RESUMEN
The present study was conducted on Head Punjnad (HP) and Head Taunsa (HT) to evaluate the contamination of Pb, Cr, As, Hg, and Cd in water, soil, sediment, fish as a whole and fish organs. Fish, water, soil and sediment samples were collected from different sites of HT and HP on a monthly basis for 8 months. Heavy metals in water, soil, and sediment were determined by a polarized Zeeman atomic absorption spectrophotometer and in fish and fish organs by an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Contamination of Cd, Hg, and As was significantly (P<0.05) higher in water of HP as compared to HT, while Cr showed a non-significant (P>0.05) difference at HP and HT. Pb was significantly (P<0.05) higher in water of HT as compared to HP. In the case of soil, Cd, Hg, and Pb were higher at HT as compared to HP, while As and Cr were significantly (P<0.05) higher at HP as compared to HT. In sediment, contamination of Cd, Hg, and As were significantly (P<0.05) higher at HP as compared to HT, while the Cr difference was non-significant (P>0.05) but Pb showed a significantly (P<0.05) higher value at HT than HP. Cd accumulation in different fish species was recorded as R. rita ËO. niloticus ËC. marulius ËS. sarwari ËC. idella ËC. catla ËN. notopterus ËE. vacha ËL. rohita ËC. carpio, respectively. Hg as O. niloticus ËS. sarwari ËR. rita ËC. marulius ËC. catla ËN. notopterus ËE. vacha ËL. rohita ËC. carpio ËC. idella, respectively. As as O. niloticus ËR. rita ËS. sarwari ËC. marulius ËC. catla ËC. carpio ËN. notopterus ËC. idella ËE. vacha ËL. rohita, respectively. Cr accumulation recorded as L. rohita ËC. idella ËO. niloticus ËC. marulius ËE. vacha ËR. rita ËC. catla ËC. carpio ËS. sarwari ËN. notopterus, respectively. Pb accumulation in different fish species was recorded as C. idella ËC. carpio ËN. notopterus ËL. rohita ËO. niloticus ËC. marulius ËR. rita ËS. sarwari ËE. vacha ËC. catla, respectively. Cd accumulation in different organs was recorded as kidney Ëliver Ëgills Ëmuscle Ëskin Ëscale. Hg accumulation in different organs was recorded as kidney Ëgills Ëliver Ëskin Ëmuscle Ëscale. As accumulation in different organs was recorded as kidney Ëliver Ëgills Ëmuscle Ëskin Ëscale. Cr accumulation in different organs was recorded as gills Ë liver Ëskin Ëmuscle Ëkidney Ëscale. Pb accumulation in different organs was recorded as gillsË kidneyË skinË liverË muscleË scale.
Asunto(s)
Bagres , Mercurio , Metales Pesados , Animales , Cadmio , Plomo , Pakistán , Agua , SueloRESUMEN
The aim of the current study was to evaluate the toxic effect of silver nanoparticles (Ag-NPs) on biochemical biomarkers, immune responses, and the curative potential effects of vitamin C and E on grass carp. Fish (n = 420) with an average initial body weight of 8.045 ± 0.13 g were shifted to glass aquaria (36 x 18 x 18 inches, filled with 160-L tap water) in triplicates. Aquaria were randomly designated as A, B, C, D with alone Ag-NPs (Control (0), 0.25, 0.50, 0.75 mg/L) and E, F, G with Ag-NPs + Vit. C + Vit. E (0.25+0.25+0.25, 0.50+0.50+0.50, 0.75+0.75+0.75 mg/L). NPs particles were administrated viz, oral and intravenous routes for 7 days. The results indicated that both routes had non-significant effect, but levels of Ag-NPs had significant effect. Treatments C, D and G showed significant decrease in levels of RBC, HGB and HCT except for WBC and NEUT levels, which significantly increased. ALT, ALP, AST, urea, and creatinine showed significant increase in activity in the C, D, and G groups. CAT, SOD decreased significantly in all Ag-NPs alone groups, while significantly increased with vitamin E and C. LYZ, TP, ALB, GLB showed significant low activity in the B, C, and D groups while significantly high activity in the E, F, and G groups. Cortisol, glucose and triglycerides showed significant increase in the B, C, and D groups, while E, F, and G groups showed significant low levels of triglycerides, COR, and GLU. Cholesterol level was same across all treatment groups. In conclusion, vitamin E and C as powerful antioxidants protect the fish against Ag-NPs except high dose level of 0.75mg/L, while 0.25mg/L of Ag-NPs was presumably safe for C. idella.