Induction of Ucp2 expression in brain phagocytes and neurons following murine toxoplasmosis: an essential role of IFN-gamma and an association with negative energy balance.

A model of murine toxoplasmosis was used to study cellular and temporal expression of uncoupling protein-2 (Ucp2) in the brain. In situ hybridization indicated that Ucp2 was located in neurons. Nuclei structures involved in energy balance, in particular the nucleus of the solitary tract (NST), was shown to have a positive association between negative energy balance and Ucp2 levels. Infection-induced Ucp2 expression colocalized mainly with microglial cells, but also with infiltrating macrophages and neutrophils in the brain, which was evident from day 9 post-infection. Using cytokine knockout mice we demonstrate that microglial Ucp2 induction in the brain was largely dependant on interferon-gamma, but not interleukin-6 or tumour-necrosis-factor-alpha in response to infection. In summary, this study shows that Ucp2 is regulated in a different manner in neurons than in microglia/phagocytes following infection. Our study indicates that an association exists between negative energy balance and neuronal Ucp2 levels in the NST, in particular.

Identification and functional clustering of global gene expression differences between human age-related cataract and clear lenses.

PURPOSE: Age-related cataract is a multi-factorial disease with a poorly understood etiology. Numerous studies provide evidence that the human eye lens has evolved specific regulatory and protective systems to ameliorate lens damage associated with cataract. Other studies suggest that the presence of cataract is associated with the altered expression of specific genes including metallothionein IIa, osteonectin, transglutaminase 2, betaig-h3, multiple ribosomal proteins, ADAM9, and protein phosphatase 2A. Here, we sought to identify further gene expression changes that are associated with cataract and to cluster the identified genes into specific biological pathways. METHODS: Oligonucleotide microarray hybridization was used to analyze the full complement of gene expression differences between lens epithelia isolated from human age-related cataract relative to clear lenses. The expression levels of a subset of the identified genes were further evaluated by semi-quantitative RT-PCR. The identified genes were functionally clustered into specific categories and the probability of over-representation of each category was determined using the computer program EASE. RESULTS: 412 transcripts were observed to be increased and 919 transcripts were observed to be decreased by 2 fold or more in lens epithelia isolated from age-related cataract relative to clear lenses. Of these, 74 were increased and 241 were decreased at the 5 fold level or greater. Seventeen genes selected for further confirmation exhibited similar trends in expression when examined by RT-PCR using both the original and separately prepared clear and cataract RNA populations. Functional clustering of the identified genes using the EASE bioinformatics software package revealed that, among others, transcripts increased in cataract are associated with transcriptional control, chromosomal organization, ionic and cytoplasmic transport, and extracellular matrix components while transcripts decreased in cataract are associated with protein synthesis, defense against oxidative stress, heat-shock/chaperone activity, structural components of the lens, and cell cycle control. CONCLUSIONS: These data suggest that cataract is associated with multiple previously identified and novel changes in lens epithelial gene expression and they point to numerous pathways likely to play important roles in lens protection, maintenance, and age-related cataract.