Decreasing Intubation for Ineffective Ventilation after Birth for Very Low Birth Weight Neonates.

Despite recommendations promoting noninvasive delivery room (DR) ventilation, local historical preterm DR noninvasive ventilation rates were low (50%-64%). Project aims were to improve DR noninvasive ventilation rate in very low birth weight (VLBW) neonates (<1500 g) with a focus on decreasing DR intubations for ineffective positive pressure ventilation (PPV). Methods: We addressed drivers for improving noninvasive ventilation and decreasing intubations for ineffective PPV through plan-do-study-act cycles. Outcome measures were intubation for ineffective PPV (defined as intubation for heart rate <100 despite ongoing PPV) and final respiratory support in the DR. Our process measure was adherence to division-wide DR-intubation guidelines. Balancing measures were maximum FiO2 and hypothermia. We analyzed data using statistical process control charts and special cause variation rules. Results: There were 139 DR intubations among 521 VLBW neonates between January 2015 and February 2020. The noninvasive ventilation rate upon intensive care nursery admission was higher than historically reported at 73% and sustained throughout the project. The intubation rate for ineffective PPV was 10% and did not change. The number of VLBW neonates between intubations for ineffective PPV increased from 6.1 to 8.0. Ten intubations did not comply with guidelines. Balancing measures were unaffected. Conclusions: Noninvasive ventilation rates were higher than historically reported and remained high. After plan-do-study-act cycles, the number of VLBW neonates between intubations for ineffective PPV increased without impacting balancing measures. Our data demonstrate that effective ventilation (heart rate > 100) using noninvasive support is possible in up to 90% of VLBW infants but requires ongoing PPV training.

Methodology for measuring diversity in human populations.

A population is considered diverse if it contains individuals with a wide variety of demographic and cultural characteristics or attributes. However, it is often difficult to compare the relative diversity of two groups. It is even more difficult to specifically measure or quantify the diversity of any single group. In this paper a three step process for measuring and quantifying diversity in a human populations is described. The measurement methodologies illustrated in an example using this process are based upon fractionalization techniques and mathematical information theory.