Relationship of paratracheal lymph nodes with the progression of chronic autoimmune thyroiditis: 5-year follow-up results

Background/aim: To examine changes in paratracheal lymph nodes (PLNs) and the relationship with the course of the disease in patients with chronic autoimmune thyroiditis (CAT) 5 years after diagnosis. Materials and methods: A total of 169 patients with newly diagnosed CAT and 53 healthy subjects were included in the study. All patients underwent ultrasonographic (US) examinations of the thyroid, paratracheal regions, and examined thyroid function tests. Eighty-four patients who were euthyroid at baseline and who were contacted 5 years after the diagnosis were reevaluated by US and thyroid function tests. Results: The PLNs frequency was significantly higher in the CAT group than the controls (75.1 % vs. 30.1 %, P < 0.001). Among the 84 patients who were euthyroid at the time of diagnosis and were contacted again after 5 years, 15 developed hypothyroidism. Initially, PLNs were present in all patients who developed hypothyroidism and were significantly higher than in those who remained euthyroid (respectively 100% vs. 68.7%, P = 0.009). PLN presence and PLN volume in patients who were euthyroid at baseline predicted hypothyroidism at the end of 5 years. Conclusion: PLNs may be used as an indicator of disease progression. In addition, patient age and baseline TSH levels are other factors that predict the development of hypothyroidism in time.

Vitamin D Levels of Anesthesia Personnel, Office Workers and Outdoor Workers in Ankara, Turkey.

BACKGROUND: Vitamin D deficiency or insufficiency is a highly prevalent condition worldwide. Anesthesia providers or support personnel working in operating rooms might be considered at increased risk of vitamin D deficiency. There is a small amount of information about 25(OH)D levels in people who work mainly indoors as an operating room. This study aimed to investigate whether there was a higher vitamin D insufficiency or deficiency rate among anesthesia personnel working indoors when compared with personnel working in an office or outdoors in Ankara, Turkey (39 degrees North, 32 degrees East). METHODS: This study consisted of 125 volunteer anesthesia personnel and 60 subjects as control groups (30 outdoor workers and 30 office workers). All of the individuals completed a questionnaire. Serum levels of total 25(OH)D were measured by a chemiluminescent immunoassay method. RESULTS: 74.4% of anesthesia personnel and 76.6% of control group 1 (outdoor workers) and 76.6% of control group 2 (office workers) had serum 25(OH)D concentrations < 10 ng/mL. 20.8% of anesthesia personnel and 23.4% of control group 1 and 23.4% of control group 2 had serum 25(OH)D concentrations levels 10 - 20 ng/mL. 4.8% of anesthesia personnel had serum 25(OH)D concentration levels 21 - 30 ng/mL. There was no significant difference in the mean serum 25(OH)D level between the groups (Anesthesia group: 8.98 ± 4.89 ng/mL, Control group 1: 8.18 ± 2.39 ng/mL, Control group 2: 8.37 ± 3.01 ng/mL) (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: To our knowledge the present study is the first study to investigate the comparison of vitamin D levels of anesthesia personnel with outdoor and office workers. Our findings alarmingly emphasize that vitamin D deficiency is very common at the end of winter in Ankara, regardless of being anesthesia personnel in operating room or a worker in office or an outdoor worker. Vitamin D supplementation may be suggested in all groups in Ankara.

Antiplatelet Effect of Sequential Administration of Cilostazol in Patients with Acetylsalycilic Acid Resistance.

BACKGROUND: Acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) resistance in patients with coronary artery disease is an important medical problem that can affect treatment decision-making and outcomes. Cilostazol has been investigated to determine its effectiveness in patients with acetylsalicylic acid resistance. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiplatelet efficacy of sequential administration of CLZ in patients with ASA resistance. METHODS: A total of 180 patients were enrolled in our study. Patients with stable coronary artery disease were first given orally ASA 100 for 10 days, followed by collagen/epinephrine induced closure time (CTCEPI) measurements. Those who were found to be resistant to orally 100 mg of ASA were given orally 300 mg of ASA for an additional 10 days after which we repeated CTCEPI measurements. Those patients with resistance to orally 300 mg ASA were then given CLZ at a daily dose of orally 200 mg for 10 days followed by a final CTCEPI measurement. RESULTS: The rate of resistance to 100 mg ASA was 81/180 (45%) compared to a rate of 35/81 (43.2%) with 300 mg ASA. Of the 35 patients found to be resistant to 300 mg ASA, 22 (62.9%) also failed to respond to CLZ treatment. Overall, sequential administration of 300 mg ASA and 200 mg CLZ resulted in a reduction in the number of non-responders from 45% to 12.2%. CONCLUSIONS: Initiation of CLZ could be of benefit in some patients with ASA-resistance for whom an effective anti-aggregant effect is of clinical importance.

Higher body mass index and larger waist circumference may be predictors of thyroid carcinoma in patients with Hürthle-cell lesion/neoplasm fine-needle aspiration diagnosis.

OBJECTIVE: High body mass index (BMI) has been found to be associated with raised thyroid cancer risk, particularly in women. We examined the associations for BMI and waist circumference (WC) with thyroid cancer risk among women with Hürthle-cell lesion/neoplasm (HLN) on fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) with the hypothesis that BMI and WC could guide the management of these challenging indeterminate lesions. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 224 women with HLN who underwent thyroidectomy. In all patients, TSH and thyroid auto-antibodies were evaluated, and thyroid nodule features were recorded. Patients were grouped according to BMI (<30 or ≥30 kg/m(2)) and WC (<88 or ≥88 cm). Relationships of thyroid cancer with BMI and WC were assessed using logistic regression analysis. RESULTS: Mean weight, BMI (31·26 ± 5·1 vs 26·47 ± 5·9, P < 0·001), WC (98·23 ± 7·6 vs 86·18 ± 11, P = 0·001), and proportion of patients with high BMI (≥30 kg/m(2)) (65·9 vs 33·8%, P < 0·001) or large WC (≥88 cm) (84·1 vs 47·9%, P < 0·001) were significantly higher in malignant group compared to benign group. In regression analysis, BMI and WC significantly associated with existence of malignancy. Malignancy risk was 3·819-fold higher (95% CI: 2·068-7·054) in BMI≥30 kg/m(2) group compared to BMI<30 kg/m(2), which was independent of TSH and age. Large WC was also associated with increased risk (OR = 5·593, 95% CI: 2·736-11·434). Baseline tumour characteristics were similar according to BMI and WC groups. CONCLUSIONS: A great BMI and large WC were associated with higher thyroid cancer risk in patients with FNAB diagnosis of HLN. Further studies are needed to use BMI or WC in the management of patients with HLN.

Should insulin resistance be screened in lean hirsute women?

The role of insulin resistance (IR) is well-documented in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). Controversies exist concerning the presence of IR in idiopathic hirsutism (IH) or if it is a manifestation of high body mass index (BMI). We aimed to investigate the presence/absence of IR in lean hirsute women. One-hundred fifty-one lean women with hirsutism [96 PCOS (group 1) and 55 IH (group 2)] and 58 age-and BMI-matched healthy controls (group 3) were recruited in the study (mean age 25.21 ± 6.1 versus 26.26 ± 4.6years; BMI 21.79 ± 1.7 versus 22.02 ± 2.2 kg/m(2), respectively). Significantly higher insulin and HOMA-IR, and significantly lower fasting glucose insulin ratio (FGIR), quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI), reciprocal insulin, and Raynaud index were detected in groups 1 and 2 than in group 3 (p < 0.05). These IR indices were similar between groups 1 and 2. The number of patients with IR (HOMA-IR > 2, FGIR < 7.2, or QUICKI < 0.357) was significantly higher in groups 1 and 2 than in group 3, but was similar between groups 1 and 2. A higher frequency of IR occurs in lean hirsute women regardless of they having PCOS or IH. IR may contribute to aetiopathogenesis of IH, or may cause some metabolic abnormalities in these patients.

High prevalence of Hashimoto's thyroiditis in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome: does the imbalance between estradiol and progesterone play a role?

OBJECTIVE: Some similar factors, such as genetic susceptibility and subinflammation/autoimmunity, contribute to development of both polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) and Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT), suggesting a potential pathogenic link between the two common disorders. In this study, we investigated the relationship between PCOS and HT, considering the possible effect of PCOS-related hormonal and metabolic factors on thyroid autoimmunity. METHODS: Eighty-six reproductive-age women diagnosed with PCOS according to Rotterdam criteria and 60 age-BMI matched control women were included in the study. All subjects had thyroid function tests, thyroid peroxidase anti-body (anti-TPO), thyroglobulin anti-body (anti-Tg), LH, FSH, estradiol, progesterone, androgens, fasting glucose, insulin, lipid, homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) levels, thyroid and pelvic ultrasounds. RESULTS: TSH, anti-TPO (p = 0.017), anti-Tg (p = 0.014), LH, DHEAS, testosterone, and HOMA-IR levels were significantly higher and progesterone were lower in PCOS women than in controls. Free T4, free T3, FSH, estradiol levels and thyroid volume were similar between the two groups. A higher percentage of PCOS patients had elevated TSH (26.7 and 5%; p = 0.001), anti-TPO (26.7 and 6.6%; p = 0.002), and anti-Tg (16.2 and 5%; p = 0.039). HT was more common in PCOS patients compared to controls (22.1 and 5%; p = 0.004). Estradiol (p = 0.003) were higher in anti-TPO positive PCOS women than anti-TPO negative ones. Anti-TPO was correlated positively with estradiol, estradiol/progesterone ratio, and TSH. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrated a higher prevalence of HT, elevated TSH, anti-TPO, and anti-Tg levels in PCOS patients. Increased estrogen and estrogen/progesterone ratio seem to be directly involved in high anti-TPO levels in PCOS patients.

Assessing the Relationship Between Serum Ghrelin Levels and Metabolic Parameters and Autoimmunity in Patients with Euthyroid Hashimoto's Thyroiditis.

OBJECTIVE: Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) may affect metabolic parameters and increase predisposition to obesity. In this study, we aimed to assess the relationships among serum ghrelin concentrations, metabolic parameters, and thyroid autoimmunity in euthyroid HT patients. METHODS: The study included 48 euthyroid HT patients and 41 age- and sex-matched healthy controls. We assessed serum ghrelin, free triiodothyronine (T3), free thyroxine (T4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid peroxidase antibody (anti-TPO), thyroglobulin antibody (anti-Tg), fasting blood glucose (FBG), insulin, lipid levels, and homeostasis model assessment insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in all subjects. RESULTS: Sex distribution, mean age, and body mass index (BMI) were similar in HT patients and controls (female/male, 42/6 vs. 33/8, 46.8 ± 14.7 vs. 45 ± 12.5 years, 28.5 ± 6.1 vs. 28.4 ± 4.9 kg/m2, respectively; P>.05 for all). The mean waist circumference (WC) of the HT group was significantly higher than that of the control group (100.6 ± 14.6 vs. 93.2 ± 13.2 cm, P = .015). While FBG, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride levels in the HT group were significantly higher than in the control group, insulin levels and HOMA-IR were similar. Ghrelin levels were lower in HT patients compared to controls (416.9 ± 224.4 and 689.9 ± 191.6 pg/mL, respectively; P<.001). Ghrelin levels were similar in patients with low and high anti-TPO titers. Negative correlations were observed between ghrelin levels and BMI, WC, and anti-TPO levels. Regression analysis revealed that HT was the most important predictor of ghrelin levels. CONCLUSION: Euthyroid HT is associated with a decrease in plasma ghrelin levels. Altered body fat distribution and increased anti-TPO levels do not seem to be directly involved in lower ghrelin levels in euthyroid HT patients.

Relationship between thyroid nodules and non-functioning adrenal incidentalomas and their association with insulin resistance.

OBJECTIVE: The relationship between insulin resistance and thyroid nodules in patients with non-functional adrenal incidentalomas (AI) is not clearly understood. The aim of this study was to determine the frequency of thyroid nodules in AI patients, as well as to evaluate any possible associations with disorders of insulin resistance. METHODS: Patients diagnosed with a non-functional AI were approached for inclusion in the study. Insulin resistance was evaluated using homeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR). All participants were screened for the presence of thyroid nodule by ultrasonography, and fine needle aspiration biopsies were obtained from consenting subjects. RESULTS: One-hundred-thirteen patients with AI and 152 age-, BMI- and gender-matched healthy controls were enrolled. AI patients had higher waist circumference and waist/hip ratio than the control group. Metabolic syndrome, hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus rates were significantly higher in AI patients. HOMA-IR was similar between the groups. At least one thyroid nodule was observed in 42 (27.6%) of the controls compared to 55 (48.7%) of AI patients (p < 0.001). The mean number of thyroid nodules in AI patients was significantly higher than the control subjects (2.4 ± 0.9 versus 1.7 ± 1.0, p = 0.008). Mean nodule volume was similar between AI patients and the controls. A correlation could not be established between adrenal tumor/thyroid nodule volumes and the number of thyroid nodules, HOMA-IR, waist circumference, waist/hip ratio, BMI and thyroid function tests. CONCLUSION: A higher prevalence of thyroid nodule and a higher number of thyroid nodules were determined in patients with AI compared to healthy controls.

Evaluation of adipocytokine levels and vascular functions in young aged to middle aged men with idiopathic hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism.

OBJECTIVE: Hypogonadism has major effects on the urogenital system, in addition to other systems, the cardiovascular system in particular. There have been few studies conducted on markers of atherosclerosis, such as flow mediated dilatation (% FMD), carotid intima-media thickness (CIMT) and adipocytokine levels in idiopatic hypogonadotropic hypogonadal (IHH) males mostly in adult patients. The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between androgens and adipocytokines and parameters of vascular functions in hypogonadal men. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study population consisted of 11 treatment naive IHH patients (group 1) and 15 age-matched healthy control males (group 2). A fasting blood sample was obtained for leptin, adiponectin and resistin. The endothelial functions were evaluated by studying % FMD and CIMT by high resolution B-mode ultrasound. RESULTS: No significant differences in age, body mass index, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were recorded between the two groups. The leptin level was significantly higher in group 1, whereas adiponectin and resistin levels were same between two groups. There was a negative correlation between total testosterone and carotid intima-media thickness (r=-0.656, p=0.008), and a negative correlation between total testosterone and leptin level (r=-0.794, p<0.001). No correlation was found between leptin and CIMT (p=0.184). CONCLUSION: Testosterone deficiency in hypogonadal men is associated with vascular parameters of atherosclerosis. The findings may establish indications for testosterone replacement therapy in hypogonadal men.

Acetylsalicylic Acid resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, prediabetes & non-diabetic coronary artery disease.

UNLABELLED: Objective : Several studies have demonstrated the beneficial role of antiplatelet therapy with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) at atherosclerotic vascular disease. Antiaggregant effect of ASA is not uniform in all patients. Purpose of the present study is to evaluate the prevalence of ASA resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), pre-diabetes and non-diabetic coronary artery disease (CAD). METHODS: Effect of ASA was assessed using the platelet function analyzer (PFA-100) system. Resistance to ASA was defined as a normal collagen/epinephrine induced closure time after one week of ASA therapy. Patients with non-diabetic CAD, pre-diabetes and T2DM were compared. RESULTS: ASA resistance was found in 26 (37.1%), 6 (17.6%) and 41 (26.5%) patients in the groups, respectively (p=0.154). ASA resistance was found to be significantly higher in men, smokers and insulin users, besides this it was found to be significantly lower in beta blocker (BB) users, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) users with univariate analysis. However insulin usage was found to be the single effective parameter on ASA resistance in multivariate analysis. CONCLUSION: There was no difference with regard to ASA resistance between groups. While ASA resistance was higher in men, smokers and insulin users, it was lower in patients using BBs and ACEIs.

Impaired gallbladder motility and the effect of metformin therapy in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Impaired gallbladder (GB) emptying is a well-documented contributor to gallstone formation. The aim of this study was to evaluate GB motility in patients with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS). METHODS: The study population consisted of 36 PCOS patients and 20 healthy controls. GB volume was calculated using the ellipsoid formula (π/6 × L × D × W) after three-dimensional measurements were made by ultrasound [length (L), width (W) and depth (D)]. Following the determination of fasting GB volume (V0), patients were given a standard liquid meal. GB volume measurement was then repeated after 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75 and 90 min. Gallbladder ejection fraction (GBEF) was calculated after each measurement. PCOS patients were re-evaluated after a 12-week course of metformin therapy at a dose of 1000 mg/day. RESULTS: Mean baseline GB volume (V0) was significantly higher in the patient group compared to the control group (27·2 ± 12·5 cm(3) vs 13·3 ± 7·0 cm(3) , P < 0·001). While baseline GBEF values were similar between groups, increases in GBEF were significantly lower in the PCOS group starting from 20 min after consumption of a standard test meal. A 12-week course of metformin therapy resulted in significant improvements in GB volume and GBEF values with a reversal of metabolic and hormonal abnormalities. CONCLUSION: For the first time in the literature, we managed to demonstrate impaired GB motility in patients with PCOS. Metformin therapy not only improves the metabolic and hormonal imbalances associated with PCOS but also has a positive influence on GB motility.

Comparison of octreotide LAR and lanreotide autogel as post-operative medical treatment in acromegaly.

Long-acting somatostatin analogs are frequently used as adjuvant treatment of acromegaly patients after noncurative surgery. This sudy aims to compare the efficacy of octreotide long-acting release (OCT) and lanreotide Autogel (LAN) in acromegaly patients. Sixty-eight patients not cured by transsphenoidal endoscopic or microscopic pituitary surgery between 2003 and 2009 were retrospectively analyzed (25 men; 43 women; mean age 41.1 ± 10.9 years [range 18-65 years]). The patients were assigned randomly to OCT (n = 36) and LAN (n = 32) groups. Evaluations included insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) and growth hormone (GH) after oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) 3, 6, 12 and 18 months after starting medical treatment; pituitary magnetic resonance imaging was performed before treatment and after 3 and 12 months. Patients achieving IGF-I levels within the age and gender normal range and GH level <1 µg/l following OGTT were considered a 'biochemical cure'. Mean IGF-I and GH values and tumor volumes (cm(3)) in the LAN and OCT groups were similar in the post-operative period before initiation of medical treatment. A statistically significant decrease in GH and IGF-I levels was obtained for both treatment groups at each follow-up visit compared to the previous value. Tumor shrinkage after 12 months of treatment was statistically significant in both groups but the percentage tumor shrinkage (28.5% vs. 34.9%, P = 0.166) and rate of patients achieving biochemical cure (63.9 and 78.1%, P = 0.454) were similar between OCT and LAN groups, respectively. OCT and LAN treatment options have similar efficacy for ensuring biochemical cure and tumor shrinkage in acromegaly patients who had noncurative surgery.

Comparison of the prevalence and sonographic features of thyroid nodules accompanying autoimmune thyroid diseases.

INTRODUCTION: The coexistence of thyroid nodules and autoimmune thyroid disease (ATD) has been widely reported. The aim of our study was to retrospectively evaluate the prevalence and sonographic features of malignancy of thyroid nodules in ATD patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We retrospectively analysed data from 500 patients with ATD in our hospital. We recorded ultrasonographic, histopathological and laboratory features of these patients. Thyroid ultrasonography was performed on all the patients, as well as fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) of the thyroid nodule, when required. Patients underwent operations depending on the result of the FNAB. RESULTS: Of the 500 with ATD (400 female and 100 male; mean age = 42.4 years), 300 (60%) had Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and 200 (40%) presented with Graves' disease (GD). The frequency of thyroid nodules was statistically significantly higher in those with GD (37.8%) than in those with HT (24.3%) (p 〈 0.001). One hundred and forty-nine nodules underwent FNAB (37.8%, 76 out of 200 had GD and 24.3%; 73 out of 300 had HT). The results of the cytological examination were: non-diagnostic cytology, benign, malignant and indeterminate in 19.4%, 73.8%, 2% and 4.5% of the nodules, respectively. When 55 GD and 32 HT patients, on whom total thyroidectomy had been carried out, were evaluated, the incidence of thyroid carcinoma was similar between patients with GD (n = 3, 5.5%) and HT (n = 2, 6.3%) (p 〉 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: We observed that the prevalence of thyroid nodules in patients with GD was higher than patients with HT. However, in general, the characteristics of the nodules and FNAB results were similar in both ATDs.

The value of fine-needle aspiration biopsy in subcentimeter thyroid nodules.

BACKGROUND: The need to perform fine-needle aspiration biopsy (TFNAB) on subcentimeter thyroid nodules is less clear than for larger nodules. We compared the ultrasonographic features of thyroid nodules less than and greater than one centimeter and correlated this information with the cytological results for TFNAB and the final histopathological diagnosis in selected patients. METHODS: We evaluated 520 thyroid nodules (247 subcentimeter [group 1], 273 supracentimeter [group 2]) in 426 patients. Ultrasonography-guided fine-needle aspiration biopsy was performed on all nodules. Surgery was recommended for patients with TFNAB results that were read as malignant or suspicious. The results of ultrasonography, TFNAB, and histopathology were compared between the groups. RESULTS: Out of 426 patients, 337 had one nodule, 84 had two, and five had three. There was indeterminate cytology in 20 cases, 10 from each group. Inadequate cytology was obtained in 41/247 (16.6%) nodules in group 1 and 61/273 (22.3%) nodules in group 2, and the difference in rate was not significant (p = 0.067). The malignancy rate as determined by TFNAB was 4.9% in group 1 and 1.5% in group 2 (p < 0.025). In patients who underwent surgery for thyroid nodules the malignancy rate was 6% in group 1 and 2.9% in group 2 (p = 0.08). Hypoechoic pattern, microcalcification, and a long axis/short axis ratio (LA/SA) of < 1.5 were associated with malignancy in subcentimeter thyroid nodules (group 1), while only a hypoechoic pattern was associated with malignancy in supracentimeter thyroid nodules (group 2). CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of cancer in thyroid nodules < 1 cm does not appear to be lower than in larger nodules and may even be higher. Physicians should consider obtaining biopsy samples from subcentimeter hypoechoic nodules that contain microcalcification and have a relatively round shape (LA/SA < 1.5).

Evaluation of atherosclerosis after cessation of cabergoline therapy in patients with prolactinoma.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of the study was to determine whether atherosclerotic risk markers exist at the moment and after withdrawal of cabergoline (CAB) therapy in patients who had taken a suitable dose of CAB therapy for a suitable period of time before cessation of CAB. METHODS: This study was designed as prospective cross-sectional. Out of a total of 115 patients with prolactinoma, 42 non-obese women with microprolactinoma, who met the Pituitary Society criteria (2006) for the withdrawal of long-term CAB therapy, and 30 healthy patients participated in our study. The number of patients excluded from the study were as follows: 34 patients with tumor shrinkage of less than 50%; 10 who received DA treatments for less than 2 years; 9 who were treated with bromocriptine; and 20 who had diabetes mellitus, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, obesity, renal disease, coronary arterial disease, or were tobacco smokers. The patients were evaluated for anthropometric, metabolic, and inflammatory parameters at the time of cessation of CAB therapy and at the 3rd and 12th months after the withdrawal of CAB therapy. Endothelial dysfunction was determined by flow-mediated dilation (FMD) of the brachial artery and carotid intima media thickness (IMT), which were assessed by high resolution ultrasonography (USG) by the same practitioner. RESULTS: At the moment of cessation of CAB therapy, the FMD percentage in patients with prolactinoma was worse than that in healthy controls (p=0.0029). After the withdrawal of CAB treatment, fibrinogen (p=0.036), mean platelet volume (MPV) (p<0.001), carotid IMT (p=0.041), and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL C) (p=0.048) were worse in the relapse patients than those in the remission patients. Furthermore, only MPV values were found to be significantly related to a relapse of hyperprolactinemia among all atherosclerotic risk markers [area under the curve: 0.830 (95% CI 0.685-0.974) (p<0.001)]. CONCLUSION: Unfavorable cardiovascular risk profiles are a problem for patients with prolactinoma during cessation and after CAB withdrawal.

Changes in the before and after thyroxine treatment levels of adipose tissue, leptin, and resistin in subclinical hypothyroid patients.

BACKGROUND: Subclinical hypothyroidism (SH) occurs when serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentrations are raised and serum thyroid hormone concentrations are normal. The effect of SH on the proinflammatory adipose cytokine releasing visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is not clear. The aim of this study is to identify the difference between the pre and posttreatment levels of VAT, leptin, and resistin in SH patients. METHODS: There were 51 SH patients and 43 age- and gender-matched healthy subjects included in the study. Thyroid functions, biochemical tests, leptin, resistin, and visceral and subcutaneous fat measurements were made. The measurements were repeated in the SH group in the third month following L-thyroxin treatment. RESULTS: Initially, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, carotid artery intima-media thickness (mm), leptin, and resistin levels were significantly higher in the SH group compared to the controls, while the other parameters were similar. While no correlation was observed between TSH levels and adipokines, a positive correlation was detected between waist circumference and leptin levels (r = 0.549, p < 0.01). Visceral adipose tissue was positively correlated to age, waist circumference, and leptin levels, but negatively correlated to free thyroxin (T4) levels (r = 0.419, p = 0.009; r = 0.794, p < 0.01; r = 0.515, p < 0.01 and r = - 0.416, p = 0.009, respectively). A significant decrease was observed in VAT volume, leptin, and resistin levels of SH patients following levothyroxine treatment. Conclusion The reduced VAT volume, leptin, and resistin levels in SH patients following treatment may support the idea that TSH affects adipose tissue functions.

Insulin resistance and androgen levels in eugonadic and hypogonadic women with prolactinoma.

BACKGROUND: Hyperprolactinemia is the most common endocrinologic disorder in causing menstrual irregularities. Although the correlation between hyperprolactinemia and menstrual dysfunction is widely known, the etiology of menstrual cycle disorders is not profoundly understood in patients with prolactinoma. We aimed to investigate the correlation between prolactin levels and insulin resistance and hyperandrogenism in patients with prolactinoma. METHODS: Sixty-four patients with microprolactinoma and 33 healthy women were enrolled. Thirty-six of these patients with prolactinoma (group 1) had an estradiol (E2) level under 30 pg/mL, and 28 (group 2) had an E2 level greater than 30 pg/mL. Blood samples were drawn to measure the levels of the following hormones: Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), E2, prolactin (PRL), total testosterone (TT), androstenedione (AS) and dehydroepiandrostenedione sulphate (DHEAS). Body Mass Index (BMI of ≥30 kg/m2) was excluded from the study. Insulin resistance (IR) was calculated by the HOMA-IR. RESULTS: BMI was higher in patients with prolactinoma than the control group (P=0.02, P=0.025, respectively). IR and glucose intolerance existence were higher in patients with prolactinoma (P=0.007, P=0.097, respectively) than the healthy women, but these differences did not exist between eugonadic and hypogonadic women with prolactinoma (P=0.020, P=0.032, respectively, Bonferroni correction). TT and AS were higher in eugonadic women with prolactinoma than the control group (P=0.004, P=0.003, Bonferroni correction, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: Our study revealed that the relationship between hyperprolactinemia and IR/glucose intolerance is irrespective of gonadal status in women with prolactinoma. Also, the study concluded that hyperandrogenism may be a cause of menstrual dysfunction in eugonadic women with prolactinoma.

Evaluation of hearing functions in patients with euthyroid Hashimoto's thyroiditis.

Sensorineural hearing loss has been reported in various autoimmune diseases. The relationship between Hashimoto's thyroiditis (HT) and the auditory system has not been previously evaluated. In this study, we investigated the effect of euthyroid HT on the hearing ability of adult patients. The study included 30 patients with newly diagnosed euthyroid HT and 30 age- and gender-matched healthy controls. All subjects had a normal otoscopic examination and tympanometry, and they were negative for rheumatoid factor, antinuclear, anti-smooth muscle, antimitochondrial, antineutrophilcytoplasmic, and antigliadin antibodies. Pure tone audiometry exams at 250, 500, 1000, 2000, 4000, 6000, and 8000 Hertz (Hz) were performed in both groups. Thyroid peroxidase antibody and thyroglobulin antibody (anti-Tg) levels were higher in HT group while TSH, free T4, free T3, plasma electrolytes, glucose, lipid profile, vitamin B12, and blood pressure measurements were similar between the two groups. Higher audiometric thresholds and a higher prevalence of hearing loss at 250, 500, and 6000 Hz were detected in the HT patients than in the healthy controls (P < 0.05). Hearing levels at 250 and 500 Hz correlated positively with anti-Tg levels (ρ = 0.650, P = 0.002; ρ = 0.719, P < 0.001, respectively), and this association remained significant in linear regression analysis. Anti-Tg-positive HT patients had higher hearing thresholds at 250 and 500 Hz than anti-Tg-negative HT patients. Hearing thresholds were similar between anti-Tg-negative HT patients and the control subjects. This study demonstrated that hearing functions are impaired in HT patients. Thyroid autoimmunity seems to have an important impact on a decreased hearing ability, particularly at lower frequencies, in this population of patients.

The frequency of malignancy and the relationship between malignancy and ultrasonographic features of thyroid nodules with indeterminate cytology.

Various approaches are available for the management of nodules that are evaluated to be indeterminate according to the results of thyroid fine needle aspiration biopsy. The present study aimed to determine the rate of malignancy and the ultrasonographic features that could be used as predictor of malignant pathologies at the nodules with indeterminate cytology. A total of 201 patients who underwent total thyroidectomy and whose fine needle aspiration biopsy results were evaluated to be Hurthle cell lesion (n = 99), follicular neoplasm (n = 61) and [corrected] suspicious for malignancy (n = 41) were enrolled in this study. Of these patients, 178 were females (88.6 %) and 23 were males (11.4 %). The rates of malignancy were found to be 33.3 % in the Hurthle cell lesion group, 23.0 % in the follicular neoplasm group and 53.7 % in the suspicious for malignancy group (p = 0.006). The comparison of the ultrasonographic characteristics of the malignant and benign nodules revealed hypoechogenicity and microcalcification to be more common in malignant nodules (34.3 vs. 16.9 %, p = 0.005; 27.1 vs. 13.1 %, p = 0.014; respectively). While 92.3 % of the malignant nodules were ≥1 cm, 82.9 % of the benign nodules were ≥1 cm (p = 0.042). We believe that as the patients at Hurthle cell lesion group have higher risk of malignancy than the patients with Follicular Neoplasia so total thyroidectomy will be suitable for these patients. [corrected]. In addition, microcalcification and hypoechoic nodules at patients with indeterminate cytology can be related with increased risk of malignancy. [corrected].

The effect of radioactive iodine treatment on 14C urea breath test results in patients with hyperthyroidism.

PURPOSE: Radioactive Iodine therapy (RAIT) plays a major role in the treatment of hyperthyroidism. In addition to the thyroid gland, significant amounts of radioactive iodine are maintained in the stomach. The aim of this study was to determine if RAIT has any effect on Helicobacter pylori infection, based on the C urea breath test (UBT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study included 85 patients with hyperthyroidism scheduled to undergo RAIT and 69 hyperthyroid subjects in whom methimazole treatment was planned. All subjects had pretreatment-positive UBT results, and the test was repeated on the first and third months after RAIT and methimazole treatment. RESULTS: After a mean RAIT dose of 15 mCi (range, 10-20 mCi), UBT became negative in 13 (15.3%) of 85 patients on the first month and 18 (21.2%) of 85 patients on the third month. All subjects treated with methimazole remained UBT positive on the first and third months of methimazole treatment (100%). Reduction in the number of UBT-positive patients on both the first and the third months after RAIT was statistically significant (P < 0.001). Distribution of hyperthyroidism etiologies and thyroid autoantibody levels in subjects with UBT that became negative and in subjects with UBT that remained positive were similar in the RAIT group (P > 0.05). Urea breath test negativity rates did not differ according to the radioiodine dose. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings indirectly showed that RAIT might have an antimicrobial effect on H. pylori. Clinical applications of this beneficial effect of RAIT on H. pylori should be further evaluated.