Alterations in aperiodic and periodic EEG activity in young children with Down syndrome.

Down syndrome (DS) is the most common cause of intellectual disability, yet little is known about the neurobiological pathways leading to cognitive impairments. Electroencephalographic (EEG) measures are commonly used to study neurodevelopmental disorders, but few studies have focused on young children with DS. Here we assess resting state EEG data collected from toddlers/preschoolers with DS (n = 29, age 13-48 months old) and compare their aperiodic and periodic EEG features with both age-matched (n = 29) and developmental-matched (n = 58) comparison groups. DS participants exhibited significantly reduced aperiodic slope, increased periodic theta power, and decreased alpha peak amplitude. A majority of DS participants displayed a prominent peak in the theta range, whereas a theta peak was not present in age-matched participants. Overall, similar findings were also observed when comparing DS and developmental-matched groups, suggesting that EEG differences are not explained by delayed cognitive ability.

Cross-Sector Intervention Strategies to Target Childhood Food Insecurity in North Carolina.

BACKGROUND: Childhood food insecurity increased considerably during the COVID-19 pandemic and is associated with compromised health. Health care systems are increasingly prioritizing food insecurity interventions to improve health, but it is unclear how health systems collaborate with other sectors that are addressing food insecurity. In this study, we aimed to evaluate existing collaborations and explore opportunities for further cross-sector engagement. METHODS: From December 2020 to March 2021, we conducted semi-structured interviews (N = 34) with informants involved in increasing child food access in North Carolina. Our informants represented different sectors, including community (e.g., food pantry), education (e.g., school lunch program), and government (e.g., Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program). Rapid qualitative analysis was used to interpret the results and identify themes. RESULTS: Informants rarely mentioned the health care sector as a source of referrals or as a collaborator. Barriers limiting access to food insecurity programs were exacerbated by the COVID-19 pandemic, including lack of transportation, stigma deterring use, limited food choice, and burdensome enrollment processes. Stakeholders recommended mitigating barriers through the expansion of food delivery, colocalization of assistance programs in schools and health care settings, increased food choice, and supporting cross-program enrollment mechanisms. LIMITATIONS: The majority of the stakeholders represented programs from five counties in central North Carolina, with only a few representing statewide initiatives. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic both highlighted the fragmented system of food insecurity organizations and accelerated development of cross-sector collaborations to reduce access barriers. Health care systems are siloed from school and community efforts but have the opportunity to leverage ongoing innovative policy initiatives to construct novel cross-sector models. Such models can better link food insecurity screening with community-based solutions to address family-level food access barriers.

State variation in effects of state social distancing policies on COVID-19 cases.

BACKGROUND: The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) sickened over 20 million residents in the United States (US) by January 2021. Our objective was to describe state variation in the effect of initial social distancing policies and non-essential business (NEB) closure on infection rates early in 2020. METHODS: We used an interrupted time series study design to estimate the total effect of all state social distancing orders, including NEB closure, shelter-in-place, and stay-at-home orders, on cumulative COVID-19 cases for each state. Data included the daily number of COVID-19 cases and deaths for all 50 states and Washington, DC from the New York Times database (January 21 to May 7, 2020). We predicted cumulative daily cases and deaths using a generalized linear model with a negative binomial distribution and a log link for two models. RESULTS: Social distancing was associated with a 15.4% daily reduction (Relative Risk = 0.846; Confidence Interval [CI] = 0.832, 0.859) in COVID-19 cases. After 3 weeks, social distancing prevented nearly 33 million cases nationwide, with about half (16.5 million) of those prevented cases among residents of the Mid-Atlantic census division (New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania). Eleven states prevented more than 10,000 cases per 100,000 residents within 3 weeks. CONCLUSIONS: The effect of social distancing on the infection rate of COVID-19 in the US varied substantially across states, and effects were largest in states with highest community spread.

Alterations in aperiodic and periodic EEG activity in young children with Down syndrome.

Down syndrome is the most common cause of intellectual disability, yet little is known about the neurobiological pathways leading to cognitive impairments. Electroencephalographic (EEG) measures are commonly used to study neurodevelopmental disorders, but few studies have focused on young children with DS. Here we assess resting state EEG data collected from toddlers/preschoolers with DS (n=29, age 13-48 months old) and compare their aperiodic and periodic EEG features with both age-matched (n=29) and cognitive-matched (n=58) comparison groups. DS participants exhibited significantly reduced aperiodic slope, increased periodic theta power, and decreased alpha peak amplitude. A majority of DS participants displayed a prominent peak in the theta range, whereas a theta peak was not present in age-matched participants. Overall, similar findings were also observed when comparing DS and cognitive-matched groups, suggesting that EEG differences are not explained by delayed cognitive ability.

The JASPER (Joint Attention, Symbolic Play, Engagement and Regulation) Intervention in Down Syndrome: A pilot study.

BACKGROUND: Children with Down syndrome (DS) often need support building language, socialization, and regulation, yet few receive behavioral intervention for this. The Joint Attention, Symbolic Play, Engagement and Regulation (JASPER) intervention holds promise as a clinician-caregiver-mediated approach. AIMS: The aims of this pilot study were to (1) describe the behavioral phenotype of children with DS (2) quantify change in child engagement following JASPER receipt, (3) measure caregiver adoption of JASPER strategies, and (4) generate hypotheses and directions for future research. METHODS AND PROCEDURES: Sixteen toddlers with DS and their caregivers enrolled in the study. Dyads were randomly assigned to one of two conditions: immediate intervention or waitlist control. During the COVID-19 pandemic, intervention was delivered remotely. OUTCOMES AND RESULTS: Caregivers learned to implement JASPER strategies and pilot data suggest improvements in joint engagement and regulation during play. Case series data show individual heterogeneity of intervention response. Remote intervention delivery may be associated with greater participant retention. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS: JASPER may be a viable treatment option to improve joint engagement and emotion regulation in young children with DS. Parents appear receptive to learning and implementing JASPER strategies at home. Remote JASPER delivery may improve participation in research or treatment programs.

Catalyzing Cross-Sector Collaboration: Lessons from a Virtual Pediatric Complex Care Coalition.

BACKGROUND: Children with complex health needs (CCHN) have intersecting medical, behavioral health, and social needs. Unfortunately, fragmentation across health and social services sectors often results in uncoordinated care for CCHN and their families. OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to describe the creation of a statewide cross-sector partnership, the Children's Complex Care Coalition of North Carolina, to identify and act on opportunities for system-level improvements in the care of CCHN. METHODS: We applied a virtual community engagement approach to form an advisory committee of cross-sector collaborators; systematically identify priorities most important and urgent to collaborators for improving systems of care; and host a series of virtual convenings involving more than 90 attendees from across the state to operationalize collaborator-identified priorities into actionable next steps. LESSONS LEARNED: Key facilitators of success for the Children's Complex Care Coalition of North Carolina partnership were investing time in building trusting relationships, particularly with families of CCHN, and aligning goals and priorities with existing local and regional efforts. Challenges included incorporating traditionally under-represented perspectives, right-sizing virtual convening attendance and number of topics covered, and navigating technological difficulties in a virtual environment. CONCLUSIONS: Health systems can catalyze the formation of cross-sector coalitions and community partnerships to advance complex care. Virtual convenings with interactive activities and participatory structures can be an efficient medium to connect coalition members and elicit actionable recommendations for system-level improvements that address the needs of community members.