IL-13 and IL-13-induced periostin levels are specifically decreased in patients following endoscopic sinus surgery for chronic rhinosinusitis.

BACKGROUND: Type 2 (T2) inflammation plays a pathogenic role in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). The effects of endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) on T2 inflammation are unknown. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare T2 inflammatory biomarkers from middle meatal (MM) mucus for distinguishing patients with CRS from CRS-free patients, identifying major phenotypes (CRS without nasal polyps [CRSsNP] and CRS with nasal polyps [CRSwNP]), assessing endotypic change, and establishing cross-sectional and longitudinal outcomes in patients undergoing ESS. METHODS: MM mucus samples were collected from patients with CRSsNP and patients with CRSwNP before and 6 to 12 months after ESS and compared with samples from CRS-free control patients. T2 biomarkers were evaluated both continuously and using threshold-based definitions of T2 endotype to identify relationships with patient-reported (based on the 22-Item Sinonasal Outcomes Test and Chronic Rhinosinusitis Patient-Reported Outcomes Measure) and clinician-reported (radiographic and endoscopic) severity. Linear mixed models were developed to analyze clinical variables associated with T2 biomarker levels. RESULTS: A total of 154 patients with CRS (89 with CRSsNP and 65 with CRSwNP) were enrolled, with a mean interval of 9 months between ESS and follow-up. An analysis of pre-ESS MM mucus samples revealed elevated levels of T2 mediators in patients with CRSwNP versus in patients with CRSsNP and CRS-free controls. Temporally stable correlations between levels of IL-13 and IL-5, levels of periostin and complement 5a, and levels of eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) and eotaxin-3 were observed. On this basis and on the basis of pathologic significance, levels of IL-13, periostin and ECP were further analyzed. After ESS, levels of IL-13 and periostin decreased significantly, whereas ECP levels remained unchanged. Across pre- and post-ESS evaluation, the T2 endotype was associated with radiographic severity but did not predict outcomes. CRSwNP status and African American race were associated with higher levels of IL-13 and periostin, whereas ECP level was higher in patients undergoing extensive surgery. CONCLUSION: ESS decreased levels of IL-13 and periostin in the middle meatus. T2 inflammation after ESS was correlated with patient- and clinician-reported severity across phenotypes. Pre-ESS T2 inflammation did not predict post-ESS outcomes.

Evidence that oncostatin M synergizes with IL-4 signaling to induce TSLP expression in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

BACKGROUND: Oncostatin M (OSM) may promote type 2 inflammation in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) by inducing thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP). OBJECTIVE: We sought to study the impact of OSM on TSLP synthesis and release from nasal epithelial cells (NECs). METHODS: OSM receptors, IL-4 receptors (IL-4R), and TSLP were evaluated in mucosal tissue and primary NECs from patients with CRSwNP by quantitative PCR and immunofluorescence. Air-liquid interface-cultured NECs were stimulated with cytokines, including OSM, and quantitative PCR, ELISA, Western blot, and flow cytometry were used to assess the expression of OSM receptors, IL-4R, and TSLP. RESULTS: Increased levels of OSM receptor ß chain (OSMRß), IL-4Rα, and TSLP were observed in nasal polyp tissues and primary epithelial cells from nasal polyps of patients with CRSwNP compared with control tissues or cells from control subjects. The level of expression of OSMRß in tissue was correlated with levels of both IL-4Rα and TSLP. OSM stimulation of NECs increased the expression of OSMRß and IL-4Rα. Stimulation with IL-4 plus OSM augmented the production of TSLP; the response was suppressed by a signal transducer and activator of transcription 6 inhibitor. Stimulation of NECs with IL-4 plus OSM increased the expression of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 3, an enzyme that truncates and activates TSLP. CONCLUSIONS: OSM increases the expression of IL-4Rα and synergizes with IL-4 to induce the synthesis and release of TSLP in NECs. Because the combination of IL-4 and OSM also augmented the expression of proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin 3, these results suggest that OSM can induce both synthesis and posttranslational processing/activation of TSLP, promoting type 2 inflammation.

Studies on activation and regulation of the coagulation cascade in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

BACKGROUND: Increased activation of the coagulation cascade and diminished fibrinolysis combine to promote fibrin deposition and polyp formation in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) with nasal polyps (CRSwNP). More information is needed concerning mechanisms of coagulation in CRSwNP. OBJECTIVE: We investigated the mechanisms as well as the initiation and regulation of coagulation cascade activation in CRS. METHODS: Samples were collected from 135 subjects with CRSwNP, 80 subjects with chronic CRS without nasal polyps (NP), and 65 control subjects. The levels of activated factor X (FXa), prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), thrombin-antithrombin complex, tissue factor (TF), and TF pathway inhibitor (TFPI) were monitored in CRS by real-time PCR, ELISA, immunohistochemistry, or immunofluorescence. Heteromeric complexes of TF with activated factor VII (FVII) and TF with activated FVII and FXa were assessed by coimmunoprecipitation and Western blotting. RESULTS: Increased levels of FXa, F1+2, and thrombin-antithrombin complex were detected in NP tissue compared to uncinate tissue from CRS and control subjects. Although free TF protein levels were not increased in NP, immunoprecipitation of TF in NP tissue revealed increased complexes of TF with FVII. Local expression of FVII was detected in sinonasal mucosa, and the ratio of TFPI to FXa was lower in NP tissue. CONCLUSION: The coagulation cascade is associated with NP compared to control and uncinate tissue from CRS patients, and TF and FVII are produced locally in sinonasal mucosa in patients. TF and FVII can activate the extrinsic coagulation pathway, suggesting that this pathway may activate fibrin deposition in CRSwNP. Reduced formation of the complex of FXa and TFPI in NP may reduce natural suppression of the extrinsic coagulation pathway in CRSwNP.

Prognostic factors for polyp recurrence in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps is frequently managed with endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Prior studies describe individual clinical variables and eosinophil density measures as prognostic for polyp recurrence (PR). However, the relative prognostic significance of these have not been extensively investigated. OBJECTIVES: We sought to evaluate the impact of PR on measures of disease severity post-ESS and quantify the prognostic value of various clinical variables and biomarkers. METHODS: Ninety-four patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps and prospectively biobanked polyp homogenates at the time of ESS were recruited 2 to 5 years post-ESS. Patients were evaluated with patient-reported outcome measures and endoscopic and radiographic scoring pre- and post-ESS. Biomarkers in polyp homogenates were measured with ELISA and Luminex. Relaxed least absolute shrinkage and selection operator regression optimized predictive clinical, biomarker, and combined models. Model performance was assessed using receiver-operating characteristic curve and random forest analysis. RESULTS: PR was found in 39.4% of patients, despite significant improvements in modified Lund-Mackay (MLM) radiographic and 22-item Sinonasal Outcomes Test scores (both P < .0001). PR was significantly associated with worse post-ESS MLM, modified Lund-Kennedy, and 22-item Sinonasal Outcomes Test scores. Relaxed least absolute shrinkage and selection operator identified 2 clinical predictors (area under the curve = 0.79) and 3 biomarkers (area under the curve = 0.78) that were prognostic for PR. When combined, the model incorporating these pre-ESS factors: MLM, asthma, eosinophil cationic protein, anti-double-stranded DNA IgG, and IL-5 improved PR predictive accuracy to area under the curve of 0.89. Random forest analysis identified and validated each of the 5 variables as the strongest predictors of PR. CONCLUSIONS: PR had strong associations with patient-reported outcome measures, endoscopic and radiographic severity. A combined model comprised of eosinophil cationic protein, IL-5, pre-ESS MLM, asthma, and anti-double-stranded DNA IgG could accurately predict PR.

Anti-phospholipid antibodies are elevated and functionally active in chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

BACKGROUND: Polyps from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) contain increased levels of autoreactive antibodies, B cells and fibrin deposition. Anti-phospholipid antibodies (APA) are autoantibodies known to cause thrombosis but have not been implicated in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). OBJECTIVE: To compare APA levels (anti-cardiolipin, anti-phosphatidylethanolamine (anti-PE), and anti-ß2 -glycoprotein (anti-B2GP)) in nasal polyp (NP) tissue with tissue from control and CRS without nasal polyp (CRSsNP) patients, we tested whether NP antibodies affect coagulation, and correlate APAs with anti-dsDNA IgG and markers of coagulation. METHODS: Patient specimens were assayed for APA IgG, anti-dsDNA IgG and thrombin-anti-thrombin (TaT) complex by ELISA. Antibodies from a subset of specimens were tested for modified activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) measured on an optical-mechanical coagulometer. RESULTS: Anti-cardiolipin IgG in NP was 5-fold higher than control tissue (p < .0001). NP antibodies prolonged aPTT compared to control tissue antibodies at 400 µg/mL (36.7 s vs. 33.8 s, p = .024) and 600 µg/mL (40.9 s vs. 34.7 s, p = .0037). Anti-PE IgG antibodies were increased in NP (p = .027), but anti-B2GP IgG was not significantly higher (p = .084). All APAs correlated with anti-dsDNA IgG levels, which were also elevated (R = .77, .71 and .54, respectively, for anti-cardiolipin, anti-PE, and anti-B2GP; all p < .001), but only anti-cardiolipin (R = .50, p = .0185) and anti-PE (R = 0.45, p = .037) correlated with TaT complex levels. CONCLUSIONS: APA IgG antibodies are increased in NP and correlate with autoreactive tissue antibodies. NP antibodies have in vitro anti-coagulant activity similar to those observed in anti-phospholipid syndrome, suggesting that they may have pro-coagulant effects in polyp tissue.

Studies of the role of basophils in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease pathogenesis.

BACKGROUND: Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is characterized by the triad of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), asthma, and intolerance to cyclooxygenase-1 enzyme inhibitors. The underlying mechanisms contributing to AERD pathogenesis are not fully understood, but AERD is characterized by an enhanced type 2 inflammatory phenotype. Basophils are potent type 2 effector cells, but their involvement in AERD pathophysiology remains unclear. OBJECTIVE: We sought to characterize the systemic and local basophil responses in patients with AERD compared with patients with CRSwNP. METHODS: Sinonasal tissues including inferior turbinate and/or nasal polyps (NPs) and peripheral blood were collected from controls, patients with AERD, and patients with CRSwNP. Expression of cell surface (CD45, FcεRI, CD203c), activation (CD63), and intracellular (2D7) markers associated with basophils was characterized using flow cytometry. Clinical data including Lund-Mackay scores and pulmonary function were obtained. RESULTS: The mean number of basophils (CD45+CD203c+FcεRI+CD117-) detected in AERD NPs (147 ± 28 cells/mg tissue) was significantly elevated compared with that detected in CRSwNP NPs (69 ± 20 cells/mg tissue; P = .01). The number of circulating basophils was significantly elevated in patients with AERD (P = .04). Basophils in NPs had significantly higher CD203c and CD63 mean fluorescence intensity compared with blood in both conditions (P < .01). Basophils from AERD NPs had lower expression of the granule content marker 2D7 compared with those from matched blood (P < .01) or NPs of patients with CRSwNP (P = .06), suggesting ongoing degranulation. Basophil 2D7 mean fluorescence intensity significantly correlated with pulmonary function (r = 0.62; P = .02) and inversely correlated with sinonasal inflammation (r = -0.56; P = .004). CONCLUSIONS: Increased basophil numbers and extent of ongoing degranulation in NPs of patients with AERD compared with patients with CRSwNP may contribute to the exaggerated disease pathogenesis and severity unique to AERD.

Activation of the 15-lipoxygenase pathway in aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease.

BACKGROUND: Aspirin-exacerbated respiratory disease (AERD) is characterized by asthma, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP), and an intolerance of medications that inhibit cyclooxygenase-1. Patients with AERD have more severe upper and lower respiratory tract disease than do aspirin-tolerant patients with CRSwNP. A dysregulation in arachidonic acid metabolism is thought to contribute to the enhanced sinonasal inflammation in AERD. OBJECTIVE: Our aim was to utilize an unbiased approach investigating arachidonic acid metabolic pathways in AERD. METHODS: Single-cell RNA sequencing (10× Genomics, Pleasanton, Calif) was utilized to compare the transcriptional profile of nasal polyp (NP) cells from patients with AERD and patients with CRSwNP and map differences in the expression of select genes among identified cell types. Findings were confirmed by traditional real-time PCR. Lipid mediators in sinonasal tissue were measured by mass spectrometry. Localization of various proteins within NPs was assessed by immunofluorescence. RESULTS: The gene encoding for 15-lipooxygenase (15-LO), ALOX15, was significantly elevated in NPs of patients with AERD compared to NPs of patients with CRSwNP (P < .05) or controls (P < .001). ALOX15 was predominantly expressed by epithelial cells. Expression levels significantly correlated with radiographic sinus disease severity (r = 0.56; P < .001) and were associated with asthma. The level of 15-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid (15-Oxo-ETE), a downstream product of 15-LO, was significantly elevated in NPs from patients with CRSwNP (27.93 pg/mg of tissue) and NPs from patients with AERD (61.03 pg/mg of tissue) compared to inferior turbinate tissue from controls (7.17 pg/mg of tissue [P < .001]). Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase, an enzyme required for 15-Oxo-ETE synthesis, was predominantly expressed in mast cells and localized near 15-LO+ epithelium in NPs from patients with AERD. CONCLUSIONS: Epithelial and mast cell interactions, leading to the synthesis of 15-Oxo-ETE, may contribute to the dysregulation of arachidonic acid metabolism via the 15-LO pathway and to the enhanced sinonasal disease severity observed in AERD.

Classical complement pathway activation in the nasal tissue of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.

BACKGROUND: Complement plays a major role in inflammatory diseases, but its involvement and mechanisms of activation in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) are not known. OBJECTIVES: After earlier studies discovering autoantibodies in patients with CRS, we sought to investigate the nature, extent, and location of complement activation in nasal tissue of patients with CRS. Specifically, we were interested in whether antibody-mediated activation through the classical pathway was a major mechanism for complement activation in patients with CRS. METHODS: Nasal tissue was obtained from patients with CRS and control subjects. Tissue homogenates were analyzed for complement activation products (ELISA-C5b-9, C4d, activated C1, and C5a) and major complement-fixing antibodies (Luminex). Tissue sections were stained for C5b-9, C4d, and laminin. Antibodies were purified with protein A/G columns from nasal polyps (NP), matching patient serum, and control serum and assayed for basement membrane binding by means of ELISA. RESULTS: C5b-9 levels were significantly increased in NP tissue compared with uncinate tissue (UT) of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) and those with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP; P < .01). Similarly, C4d levels were increased in NPs compared with UT of patients with CRSwNP, patients with CRSsNP, and control subjects (P < .05). Activated C1 levels were also increased in NP tissue compared with UT of patients with CRSsNP and control subjects (P < .05) and correlated with levels of C5a (P < .01), local immunoglobulins (especially IgM, P < .0001), and anti-double-stranded DNA IgG (P < .05). Immunofluorescence showed that C5b-9 and C4d deposition occurred linearly along the epithelial basement membrane. NP tissue extracts had significantly more anti-basement membrane antibodies than sera from patients with CRSwNP and control subjects (P < .0001). CONCLUSION: Levels of C5b-9, C4d, and activated C1 were significantly increased locally in NP tissue. C5b-9 and C4d were almost universally deposited linearly along the basement membrane of NP tissue. Furthermore, activated C1 levels were best correlated with local immunoglobulin and C5a levels. Together, these data suggest that the classical pathway plays a major role in complement activation in patients with CRS.

Proton pump inhibitors decrease eotaxin-3/CCL26 expression in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps: Possible role of the nongastric H,K-ATPase.

BACKGROUND: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNP) is often characterized by tissue eosinophilia that is associated with poor prognosis. Recent findings that proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) directly modulate the expression of eotaxin-3, an eosinophil chemoattractant, in patients with eosinophilic diseases suggest therapeutic potential for PPIs in those with CRSwNP. OBJECTIVE: We assessed the effect of type 2 mediators, particularly IL-13 and eotaxin-3, on tissue eosinophilia and disease severity in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). Further investigation focused on PPI suppression of eotaxin-3 expression in vivo and in vitro, with exploration of underlying mechanisms. METHODS: Type 2 mediator levels in nasal tissues and secretions were measured by using a multiplex immunoassay. Eotaxin-3 and other chemokines expressed in IL-13-stimulated human sinonasal epithelial cells (HNECs) and BEAS-2B cells with or without PPIs were assessed by using ELISA, Western blotting, real-time PCR, and intracellular pH imaging. RESULTS: Nasal tissues and secretions from patients with CRSwNP had increased IL-13, eotaxin-2, and eotaxin-3 levels, and these were positively correlated with tissue eosinophil cationic protein levels and radiographic scores in patients with CRS (P < .05). IL-13 stimulation of HNECs and BEAS-2B cells dominantly induced eotaxin-3 expression, which was significantly inhibited by PPIs (P < .05). Patients with CRS taking PPIs also showed lower in vivo eotaxin-3 levels compared with those without PPIs (P < .05). Using intracellular pH imaging and altering extracellular K+, we found that IL-13 enhanced H+,K+-exchange, which was blocked by PPIs and the mechanistically unrelated H,K-ATPase inhibitor, SCH-28080. Furthermore, knockdown of ATP12A (gene for the nongastric H,K-ATPase) significantly attenuated IL-13-induced eotaxin-3 expression in HNECs. PPIs also had effects on accelerating IL-13-induced eotaxin-3 mRNA decay. CONCLUSION: Our results demonstrated that PPIs reduce IL-13-induced eotaxin-3 expression by airway epithelial cells. Furthermore, mechanistic studies suggest that the nongastric H,K-ATPase is necessary for IL-13-mediated epithelial responses, and its inhibitors, including PPIs, might be of therapeutic value in patients with CRSwNP by reducing epithelial production of eotaxin-3.

Evidence for altered levels of IgD in the nasal airway mucosa of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.

BACKGROUND: IgD is an enigmatic antibody isotype best known when coexpressed with IgM on naive B cells. However, increased soluble IgD (sIgD) levels and increased IgD+IgM- B-cell populations have been described in the human upper respiratory mucosa. OBJECTIVE: We assessed whether levels of sIgD and IgD+ B cell counts are altered in nasal tissue from patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS). We further characterized IgD+ B-cell populations and explored clinical and local inflammatory factors associated with tissue sIgD levels. METHODS: sIgD levels were measured by means of ELISA in nasal tissues, nasal lavage fluid, sera, and supernatants of dissociated nasal tissues. IgD+ cells were identified by using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry. Inflammatory mediator levels in tissues were assessed by using real-time PCR and multiplex immunoassays. Bacterial cultures from the middle meatus were performed. Underlying medical history and medicine use were obtained from medical records. RESULTS: sIgD levels and numbers of IgD+ cells were significantly increased in uncinate tissue (UT) of patients with chronic rhinosinusitis without nasal polyps (CRSsNP) compared with that of control subjects (4-fold, P < .05). IgD+ cells were densely scattered in the periglandular regions of UT from patients with CRSsNP. We also found that IgD+CD19+CD38bright plasmablast numbers were significantly increased in tissues from patients with CRSsNP compared with control tissues (P < .05). Among numerous factors tested, IL-2 levels were increased in UT from patients with CRSsNP and were positively correlated with tissue IgD levels. Additionally, supernatants of IL-2-stimulated dissociated tissue from patients with CRSsNP had significantly increased sIgD levels compared with those in IL-2-stimulated dissociated control tissue ex vivo (P < .05). Tissue from patients with CRS with preoperative antibiotic use or those with pathogenic bacteria showed higher IgD levels compared with tissue from patients without these variables (P < .05). CONCLUSION: sIgD levels and IgD+CD19+CD38bright plasmablast counts were increased in nasal tissue of patients with CRSsNP. IgD levels were associated with increased IL-2 levels and the presence of pathogenic bacteria. These findings suggest that IgD might contribute to enhancement mucosal immunity or inflammation or respond to bacterial infections in patients with CRS, especially CRSsNP.

Persistent discharge or edema after endoscopic sinus surgery in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis is associated with a type 1 or 3 endotype.

BACKGROUND: Patients with chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) may have persistence of polyps, discharge, or edema after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). Inflammation in CRS can be classified into three endotypes, with the presence of polyps associated with the type 2 endotype. Here, we evaluate the endotypic underpinnings of discharge or edema without polyps after ESS. METHODS: At a visit 6-12 months post ESS, patients underwent endoscopy and completed the CRS-PRO and SNOT-22. Luminex analysis of middle meatal mucus obtained at that visit was performed for IFN-γ, ECP, and IL-17a. Type 1, 2, and 3 endotypes were defined as greater than the 90th percentile expression of each marker, respectively, in controls. Wilcoxon rank-sum and chi-squared tests were used to compare cytokine levels and endotype prevalence between those with and without endoscopic findings. RESULTS: A total of 122 CRS patients completed a clinical exam (median: 8.2 months post ESS). Of the 122 patients, 107 did not have polyps on endoscopy. Of these 107 patients, 48 had discharge, 44 had edema, and 46 had neither discharge nor edema. Compared with those patients without any findings, patients with discharge or edema reported significantly worse severity as measured by CRS-PRO (10.5 vs. 7.0, p = 0.009; 12.0 vs. 7.0, p < 0.001; respectively), and had higher post-ESS IFN-γ, ECP, and IL-17a. Patients with discharge had higher prevalence of only T1 and T3 endotypes, while patients with edema had higher prevalence of only the T3 endotype. CONCLUSIONS: Post-ESS discharge or edema in the absence of polyps was associated with higher patient-reported outcome severity and was more strongly associated with type 1 or 3 inflammation.

Ultrastructural, immunofluorescence, and RNA evidence support the hypothesis of a "new" virus associated with Kawasaki disease.

BACKGROUND: Intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (ICI) have been identified in ciliated bronchial epithelium of Kawasaki disease (KD) patients using a synthetic antibody derived from acute KD arterial IgA plasma cells; ICI may derive from the KD etiologic agent. METHODS: Acute KD bronchial epithelium was subjected to immunofluorescence for ICI and cytokeratin, high-throughput sequencing, and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Interferon pathway gene expression profiling was performed on KD lung. RESULTS: An intermediate filament cytokeratin "cage" was not observed around KD ICI, making it unlikely that ICI are overproduced or misfolded human protein aggregates. Many interferon-stimulated genes were detected in the bronchial epithelium, and significant modulation of the interferon response pathway was observed in the lung tissue of KD patients. No known virus was identified by sequencing. Aggregates of virus-like particles (VLP) were detected by TEM in all 3 acute KD patients from whom nonembedded formalin-fixed lung tissue was available. CONCLUSIONS: KD ICI are most likely virus induced; bronchial cells with ICI contain VLP that share morphologic features among several different RNA viral families. Expedited autopsies and tissue fixation from acute KD fatalities are urgently needed to more clearly ascertain the VLP. These findings are compatible with the hypothesis that the infectious etiologic agent of KD may be a "new" RNA virus.

CRS-PRO and SNOT-22 correlations with type 2 inflammatory mediators in chronic rhinosinusitis.

The 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22) and 12-item Patient Reported Outcomes in Chronic Rhinosinusitis (CRS-PRO) instrument are validated patient-reported outcomes measures in CRS. In this study we assess the correlation of these with type 2 (T2) biomarkers before and after endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). METHODS: Middle meatal mucus data were collected and the SNOT-22 and CRS-PRO were administered to 123 patients (71 CRS without nasal polyps [CRSsNP], 52 CRS with nasal polyps [CRSwNP]) with CRS before and 6 to 12 months after undergoing ESS. Interleukin (IL)-4, IL-5, IL-13, and eosinophilic cationic protein (ECP) were measured using a multiplexed bead assay and enzyme-linked immunoassay. Pre- and post-ESS SNOT-22 and CRS-PRO were compared with T2 biomarkers. RESULTS: Before ESS neither PROM correlated with any biomarker. After ESS, CRS-PRO showed a correlation with 2 mediators (IL-5 and IL-13: p = 0.012 and 0.003, respectively) compared with none for the SNOT-22. For CRSwNP patients, pre-ESS CRS-PRO and SNOT-22 correlated with IL-4 (p = 0.04 for both). However, after ESS, CRS-PRO correlated with 3 biomarkers (IL-5, IL-13, and ECP: p = 0.02, 0.024, and 0.04, respectively) and SNOT-22 with 2 biomarkers (IL-5 and IL-13: p = 0.038 and 0.02, respectively). There were no significant relationships between any of the T2 biomarkers pre- or post-ESS among patients with CRSsNP. Exploratory analyses of the subdomains showed the SNOT-22 rhinologic and CRS-PRO rhinopsychologic subdomains correlated better with the T2 biomarkers. On individual item analysis, IL-13 correlated significantly post-ESS with 8 of 12 items on the CRS-PRO vs 6 of 22 items on the SNOT-22. CONCLUSION: The CRS-PRO total score showed a significant correlation with T2 biomarkers especially when assessed post-ESS and among CRSwNP patients.

Use of intraoperative frontal sinus mometasone-eluting stents decreased interleukin 5 and interleukin 13 in patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.

BACKGROUND: Mometasone-eluting stents (MES) have demonstrated improvement in short-term endoscopic outcomes and reduce short- to medium-term rescue interventions. Their effect on the local inflammatory environment, longer-term patient-reported outcomes, and radiographic severity have not been studied. METHODS: Middle meatal mucus and validated measures of disease severity were collected before and 6 to 12 months after endoscopic surgery in 52 patients with chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps (CRSwNPs). Operative findings, type 2 mediator concentrations, intraoperative variables, and disease severity measures were compared between those who did and those who did not receive intraoperative frontal MES. RESULTS: A total of 52 patients with CRSwNPs were studied; 33 received frontal MES and were compared with 19 who did not. Pre-endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS) middle meatus (MM) interleukin (IL) 13 and eosinophil cationic protein (ECP) were higher in the stented group (p < 0.05), but pre-ESS clinical measures of disease severity were similar as were surgical extent and post-ESS medical management. Intraoperative eosinophilic mucin was more frequent in the stented group (58% vs 11%, p = 0.001). IL-5 (p < 0.05) and IL-13 (p < 0.001) decreased post-ESS in the stented group, but this was not observed in the nonstented group. Post-ESS IL-4 and IL-13 were higher in the nonstented vs stented group (p < 0.05 for both). CONCLUSION: Although patients who received intraoperative frontal MES had significantly higher pre-ESS MM IL-13 and ECP, patients who received frontal MES had lower concentrations of IL-4 and IL-13 than those who did not at a median of 8 months post-ESS. However, these changes did not correspond to significantly different measures of symptomatic or radiographic disease severity.

Responsiveness and convergent validity of the chronic rhinosinusitis patient-reported outcome (CRS-PRO) measure in CRS patients undergoing endoscopic sinus surgery.

BACKGROUND: The chronic rhinosinusitis patient-reported outcome (CRS-PRO) measure is a 12-item measure with previously demonstrated validity in chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) patients receiving medical therapy. This study establishes the factor structure, responsiveness, and convergent validity of the CRS-PRO following endoscopic sinus surgery (ESS). METHODS: Northwestern CRS Subject Registry patients had pre-ESS, 3-month (n = 111; CRS without nasal polyps [CRSsNP] = 60, CRS with nasal polyps [CRSwNP] = 51), and 6-month (n = 86; CRSsNP = 47, CRSwNP = 39) post-ESS assessments where patients completed the CRS-PRO, 22-item Sino-Nasal Outcome Test (SNOT-22), and four Patient-Reported Outcomes Measurement (PROM) Information System (PROMIS) short forms (general health measures). Patients had pre-ESS objective testing (endoscopic and radiographic assessment). Factor analysis was conducted using principal axis factoring with varimax rotation on the baseline CRS-PRO. The clinically important difference (CID) was estimated using both distribution-based and anchor-based methods. RESULTS: Factor analysis found the CRS-PRO comprised the "rhino-psychologic," "facial discomfort," and "cough" factors, which were responsive to ESS and correlated with the other PROMs. The changes observed in the CRS-PRO at 3 months had strong correlation with the corresponding changes in SNOT-22 (r = 0.792, p < 0.0001) and moderate correlations with changes in PROMIS fatigue and sleep domains. These changes had a very large effect size (Cohen's d 1.44) comparable to the longer SNOT-22 (Cohen's d 1.41) with slightly larger effect sizes observed in CRSwNP compared to CRSsNP patients. Similar convergent validity and responsiveness were observed in the 6-month data. The CRS-PRO CID was estimated to be between 5.0 and 7.5 (midpoint 6.0) using distribution-based and anchor-based methods. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates the validity and responsiveness of the CRS-PRO in subjects receiving ESS.

Persistent eNOS activation secondary to caveolin-1 deficiency induces pulmonary hypertension in mice and humans through PKG nitration.

Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an unremitting disease defined by a progressive increase in pulmonary vascular resistance leading to right-sided heart failure. Using mice with genetic deletions of caveolin 1 (Cav1) and eNOS (Nos3), we demonstrate here that chronic eNOS activation secondary to loss of caveolin-1 can lead to PH. Consistent with a role for eNOS in the pathogenesis of PH, the pulmonary vascular remodeling and PH phenotype of Cav1-/- mice were absent in Cav1-/-Nos3-/- mice. Further, treatment of Cav1-/- mice with either MnTMPyP (a superoxide scavenger) or l-NAME (a NOS inhibitor) reversed their pulmonary vascular pathology and PH phenotype. Activation of eNOS in Cav1-/- lungs led to the impairment of PKG activity through tyrosine nitration. Moreover, the PH phenotype in Cav1-/- lungs could be rescued by overexpression of PKG-1. The clinical relevance of the data was indicated by the observation that lung tissue from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension demonstrated increased eNOS activation and PKG nitration and reduced caveolin-1 expression. Together, these data show that loss of caveolin-1 leads to hyperactive eNOS and subsequent tyrosine nitration-dependent impairment of PKG activity, which results in PH. Thus, targeting of PKG nitration represents a potential novel therapeutic strategy for the treatment of PH.