6-17 in China from 2010 to 2012].

OBJECTIVE: To study the relationship between the frequency of breakfast and nutrition status of children aged 6-17 in China. METHODS: Data were collected from China National Nutrition and Health Surveillance in 2010-2012. By using multi-stage stratified sampling and population proportional stratified random sampling method, the research objects were 28 431 children aged 6-17 years. The information of breakfast frequency in the past week were collected by questionnaire, the child's height, weight and personal basic information were also collected. RESULTS: The rate of malnutrition for children who did not eat breakfast in the past week was 16. 5%( 59/356), the rates of stunting and wasting were 5. 6%( 20/358) and 11. 0%( 39/356) respectively, which were significantly higher than the rates of children who ate breakfast everyday( P <0. 05). The risks of stunting, wasting and malnutrition in children who did not have breakfast were 1. 855( 95% CI 1. 149-2. 995), 1. 449( 95% CI 1. 017-2. 065) and1. 646( 95% CI 1. 220-2. 221) times, respectively, of the ones who had breakfast every day. The overall rate of overweight and obesity for children who had breakfast every day was 17. 1%( 4347/25360), which was significantly higher than the rate of children who did not eat breakfast( P < 0. 001), Logistic regression analysis showed that breakfast frequency was not a factor affecting children's overweight and obesity. CONCLUSION: The risks of malnutrition prevalence for the children who don't have breakfast are more than the ones who have breakfast every day. Breakfast skipping is an independent factor to malnutrition that can increase risk of malnutrition.

[Changes in body composition of primary school students from Tianyang County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region after two years' nutrition intervention].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of two years'nutrition intervention with eggs and milk on the body composition of rural primary school students in Tianyang County, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. METHODS: Four intervention schools and four control schools were selected randomly from Tianyang County of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region. Both intervention schools and control schools were similar in socialeconomic level, teaching standards, and school size. A total of 672 students(380students in the intervention group and 292 students in the control group)were recruited from the 2nd to the 4th Grade in primary school. Students in the intervention group were provided 200 g school milk and 50 g halogen eggs per school day. For students in the control group, no intervention was provided. Their height and weight were collected, and body composition was measured by bioelectrical impedance method at baseline, after oneyear and two-year intervention. The mixed linear model of repeated measurements was adopted for the comparison of each index. According to their weights by gender and age at baseline, students were divided into low weight group, medium weight group, and high weight group. Changes in body composition of students in each weight groups after two years'intervention were analyzed. RESULTS: The increase of lean body mass of the male students in the intervention group was 0. 5 kg higher compared to those in the control group after one-year intervention(t=3. 66, P<0. 001). However, the difference was not significant between two groups after two years of intervention. In terms of body fat, the intervention group gained 0. 2 kg more body fat after one year(t=2. 12, P=0. 034)and0. 5 kg more after two years(t=3. 23, P=0. 001)compared to the control group. Differences in body fat or lean body weight in boys between intervention and control group were still present after controlling age, height and weight. At the same time, those effects on lean body mass were only found among boys with low and medium baseline weight level, and the effects on body fat were found among boys with high weight level. No effects were found in girls neither after one year or two years of intervention. CONCLUSION: Two-year supplementation with eggs and milk had promoted lean body weight increase and body fat increase of poor rural primary school male students in Guangxi. However, no significant effects were found in female students.

[Scheme of the "Nutrition Campus" pilot program].

The "Nutrition Campus "pilot program is based on findings from"Nutritional status and intervention strategy study for urban primary and secondary students". The "Campus nutrition education strategy study in urban primary and secondary students"in Shunyi, Beijing was launched in the first place as a leading part of the pilot program. A total of 12 primary and secondary schools from 8 pilot districts/counties of 8 provinces/cities are involved in the program to prevent and control child malnutrition in all kinds. The students, parents, teachers, kitchen staff, and school administrators are intervened in the forms of a series of activities of nutrition and health education, physical activity promotion, and healthy school meal support. The supportive school nutrition environment is created in the mean time. The first phase of the program is Year 2017. The ultimate purpose of the program is to explore an effective, generalizable, referenceable model adopting comprehensive intervention methods to promote nutrition and health of children in the school setting for different regions.

Literature research of the Nutrition Improvement Programme for Rural Compulsory Education Students in China.

OBJECTIVE: To describe the Nutrition Improvement Programme for Rural Compulsory Education Students (NIPRCES) in China and to share the experiences of developing and implementing nationwide school meal programmes with other countries. DESIGN: The article is based on a literature review of technical documents and reports of NIPRCES and relevant national legislation, technical reports and studies on school nutrition, minutes of meetings and national conferences, and official documents of the National Office of Student Nutrition and the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention. SETTING: People's Republic of China. SUBJECTS: Published papers, national policies, legislation and unpublished official documents. RESULTS: A total of 23 million rural compulsory education students were covered by NIPRCES. In the development and implementation process of NIPRCES, fifteen ministries and national committees were involved and an efficient collaborative mechanism was established. All NIPRCES-covered schools were required to serve meals on a daily basis. By the end of June 2012, the proportions of students choosing 'school feeding', 'food package' and 'family feeding' modes were respectively 64.0 %, 32.0 % and 4.0 %. The central government subsidized school meals annually by more than $US 2.5 billion and invested $US 4.8 billion on school kitchens to support this programme. CONCLUSIONS: The NIPRCES is a significant movement of governmental nutritional intervention in China. Food safety, financial security, decentralization and other potential concerns should be considered and lessons can be learned from other countries. Further relevant research and a nationwide monitoring and evaluation programme are needed.

[Effects of egg and milk supplementation on growth and development among children in poor rural area].

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the effects of egg and milk supplementation on growth and development and body composition among children in poor rural area in Tianyang County of Guangxi province. METHODS: Total four schools were randomly selected from four towns in Tianyang County of Guangxi province as intervention group in April, 2013. The intervention measures included that these students were given salty egg (net weight: 50 g) and ultra-high-temperature-sterilization school milk (net weight: 200 g) every school day and these schools were equipped with standard kitchens. Another four schools of familiar socio-economic level, teaching quality and size from the same town were randomly chosen as control group and none of the intervention measures were implemented. About 25 students were randomly selected and stratified by grades from grade one to grade five. The height, weight, and body composition of all students were measured in April, 2013 and one year after the intervention. A total of 978 students were measured at baseline from age 6 to 13, 552 students as intervention group and 426 as control group. t-test was used to compare the differences between groups and multivariate unconditional logistic regression was used to analyze the factors of malnutrition. RESULTS: After one year intervention, 892 students were measured randomly, with 515 students in intervention group and 377 in control one. The average weight of boys in intervention group increased (3.6 ± 1.7) kg compared with baseline. It was significantly higher than that of control group ((2.9 ± 1.5) kg) (t = 4.40, P < 0.001). The boy's lean body mass of intervention group increased (2.6 ± 1.4) kg, higher than the control group ((2.0 ± 1.2) kg) (t = 3.95, P < 0.001). The decrease of malnutrition rate of intervention schools (11.8%) was significantly higher than that of the control schools (4.7%, χ² = 16.90, P < 0.001), and the odds ratio was 0.37 (95% CI: 0.23-0.59). The risk difference of overweight and obesity was not statistically significant between the two groups (OR = 1.68, 95% CI: 0.57-4.94). CONCLUSION: After supplementing milk and egg, the nutritional status of the poor rural pupils was improved.

[Study on the psychological health condition among junior and senior high school students in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the status and difference of students' mental health in junior high school, ordinary high school and vocational high school in Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou. METHODS: 135 schools and 14 473 students were randomly selected and stratified to draw the sample. Mental Health Test (MHT) was used to measure the status of students' mental health. RESULTS: Among 13 286 valid questionnaire, 2.1% students were mentally disabled, more females reported their mental problems (2.1%) than males (1.9%). Students from Shanghai (2.5%) and Beijing (2.3%) were more likely to report their mental problems than students from Guangzhou (1.6%), which were statistically significant. The top three mental problems includes anxiety (42.6%), physical condition (11.1%) and self - blame tendency (9.7%), etc. CONCLUSION: Students from Beijing, Shanghai and Guangzhou got different extend of mental problems.

[Knowledge, attitude and practice on drinking water of primary and secondary students in Shenzhen].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the status on drinking water related knowledge, attitude and practice of primary and secondary students in Shenzhen. METHODS: All 832 primary and secondary students from three schools in Shenzhen were selected by using multi-stage random sampling method. The information of drinking water related knowledge, time of drinking water and the type of drink chose in different situations were collected by questionnaires. RESULTS: 87.3% of students considered plain water being the healthiest drink in daily life, and the percent in girls (90.6%) was significantly higher than that in boys (84.4% ) (chi2 = 7.13, P = 0.0089). The awareness percent of the harm of dehydration was 84.5%. The percent in high school students (96.4%) was significantly higher than that in primary (73.9%) and middle school students (94.2%) (chi2 = 73.77, P < 0.0001). 63.7% of students considered that the healthiest time of drinking water was in the morning with an empty stomach, and 46.3% chose when they felt thirsty. However, 63.7% drank water when they felt thirsty, and 50.6% drank water in the morning with an empty stomach. The percent of drinking plain water at school was the highest (83.4%), followed by at home (64.1%) and in public (26.2%). There were 45.2% and 53.3% of students, respectively, choosing sugary drinks as their favorite drink and most frequently drinking in public places. CONCLUSION: Primary and secondary students in Shenzhen have a good awareness of drinking water, which is inconsistent with their practice. Meanwhile, a considerable proportion of students towards choosing drinks have many misconceptions. The education of healthy drinking water should be strengthened.

Stabilizing Lithium-Metal Host Anodes by Covalently Binding MgF2 Nanodots to Honeycomb Carbon Nanofibers.

Constructing lithiophilic carbon hosts has been regarded as an effective strategy for inhibiting Li dendrite formation and mitigating the volume expansion of Li metal anodes. However, the limitation of lithiophilic carbon hosts by conventional surface decoration methods over long-term cycling hinders their practical application. In this work, a robust host composed of ultrafine MgF2 nanodots covalently bonded to honeycomb carbon nanofibers (MgF2/HCNFs) is created through an in situ solid-state reaction. The composite exhibits ultralight weight, excellent lithiophilicity, and structural stability, contributing to a significantly enhanced energy efficiency and lifespan of the battery. Specifically, the strong covalent bond not only prevents MgF2 nanodots from migrating and aggregating but also enhances the binding energy between Mg and Li during the molten Li infusion process. This allows for the effective and stable regulation of repeated Li plating/stripping. As a result, the MgF2/HCNF-Li electrode delivers a high Coulombic efficiency of 97% after 200 cycles, cycling stably for more than 2000 h. Furthermore, the full cells with a LiFePO4 cathode achieve a capacity retention of 85% after 500 cycles at 0.5C. This work provides a strategy to guide dendrite-free Li deposition patterns toward the development of high-performance Li metal batteries.

Sustainable release of LiNO3 in carbonate electrolytes for stable lithium metal anodes.

LiNO3 is recognized as an effective additive, forming a dense, nitrogen-rich solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on lithium's surface, which safeguards it from parasitic reactions. However, its use is limited due to the poor solubility in carbonate electrolytes. Herein, we introduce a bilayer separator designed to release LiNO3 sustainably. This continual release not only alters the chemistry of the SEI but also replenishes the additives that are depleted during battery cycling, thereby enhancing the durability of the modified interphase. This strategy effectively curtails Li dendrite formation, significantly enhancing the longevity of Li|LiFePO4 batteries, evidenced by an impressive 85% capacity retention after 800 cycles. This research offers a compelling remedy to the longstanding challenge of incorporating LiNO3 in carbonate electrolytes.

[The relationship between within-day drinking occasion and intake amount of water of primary and middle school students in four cities of China].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate the number of drinking occasions per day and average amount consumed per drinking occasion of primary and middle school students in four cities of China, and understand the relationship among drinking occasion, average amount consumed per drinking occasion and total drinking water. METHODS: A total of 5914 primary and middle school students from Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Chengdu were selected using multiple-stage random sampling method, and 5868 students completed the study from September to October in 2011. The detailed information of amounts and types of daily drinking water was recorded by subjects using a 24 hours measurement for seven consecutive days. Analysis of the relationship among drinking occasion, average amount consumed per drinking occasion and total drinking water was carried out. RESULTS: The daily total drinking water of subjects was (1089 ± 540) ml; the daily number of drinking occasions was (4.7 ± 1.8) times, with 79.1% (4639/5868) of subjects reporting 6 or less drinking occasions. The amount consumed per drinking occasion was (239 ± 96) ml, plain water (231 ± 112) ml, and beverages (237 ± 112) ml. The number of drinking occasions of subjects was positively correlated with total drinking water (r = 0.614, P < 0.05), and negatively correlated with the average amount consumed per drinking occasion (r = -0.211, P < 0.05). Total drinking water and the average amount consumed per drinking occasion was positively correlated (r = 0.598, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The number of drinking occasion of primary and middle school students more than 6 times was fewer in four cities of China, but the average amount of beverages consumed per drinking occasion was relatively more. With the increasing of drinking occasion, the average amount consumed per drinking occasion decreased, but total drinking water increased.

[Daily intake of plain water and beverages of primary and middle school students in four cities of China].

OBJECTIVE: To describe the daily consumption of plain water and beverages of primary and middle school students in four cities of China. METHODS: A total of 5914 students from Beijing, Shanghai, Guangzhou and Chengdu were selected using multiple-stage random sampling method, and 5868 students completed the study from September to October 2011. The information on amounts and types of drinking water was recorded using a 24 hour measurement for seven consecutive days. The amount of plain water and beverages was analyzed for subjects in different gender, grades and cities. RESULTS: The daily consumption of plain water of subjects was (744 ± 484) ml (68.3% of total drinking water) with statistically significant difference among the Guangzhou, Beijing, Shanghai and Chengdu ((869 ± 528), (818 ± 518), (702 ± 471), and (573 ± 333) ml; F = 113.74, P < 0.05). The amount of plain water in boys (809 ± 534) ml was significantly higher than in girls (683 ± 436) ml (Z = 9.58, P < 0.05) while higher in urban (792 ± 531) ml than in rural (695 ± 427) ml (Z = -6.09, P < 0.05). The consumption of plain water in high school students was the highest (829 ± 513) ml, and that in primary students was the lowest (672 ± 426) ml (F = 55.23, P < 0.05). The average daily consumption of beverages was (345 ± 287) ml (31.7% of total drinking water) and the highest in Shanghai (424 ± 304) ml, then in Beijing (347 ± 303) ml and in Guangzhou (316 ± 267) ml, the lowest in Chengdu (293 ± 255) ml (F = 58.94, P < 0.05). The consumption of beverages for students in urban areas (394 ± 301) ml was higher than that in rural areas (296 ± 264) ml (Z = -14.48, P < 0.05), but no significant difference between boys (348 ± 306) ml and girls (342 ± 269) ml (Z = -1.44, P > 0.05). The consumption of beverages of high school students (356 ± 309) ml and middle school students (360 ± 301) ml were higher than primary school students (328 ± 263) ml (F = 8.37, P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: The major drinking water of primary and middle school students in four cities of China was plain water. The amounts of consumption of plain water and beverages varied in different cities, urban and rural and levels of education.

[Water intake of primary and middle school students in four cities of China].

OBJECTIVE: To investigate total intake of drinking water of primary and middle school students in four cities of China, and to provide scientific evidence for developing standard of intake of drinking water for primary and middle school students in China. METHODS: A total of 5914 primary and middle school students were selected from Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and Guangzhou using multi-stage random sampling method and 5868 subjects completed the survey. The information on the amounts of daily drinking water was recorded for seven consecutive days using a 24 hour measurement. The amounts of daily drinking water among different cities and ages and between boys and girls or urban and rural were analyzed. RESULTS: The average daily total drinking water of subjects was (1089 ± 540) ml, with significant differences among the four cities ((1165 ± 549), (1126 ± 544), (866 ± 421), (1185 ± 568) ml in Beijing, Shanghai, Chengdu and Guangzhou, respectively; F = 114.28, P < 0.05). The average daily drinking water was significantly higher in boys (1157 ± 575) ml than in girls (1026 ± 498) ml (Z = 8.88, P < 0.05), and in urban (1185 ± 578) ml than in rural (991 ± 480) ml (Z = 13.94, P < 0.05). The difference among different ages was statistically significant (F = 91.53, P < 0.05) with ascending order in 7 - 10, 11 - 13 and 14 - 17 years old ((953 ± 483), (1134 ± 551) and (1170 ± 557) ml respectively). CONCLUSION: The daily consumption of total drinking water is different in primary and middle school students among different cities, regions, genders and ages.