RESUMEN
Human bleomycin hydrolase (hBH) catalyzes deamidation of the anticancer drug bleomycins (BLM). This enzyme is involved in BLM detoxification and drug resistance. Herein, we report the putative BLM-binding site and catalytic mechanism of hBH. The crystal structures and biochemical studies suggest that hBH cleaves its C-terminal residue without significant preference for the type of amino acid, and therefore can accordingly accommodate the ß-aminoalanine amide moiety of BLM for deamidation. Interestingly, hBH is capable of switching from a cysteine protease to a serine protease that is unable to cleave the secondary amide of hBH C-terminus but reacts with the primary amide of BLMs.
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Proteasas de Cisteína , Amidas , Bleomicina/metabolismo , Bleomicina/farmacología , Cisteína Endopeptidasas , Proteasas de Cisteína/metabolismo , Humanos , Mutación , Serina Proteasas/metabolismo , Relación Estructura-ActividadRESUMEN
Capreomycin (CMN) and viomycin (VIO) are nonribosomal peptide antituberculosis antibiotics, the structures of which contain four nonproteinogenic amino acids, including l-2,3-diaminopropionic acid (l-Dap), ß-ureidodehydroalanine, l-capreomycidine, and ß-lysine. Previous bioinformatics analysis suggested that CmnB/VioB and CmnK/VioK participate in the formation of l-Dap; however, the real substrates of these enzymes are yet to be confirmed. We herein show that starting from O-phospho-l-Ser (OPS) and l-Glu precursors, CmnB catalyzes the condensation reaction to generate a metabolite intermediate N-(1-amino-1-carboxyl-2-ethyl)glutamic acid (ACEGA), which undergoes NAD+-dependent oxidative hydrolysis by CmnK to generate l-Dap. Furthermore, the binding site of ACEGA and the catalytic mechanism of CmnK were elucidated with the assistance of three crystal structures, including those of apo-CmnK, the NAD+-CmnK complex, and CmnK in an alternative conformation. The CmnK-ACEGA docking model revealed that the glutamate α-hydrogen points toward the nicotinamide moiety. It provides evidence that the reaction is dependent on hydride transfer to form an imine intermediate, which is subsequently hydrolyzed by a water molecule to produce l-Dap. These findings modify the original proposed pathway and provide insights into l-Dap formation in the biosynthesis of other related natural products.
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Aminobutiratos/metabolismo , Proteínas Bacterianas/química , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Capreomicina/biosíntesis , Streptomyces/enzimología , Sitios de Unión , Catálisis , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Hidrólisis , Modelos Moleculares , Especificidad por SustratoRESUMEN
Boronic acids (BAs) provide strong potential in orientation immobilization of antibody and the modification method is crucial for efficiency optimization. A highly effective method has been developed for rapid antibody immobilization on gold electrodes through the electrodeposition of a BAâ»containing linker in this study. Aniline-based BA forms a condense layer while antibody could automatically immobilize on the surface of the electrode. Compare to traditional self-assembled monolayer method, the electrodeposition process dramatically reduces the modification time from days to seconds. It also enhances the immobilized efficiency from 95 to 408 (ng/cm²) with a strong preference being exhibited for shorter aniline-based linkers.
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Anticuerpos Inmovilizados/química , Técnicas Biosensibles , Ácidos Borónicos/química , Tecnicas de Microbalanza del Cristal de Cuarzo , Adsorción , Compuestos de Anilina/química , Anticuerpos Inmovilizados/inmunología , Electrodos , Oro/química , HumanosRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Dengue virus (DV) infection causes a spectrum of clinical diseases ranging from dengue fever to a life-threatening dengue hemorrhagic fever. Four distinct serotypes (DV1-4), which have similar genome sequences and envelope protein (E protein) antigenic properties, were divided. Among these 4 serotypes, DV1 usually causes predominant infections and fast diagnosis and effective treatments are urgently required to prevent further hospitalization and casualties. METHODS: To develop antibodies specifically targeting and neutralizing DV1, we immunized mice with UV-inactivated DV1 viral particles and recombinant DV1 E protein from residue 1 to 395 (E395), and then generated 12 anti-E monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) as the candidates for a series of characterized assays such as ELISA, dot blot, immunofluorescence assay, western blot, and foci forming analyses. RESULTS: Among the mAbs, 10 out of 12 showed cross-reactivity to four DV serotypes as well as Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) in different cross-reactivity patterns. Two particular mAbs, DV1-E1 and DV1-E2, exhibited strong binding specificity and neutralizing activity against DV1 and showed no cross-reactivity to DV2, DV3, DV4 or JEV-infected cells as characterized by ELISA, dot blot, immunofluorescence assay, western blot, and foci forming analyses. Using peptide coated indirect ELISA, we localized the neutralizing determinants of the strongly inhibitory mAbs to a sequence-unique epitope on the later-ridge of domain III of the DV1 E protein, centered near residues T346 and D360 (346TQNGRLITANPIVTD360). Interestingly, the amino acid sequence of the epitope region is highly conserved among different genotypes of DV1 but diverse from DV2, DV3, DV4 serotypes and other flaviviruses. CONCLUSIONS: Our results showed two selected mAbs DV1-E1 and DV1-E2 can specifically target and significantly neutralize DV1. With further research these two mAbs might be applied in the development of DV1 specific serologic diagnosis and used as a feasible treatment option for DV1 infection. The identification of DV1 mAbs epitope with key residues can also provide vital information for vaccine design.
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Anticuerpos Monoclonales/inmunología , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/inmunología , Anticuerpos Antivirales/inmunología , Virus del Dengue/inmunología , Mapeo Epitopo , Animales , Anticuerpos Monoclonales/aislamiento & purificación , Anticuerpos Neutralizantes/aislamiento & purificación , Anticuerpos Antivirales/aislamiento & purificación , Inmunoensayo/métodos , Factores Inmunológicos , RatonesRESUMEN
Fern spores were traditionally classified into chlorophyllous (green) and nonchlorophyllous (nongreen) types based on the color visible to the naked eye. Recently, a third type, "cryptochlorophyllous spores", is recognized, and these spores are nongreen under white light but contain chlorophylls. Epifluorescence microscopy was previously used to detect chlorophylls in cryptochlorophyllous spores. In addition to epifluorescence microscopy, current study performed some other approaches, including spore-squash epifluorescence, absorption spectra, laser-induced fluorescence emission spectra, thin layer chromatography (TLC), and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet and mass spectrometric detection (UHPLC-UV-MS) in order to detect chlorophylls of spores of seven ferns (Sphaeropteris lepifera, Ceratopteris thalictroides, Leptochilus wrightii, Leptochilus pothifolius, Lepidomicrosorum buergerianum, Osmunda banksiifolia, and Platycerium grande). Destructive methods, such as TLC and UHPLC-UV-MS, successfully detected chlorophylls inside the spores when their signals of red fluorescence under epifluorescence microscope were masked by spore wall. Although UHPLC-UV-MS analysis was the most sensitive and reliable for determining the chlorophylls of spores, spore-squash epifluorescence is not only reliable but also cost- and time-effective one among our study methods. In addition, we first confirmed that Lepidomicrosorium buergerianum, Leptochilus pothifolius, Leptochilus wrightii, and Platycerium grande, produce cryptochlorophyllous spores.
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Clorofila/metabolismo , Helechos/metabolismo , Esporas/química , Cromatografía Líquida de Alta Presión , Cromatografía en Capa Delgada , Fluorescencia , Espectrometría de Masas , Polypodiaceae/metabolismo , Pteridaceae/metabolismo , Espectrofotometría UltravioletaRESUMEN
We report on the preparation of a new type of immunotoxin by conjugation of an epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-binding peptide and an R46E mutation of thermostable direct hemolysin from Grimontia hollisae, (Gh-TDH(R) (46E) /EB). The hybrid immunotoxin was purified to homogeneity and showed a single band with slight slower mobility than that of Gh-TDH(R) (46E) . Cytotoxicity assay of Gh-TDH(R) (46E) /EB on EGFR highly, moderately, low, and non-expressed cells, A431, MDA-MB-231, HeLa, and HEK293 cells, respectively, showed apparent cytotoxicity on A431 and MDA-MB-231 cells but not on HeLa or HEK293 cells. In contrast, no cytotoxicity was observed for these cells treated with either Gh-TDH(R) (46E) or EB alone, indicating enhanced cytotoxic efficacy of Gh-TDH(R) (46E) by the EGFR binding moiety. Further antitumor activity assay of Gh-TDH(R) (46E) /EB in a xenograft model of athymic nude mice showed obvious shrinkage of tumor size and degeneration, necrosis, and lesions of tumor tissues compared to the normal tissues. Therefore, the combination of Gh-TDH(R) (46E) with target affinity agents opens new possibilities for pharmacological treatment of cancers and potentiates the anticancer drug's effect.
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Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Proteínas Bacterianas/farmacología , Receptores ErbB/genética , Proteínas Hemolisinas/farmacología , Inmunotoxinas/farmacología , Proteínas Recombinantes/farmacología , Animales , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Toxinas Bacterianas/farmacología , Línea Celular Tumoral , Receptores ErbB/metabolismo , Femenino , Células HEK293 , Células HeLa , Proteínas Hemolisinas/genética , Humanos , Ratones , Ratones Desnudos , Proteínas Recombinantes/genética , Vibrionaceae/genéticaRESUMEN
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 main protease (SARS-CoV-2-Mpro) plays an essential role in viral replication, transcription, maturation, and entry into host cells. Furthermore, its cleavage specificity for viruses, but not humans, makes it a promising drug target for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). In this study, a fragment-based strategy including potential antiviral quinazolinone moiety and glutamine- or glutamate-derived peptidomimetic backbone and positioned nitro functional groups was used to synthesize putative Mpro inhibitors. Two compounds, G1 and G4, exhibited anti-Mpro enzymatic activity in a dose-dependent manner, with the calculated IC50 values of 22.47 ± 8.93 µM and 24.04 ± 0.67 µM, respectively. The bio-layer interferometer measured real-time binding. The dissociation kinetics of G1/Mpro and G4/Mpro also showed similar equilibrium dissociation constants (KD) of 2.60 × 10-5 M and 2.55 × 10-5 M, respectively, but exhibited distinct association/dissociation curves. Molecular docking of the two compounds revealed a similar binding cavity to the well-known Mpro inhibitor GC376, supporting a structure-function relationship. These findings may open a new avenue for developing new scaffolds for Mpro inhibition and advance anti-coronavirus drug research.
Asunto(s)
COVID-19 , Humanos , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , SARS-CoV-2 , Ácido GlutámicoRESUMEN
Recent advances in microelectronics and electrochemical sensing platforms have preceded the development of devices for personal monitoring and managing physiological and metabolic information that exploit sweat as a noninvasive, convenient approach for providing information about underlying health conditions, such as glucose level monitoring. Although most sweat glucose sensors have targeted applications during exercise and other active stimulation induced-sweat, natural sweating offers an attractive alternative with minimal effect on users that can be accessed during routine and sedentary activities without impeding personal lifestyle and preserves the correlation between blood and sweat glucose. Here, we present a noninvasive sweat glucose sensor with convenient hydrogel patches for rapid sampling of natural perspiration without external activities that stimulate sweating. The wearable hydrogel patch rapidly takes up natural sweat from the hand and serves as a medium for electrochemical sensing. A prussian blue-doped poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene nanocomposite (PB-PEDOT NC) electrode provides cost-effective, stable and excellent electrocatalytic activity in sweat glucose measurements. We demonstrated sweat glucose sensor functionality by long-term measurements of glucose in sweat from human subjects consuming food and drinks. By enabling the analysis of sweat glucose during routine and sedentary activities, the sweat glucose sensor shows great promise for clinical-grade glucose management and enlarges the scope of next-generation noninvasive sensing systems.
Asunto(s)
Técnicas Biosensibles , Dispositivos Electrónicos Vestibles , Glucosa , Humanos , Hidrogeles , Sudor , SudoraciónRESUMEN
The main protease (Mpro) of SARS-CoV-2 is a protease necessary for viral polyprotein processing and maturation. Mpro cleaves the polypeptide sequence after the glutamine residues. There is no known cellular protease with this substrate specificity in humans; therefore, it is considered an attractive drug target. Previously, fermented sorghum extract RevX (trademark of Revolutrx INC.) solution significantly alleviated physical decline and complications in a patient with lung adenocarcinoma, suggesting the role of bioactive components in RevX solution. To further explore whether the bioactive components in RevX solution exhibit other biological activities, such as antiviral effects, we investigated its inhibitory effect on the Mpro of SARS-CoV-2 virus. We report herein that the solid extract of the RevX solution exhibits an efficacious Mpro inhibitory activity, with IC50 of 2.07 ± 0.38 µg/mL. Molecular docking of sterol-like components in the RevX extracts identified by MS shows that the three sterol-like molecules can bind to the active region of the GC376-Mpro complex, supporting the structure-function relationship. Combined with its ability to significantly alleviate the body's immunity decline and to inhibit the activity of SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, RevX solution may provide a possible alternative supportive treatment for patients with COVID-19.
RESUMEN
We report the isolation and stereochemical determination of the predominant native cholesteryl 6-O-phosphatidyl α-glucoside (CPG) from Helicobacter pylori via an integrated biological and chemical strategy. The strategy employed (i) the metabolic isolation of a CPG analogue and (ii) the enzymatic degradation of the analogue to obtain the native lactobacillic acid for the stereochemical determination. The absolute stereochemistry of the acid was found to be 11R and 12S. Using the new stereochemical data, we accomplished the total synthesis of predominant native CPG and other predominant αCG derivatives.
Asunto(s)
Helicobacter pylori , Carcinógenos/metabolismo , GlucósidosRESUMEN
Capreomycin (CMN) is an important second-line antituberculosis antibiotic isolated from Saccharothrix mutabilis subspecies capreolus. The gene cluster for CMN biosynthesis has been identified and sequenced, wherein the cph gene was annotated as a phosphotransferase likely engaging in self-resistance. Previous studies reported that Cph inactivates two CMNs, CMN IA and IIA, by phosphorylation. We, herein, report that (1) Escherichia coli harboring the cph gene becomes resistant to both CMN IIA and IIB, (2) phylogenetic analysis regroups Cph to a new clade in the phosphotransferase protein family, (3) Cph shares a three-dimensional structure akin to the aminoglycoside phosphotransferases with a high binding affinity (KD) to both CMN IIA and IIB at micromolar levels, and (4) Cph utilizes either ATP or GTP as a phosphate group donor transferring its γ-phosphate to the hydroxyl group of CMN IIA. Until now, Cph and Vph (viomycin phosphotransferase) are the only two known enzymes inactivating peptide-based antibiotics through phosphorylation. Our biochemical characterization and structural determination conclude that Cph confers the gene-carrying species resistance to CMN by means of either chemical modification or physical sequestration, a naturally manifested belt and braces strategy. These findings add a new chapter into the self-resistance of bioactive natural products, which is often overlooked while designing new bioactive molecules.
Asunto(s)
Actinobacteria/enzimología , Antibióticos Antituberculosos/metabolismo , Antibióticos Antituberculosos/farmacología , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Capreomicina/metabolismo , Capreomicina/farmacología , Fosfotransferasas (Aceptor de Grupo Alcohol)/metabolismo , Actinobacteria/efectos de los fármacos , Actinobacteria/metabolismo , Antibióticos Antituberculosos/química , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Capreomicina/química , Regulación Bacteriana de la Expresión Génica , Regulación Enzimológica de la Expresión Génica , Modelos Moleculares , Estructura Molecular , Fosfotransferasas (Aceptor de Grupo Alcohol)/genética , Filogenia , Conformación ProteicaRESUMEN
Vibrio hollisae, a halophilic species recently reclassified as Grimontia hollisae, is a causative agent of gastroenteritis and septicaemia. One important pathogenic Vibrio factor, thermostable direct haemolysin (TDH), has been purified and crystallized in two crystal forms using the vapour-diffusion method. The crystals belonged to an orthorhombic space group, with unit-cell parameters a = 104.8, b = 112.4, c = 61.3â Å and a = 122.9, b = 123.3, c = 89.8â Å. The crystals contained either four or eight molecules per asymmetric unit, with predicted solvent contents of 49.4 and 46.3% and Matthews coefficients (V(M)) of 2.4 and 2.3â Å(3)â Da(-1), respectively. These crystals were suitable for structure determination, which would yield structural details related to the cytotoxicity and oligomeric structure of this pore-forming toxin.
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Proteínas Hemolisinas/química , Proteínas Hemolisinas/aislamiento & purificación , Vibrio/química , Secuencia de Aminoácidos , Toxinas Bacterianas/química , Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Toxinas Bacterianas/aislamiento & purificación , Cristalización , Cristalografía por Rayos X/métodos , Difusión , Proteínas Hemolisinas/genética , Datos de Secuencia Molecular , Señales de Clasificación de Proteína , Proteínas Recombinantes/química , Proteínas Recombinantes/aislamiento & purificación , Estándares de Referencia , Homología de Secuencia de Aminoácido , Sincrotrones , Difracción de Rayos XRESUMEN
Herein, we report the total synthesis of landomycins Q and R as well as the aglycone core, namely anhydrolandomycinone and a related core analogue. The synthesis features an acetate-assisted arylation method for construction of the hindered B-ring in the core component and a one-pot aromatization-deiodination-denbenzylation procedure to streamline the global functional and protecting group manuipulation. Subsequent cytotoxicity and antibacterial studies revealed that the landomycin R is a potential antibacterial agent against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
RESUMEN
We report here that pregnenolonyl-α-glucoside (2), a steryl glycoside synthesized directly from pregnenolone and glucose via a consecutive multienzyme-catalyzed process, exhibits marked dose-dependent cytotoxic activity against HT29, AGS, and ES-2 cells with IC50 values of 23.5 to 50.9 µM. An in vitro CYP17A1 binding pattern assay and protein-ligand docking model support that 2, like abiraterone, binds in the active site heme iron pocket of CYP17A1.
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Antineoplásicos/farmacología , Inhibidores Enzimáticos del Citocromo P-450/farmacología , Glucósidos/farmacología , Pregnenolona/análogos & derivados , Pregnenolona/farmacología , Androstenos/metabolismo , Androstenos/farmacología , Antineoplásicos/síntesis química , Antineoplásicos/metabolismo , Bacterias/enzimología , Dominio Catalítico , Línea Celular Tumoral , Inhibidores Enzimáticos del Citocromo P-450/química , Inhibidores Enzimáticos del Citocromo P-450/metabolismo , Glucósidos/síntesis química , Glucósidos/metabolismo , Glicosilación , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Simulación del Acoplamiento Molecular , Pregnenolona/metabolismo , Unión ProteicaRESUMEN
Three unsymmetrical diiodobichalcogenophenes SSeI2, STeI2, and SeTeI2 and a diiodoterchalcogenophene SSeTeI2 were prepared. Grignard metathesis of SSeI2, STeI2, SeTeI2, and SSeTeI2 occurred regioselectively at the lighter chalcogenophene site because of its relatively lower electron density and less steric bulk. Nickel-catalyzed Kumada catalyst-transfer polycondensation of these Mg species provided a new class of side-chain regioregular and main-chain AB-type alternating poly(bichalcogenophene)s-PSSe, PSTe, and PSeTe-through a chain-growth mechanism. The ring-walking of the Ni catalyst from the lighter to the heavier chalcogenophene facilitated subsequent oxidative addition, thereby suppressing the possibility of chain-transfer or chain-termination. More significantly, the Ni catalyst could walk over the distance of three rings (ca. 1 nm)-from a thiophene unit via a selenophene unit to a tellurophene unit-to form PSSeTe, the first ABC-type regioregular and periodic poly(terchalcogenophene) comprising three different types of 3-hexylchalcogenophenes.
RESUMEN
Xylose reductase (XR), which requires NADPH as a co-substrate, catalyzes the reduction of D-xylose to xylitol, which is the first step in the metabolism of D-xylose. The detailed three-dimensional structure of XR will provide a better understanding of the biological significance of XR in the efficient production of xylitol from biomass. XR of molecular mass 36.6 kDa from Candida tropicalis was crystallized using the hanging-drop vapour-diffusion method. According to X-ray diffraction data from C. tropicalis XR crystals at 2.91 A resolution, the unit cell belongs to space group P3(1) or P3(2). Preliminary analysis indicated the presence of four XR molecules in the asymmetric unit, with 68.0% solvent content.
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Aldehído Reductasa/química , Aldehído Reductasa/aislamiento & purificación , Candida tropicalis/enzimología , Cristalización , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Electroforesis en Gel de PoliacrilamidaRESUMEN
An enantioselective synthesis of iso-, isothio-, and isoselenohydantoin and diketopiperazine-fused tetrahydroisoquinolines from l-Dopa was reported. The route consists of an Pictet-Spengler reaction of ( S)-2-amino-3-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)propanoates with various aldehydes to afford diastereomeric tetrahydroisoquinolines. Next step, the tetrahydroisoquinolines were further reacted with iso-, isothio-, or isoselenocyanates to construct hydantoin. Similarly, the diketopiperazine moiety was constructed by subjecting tetrahydroisoquinolines to a condensation reaction with chloroacetyl chloride followed by nucleophilic addition with various primary amines.
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Dicetopiperazinas/química , Hidantoínas/síntesis química , Tetrahidroisoquinolinas/síntesis química , Aldehídos/química , Aminas/química , Catálisis , Reacción de Cicloadición , Hidantoínas/química , Estructura Molecular , Solventes/química , EstereoisomerismoRESUMEN
Oligomerization of protein into specific quaternary structures plays important biological functions, including regulation of gene expression, enzymes activity, and cell-cell interactions. Here, we report the determination of two crystal structures of the Grimontia hollisae (formally described as Vibrio hollisae) thermostable direct hemolysin (Gh-TDH), a pore-forming toxin. The toxin crystalized in the same space group of P21212, but with two different crystal packing patterns, each revealing three consistent tetrameric oligomerization forms called Oligomer-I, -II, and -III. A central pore with comparable depth of ~50 Å but differing in shape and size was observed in all determined toxin tetrameric oligomers. A common motif of a toxin dimer was found in all determined structures, suggesting a plausible minimum functional unit within the tetrameric structure in cell membrane binding and possible hemolytic activity. Our results show that bacterial toxins may form a single or highly symmetric oligomerization state when exerting their biological functions. The dynamic nature of multiple symmetric oligomers formed upon release of the toxin may open a niche for bacteria survival in harsh living environments.
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Membrana Celular/metabolismo , Proteínas Hemolisinas/química , Proteínas Hemolisinas/metabolismo , Vibrionaceae/metabolismo , Animales , Proteínas Bacterianas/química , Proteínas Bacterianas/genética , Proteínas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Toxinas Bacterianas/química , Toxinas Bacterianas/genética , Toxinas Bacterianas/metabolismo , Cristalografía por Rayos X , Células HeLa , Proteínas Hemolisinas/genética , Hemólisis , Humanos , Modelos Moleculares , Mutagénesis Sitio-Dirigida , Unión Proteica , Multimerización de Proteína , Estructura Cuaternaria de Proteína , Conejos , Vibrionaceae/química , Vibrionaceae/genéticaRESUMEN
In this study, surface-functionalized, branched polyethylenimine (BPEI)-modified YVO4:Bi(3+),Eu(3+) nanocrystals (NCs) were successfully synthesized by a simple, rapid, solvent-free hydrothermal method. The BPEI-coated YVO4:Bi(3+),Eu(3+) NCs with high crystallinity show broad-band excitation in the λ=250 to 400 nm near-ultraviolet (NUV) region and exhibit a sharp-line emission band centered at λ=619 nm under excitation at λ=350 nm. The surface amino groups contributed by the capping agent, BPEI, not only improve the dispersibility and water/buffer stability of the BPEI-coated YVO4:Bi(3+),Eu(3+) NCs, but also provide a capability for specifically targeted biomolecule conjugation. Folic acid (FA) and epidermal growth factor (EGF) were further attached to the BPEI-coated YVO4:Bi(3+),Eu(3+) NCs and exhibited effective positioning of fluorescent NCs toward the targeted folate receptor overexpressed in HeLa cells or EGFR overexpressed in A431 cells with low cytotoxicity. These results demonstrate that the ligand-functionalized, BPEI-coated YVO4:Bi(3+),Eu(3+) NCs show great potential as a new-generation biological luminescent bioprobe for bioimaging applications. Moreover, the unique luminescence properties of BPEI-coated YVO4:Bi(3+),Eu(3+) NCs show potential to combine with a UVA photosensitizing drug to produce both detective and therapeutic effects for human skin cancer therapy.
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Bismuto/química , Europio/química , Ligandos , Nanopartículas del Metal/química , Óxidos/química , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/química , Polietileneimina/química , Vanadio/química , Itrio/química , Línea Celular Tumoral , Supervivencia Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Factor de Crecimiento Epidérmico/química , Factor de Crecimiento Epidérmico/metabolismo , Receptores de Folato Anclados a GPI/metabolismo , Ácido Fólico/química , Células HeLa , Humanos , Nanopartículas del Metal/toxicidad , Microscopía Confocal , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/síntesis química , Fármacos Fotosensibilizantes/toxicidad , Rayos UltravioletaRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: G. hollisae thermostable direct hemolysin (Gh-TDH) is produced by most strains of G. hollisae. This toxin has been reported to be absorbed in the intestines in humans. Secondary liver injury might be caused by venous return of the toxin through the portal system. We aimed to firstly analyze the in vitro and in vivo hepatotoxicity of Gh-TDH. METHODS: Liver cells (primary human non-cancer cell and FL83B mouse cells) were treated and mice (BALB/c) were fed with this toxin to investigate its hepatotoxicity. Morphological examination and cytotoxicity assays using liver cells were also performed. Fluorescein isothiocyanate-conjugated toxin was used to analyze the localization of this protein in liver cells. Mice were subjected to liver function measurements and liver biopsies following toxin treatment and wild-type bacterial infection. PET (positron emission tomography)/CT (computed tomography) images were taken to assess liver metabolism during acute injury and recovery. RESULTS: The effect of hepatotoxicity was dose and time dependent. Cellular localization showed that the toxin was initially located around the cellular margins and subsequently entered the nucleus. Liver function measurements and liver biopsies of the mice following treatment with toxin or infection with wild-type Grimontia hollisae showed elevated levels of transaminases and damage to the periportal area, respectively. The PET/CT images revealed that the reconstruction of the liver continued for at least one week after exposure to a single dose of the toxin or bacterial infection. CONCLUSIONS: The hepatotoxicity of Gh-TDH was firstly demonstrated. The damage was located in the periportal area of the liver, and the liver became functionally insufficient.