Topography of cranial foramina and anaesthesia techniques of cranial nerves in selected species of primates (Cebidae, Cercopithecidae, Lemuridae) - part I - osteology.

BACKGROUND: Conductive anaesthesia of the nerves around the head is one of the methods of intraoperative pain relief (under deep anaesthesia but before proceeding with the procedure). Performing this procedure on primates is especially challenging for the veterinarian, due to their cranial anatomy and topography, which has more in common with the human skull than with the skulls of other animals. Knowledge of key bony structures, including cranial foramina, is essential for effective anaesthesia of the cranial nerves. RESULTS: In this study, the differences in the topography of the cranial foramina in eight selected species of primates were examined: Angola colobus (Colobus angolensis), Celebes crested macaque (Macaca nigra), L'Hoest's monkey (Allochrocebus lhoesti), baboon (Papio cynocephalus), buff-bellied capuchin (Sapajus xanthosternos), black-and-white ruffed lemur (Varecia variegata), crowned lemur (Eulemur coronatus), and a ring-tailed lemur (Lemur catta) coming from the Wroclaw Zoological Garden (Poland). The cranial nerves running through the foramina have also been described and their anaesthesia techniques against bone points have been tested to relieve post-operative pain in the area of the head supplied by these nerves. CONCLUSION: The tests carried out show differences in the topography of the cranial foramina, and therefore also differences in the methods of injection, so the results obtained in this study may be useful in veterinary medicine, especially for practising veterinarians.

The Temporary Mental Nerve Paresthesia as an Outcome of Dentigerous Cyst Removal during Preparation for Dental Implant Placement: A Case Report.

The usage of xenograft material is widely used in almost all oral cavity bone defects for regenerative and reconstructive purposes. The presented xenograft usage in the following care report enabled good bone defect healing and enabled the preservation of affected premolars. It is quite common to use any possible variations of bone materials to ensure bone defect improved healing. In some cases, the scope of surgeries requires the removal of each cyst within close proximity to various nerves and vessels. The inferior alveolar, infraorbital, lingual, and mental nerves are those most commonly adjacent to most operating sites in jaw bones. The usage of some additional materials such as collagen sponges, bone substitutes, resorbable membranes, or other additional materials are useful in each bone defect reconstruction but should be handled with care, as described in the following case. Before planning their usage, it is important to perform each surgery with close cone beam computed tomography imaging, which is very helpful to establish the scope of each lesion and the proximity of vital structures. There are a lot of factors that might influence any possible nerve damage, especially the different nerve anatomical variations. Even factors including the subperiosteal preparation and compression of adjacent tissues might influence later nerve function. When the lesion is expanding through the buccal cortical plate and when soft tissue fluctuation is present, some special care is needed. Similar to the presented case, a limitation in crushing, blowing, or any irritation of nerve fibers improves later postoperative outcomes. When the wound and surrounding tissues are handled with care, a limited possibility of any damage or paresthesia can occur. When the nerve itself is damaged or cut, loss of function can be permanent. Immediately after or even prophylactic prescription 1-2 days before the surgery of Vitamin B with NSAIDs (Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs) (or other additional supplementary medicaments can improve nerve function in time. Possible nerve damage can be divided into many etiological factors. A quite different situation arises when the nerve is pulled in by the cyst growth into the cyst wall. The presented case report describes the outcomes of a cyst removal from the mandibular basis and treatment modalities.

A Novel Approach to Global Positioning System Accuracy Assessment, Verified on LiDAR Alignment of One Million Kilometers at a Continent Scale, as a Foundation for Autonomous DRIVING Safety Analysis.

This paper concerns a new methodology for accuracy assessment of GPS (Global Positioning System) verified experimentally with LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) data alignment at continent scale for autonomous driving safety analysis. Accuracy of an autonomous driving vehicle positioning within a lane on the road is one of the key safety considerations and the main focus of this paper. The accuracy of GPS positioning is checked by comparing it with mobile mapping tracks in the recorded high-definition source. The aim of the comparison is to see if the GPS positioning remains accurate up to the dimensions of the lane where the vehicle is driving. The goal is to align all the available LiDAR car trajectories to confirm the of accuracy of GNSS + INS (Global Navigation Satellite System + Inertial Navigation System). For this reason, the use of LiDAR metric measurements for data alignment implemented using SLAM (Simultaneous Localization and Mapping) was investigated, assuring no systematic drift by applying GNSS+INS constraints. The methodology was verified experimentally using arbitrarily chosen measurement instruments (NovAtel GNSS + INS, Velodyne HDL32 LiDAR) mounted onto mobile mapping systems. The accuracy was assessed and confirmed by the alignment of 32,785 trajectories with a total length of 1,159,956.9 km and a total of 186.4 × 109 optimized parameters (six degrees of freedom of poses) that cover the United States region in the 2016-2019 period. The alignment improves the trajectories; thus the final map is consistent. The proposed methodology extends the existing methods of global positioning system accuracy assessment, focusing on realistic environmental and driving conditions. The impact of global positioning system accuracy on autonomous car safety is discussed. It is shown that 99% of the assessed data satisfy the safety requirements (driving within lanes of 3.6 m) for Mid-Size (width 1.85 m, length 4.87 m) vehicles and 95% for Six-Wheel Pickup (width 2.03-2.43 m, length 5.32-6.76 m). The conclusion is that this methodology has great potential for global positioning accuracy assessment at the global scale for autonomous driving applications. LiDAR data alignment is introduced as a novel approach to GNSS + INS accuracy confirmation. Further research is needed to solve the identified challenges.

Nanohydroxyapatite as a Biomaterial for Peripheral Nerve Regeneration after Mechanical Damage-In Vitro Study.

Hydroxyapatite has been used in medicine for many years as a biomaterial or a cover for other biomaterials in orthopedics and dentistry. This study characterized the physicochemical properties (structure, particle size and morphology, surface properties) of Li+- and Li+/Eu3+-doped nanohydroxyapatite obtained using the wet chemistry method. The potential regenerative properties against neurite damage in cultures of neuron-like cells (SH-SY5Y and PC12 after differentiation) were also studied. The effect of nanohydroxyapatite (nHAp) on the induction of repair processes in cell cultures was assessed in tests of metabolic activity, the level of free oxygen radicals and nitric oxide, and the average length of neurites. The study showed that nanohydroxyapatite influences the increase in mitochondrial activity, which is correlated with the increase in the length of neurites. It has been shown that the doping of nanohydroxyapatite with Eu3+ ions enhances the antioxidant properties of the tested nanohydroxyapatite. These basic studies indicate its potential application in the treatment of neurite damage. These studies should be continued in primary neuronal cultures and then with in vivo models.

Comparison of the clinical and radiographic appearance of the cervical vertebrae with histological and anatomical findings in an eight-month old warmblood stallion suffering from cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (CVSM).

BACKGROUND: Cervical vertebral stenotic myelopathy (CVSM) remains one of the most important abnormalities of the cervical spine resulting in neurological deficits in horses. The aim of the following study was to compare the results of the clinical and neurological examination, the results of myelography and the post mortem anatomical and histological appearance of the spinal cord and cervical vertebrae in a horse with CVSM. CASE PRESENTATION: The following study describes a clinical case of an eight-month-old stallion with ataxia. Plain cervical radiographs indicated narrowing of the spinal canal. Conservative therapy using NSAIDs did not result in any improvement in the gait of the horse. Due to economic constraints, surgical intervention was excluded. The owner chose to humanely euthanise the horse. Immediately after euthanasia, post mortem myelography was performed, and measurements of the myelographic dye column were taken. They revealed a 67% DMC reduction and a 64% DD reduction at the C3/C4 level. Afterwards, an anatomical dissection was performed. The cervical vertebrae and vertebral canal were macroscopically inspected and measured and indicated a 44% narrowing of the canal at the C3/C4 level. The spinal cord was removed and underwent histological evaluation after staining. Microscopic lesions were visible at the level of the compression and included axonal degeneration with partial or complete loss of myelin in the white matter of the lateral and dorsal funiculi as well as the formation of dysfunctional so-called "spongy structures". An increase in the number of microglial cells and collagen was also observed. The formation of glial scars was excluded. Immunohistochemical studies revealed a negative transmembrane glycoprotein CD68(-) - monocyte response and a negative tumor necrosis alpha TNFα (-) reaction. CONCLUSIONS: CVSM may be difficult to diagnose, even for experienced veterinary surgeons. Currently, an ex vivo histopathologic examination of the spinal cord is thought to be the gold standard in the diagnosis of CVSM. Our histological examination revealed no CVSM-specific glial scar formation and a CD68(-) negative and TNF-α negative reaction, which have not been previously reported. Histological lesions in CVSM may vary depending show inter-individual variability and on the treatment, which further hinders ex-vivo diagnostics.

Morphology of the extraocular muscles (m. bulbi) in the pre-hatchling and post-hatchling african black ostriches (struthio camelus domesticus L., 1758) (Aves: Struthioniformes).

The aim of the study was to describe the morphology and the development of the extraocular muscles (EOMs) in the pre-hatchling and post-hatchling African black ostrich. The study involved 50 birds aged between 28 days and 3 years. The EOMs were analyzed morphologically with respect to the location and length of the straight and oblique muscles and the third eyelid muscles, the length and breadth of their tendons as well as the distance and shape of the muscle tendon insertions at the corneal limbus. A histological and histometric analysis were also carried out. The greatest increase in the length of the EOMs was noted in groups III-V. A marked increase in the length of the tendons of the dorsal straight muscle was found in groups II and III, in the tendons of the nasal straight muscle in groups IV and V, in the tendons of the dorsal oblique muscle in groups III to V and in the tendons of the ventral oblique muscle in groups IV and V. There was a significant increase in the breadth of the dorsal straight and ventral oblique muscle tendons in groups IV and V and the tendons of the pyramidal muscle in groups III and V. The distance of the distal insertion of the tendon at the corneal limbus increased steadily with age in all the examined groups. The number of fascicles and muscle fibres, their diameter and length in all the studied EOMs were different in the different groups.

Functional Morphology of the Upper and Lower Eyelids, Third Eyelid, Lacrimal Gland and Superficial Gland of the Third Eyelid in the Red Kangaroo (Macropus rufus).

A study concerning the upper (UE) and lower (LE) eyelids, lacrimal gland (LG), superficial gland of the third eyelid (SGTE) and third eyelid (TE) was conducted on 4 sexually mature red kangaroos (2 males and 2 females). Gross anatomical, histological, histometrical, histochemical and ultrastructural (TEM) components were compared. Tissue sections were stained with haematoxylin and eosin, azan-trichrome, van Gieson, Masson-Goldner trichrome, methyl green-pyronin Y, periodic acid-Schiff, alcian blue pH 2.5, aldehyde fuchsin and Hale's dialysed iron. The location of the LG, SGTE, TE, UE and LE was similar to that of other mammals. Organized lymphoid follicles were also found in the LE. The TE resembled the letter T and was composed of cartilage (hyaline tissue). The LG was relatively larger than the SGTE. The LG and SGTE were multilobar tubuloacinar glands. The LG had more plasma cells than the SGTE. The SGTE and LG secretions were mucoserous in composition. The TEM study showed that the secretory cells of the LG and SGTE have a similar ultrastructural appearance. Two types of secretory vesicles were detected in the cytoplasm in acini and one type of secretory vesicle was found in the tubules of these glands.

Surgical resection of peripheral odontogenic fibromas in African pygmy hedgehog (Atelerix albiventris): a case study.

BACKGROUND: Neoplastic lesions of the mammary gland, lymph nodes, or oral cavity in African pygmy hedgehogs (Atelerix albiventris) are common in captive animals. Chemotherapy and radiotherapy protocols have not yet been established for the African pygmy hedgehog. Thus, surgical resection is the current treatment of choice in this species. CASE PRESENTATION: A 5-year-old male African pygmy hedgehog showed multiple erythematous, round small tumors located in the oral cavity, on both sides of maxilla. The treatment of choice was surgical resection of tumors using a surgical knife under general anesthesia. Excised neoplastic lesions were diagnosed as peripheral odontogenic fibroma by histopathology. Six months after surgery relapse of tumors in the oral cavity was not observed. CONCLUSIONS: The treatment adopted in this case report is safe for the patient and provides the best solution for mild proliferative lesions of the oral cavity. To our knowledge this is the first report of surgical resection of oral tumors (peripheral odontogenic fibroma) in the African pygmy hedgehog.

A probable case of "lumpy jaw" in early medieval (11th - 12th c.) cattle from a stronghold in Kruszwica, Poland.

OBJECTIVE: The purpose of this article is to try to determine the probable cause of the disease from which the study animal suffered. MATERIALS: The skeletal material included a caudal fragment of a cattle mandible. The specimen, exhibiting chronic disease was separated from approximately 10,000 early medieval cattle remains discovered during excavations of the former Kruszwica stronghold. METHODS: The bone was underwent macroscopic, radiological and histopathological examination. RESULTS: Location, macroscopic, microscopic and X-ray images of the lesions within the examined mandible indicate it could have been caused by the actinomycosis. CONCLUSIONS: In the face of infection, no effective therapies were undertaken in the Middle Ages. SIGNIFICANCE: Descriptions of lumpy jaw in the paleopathological literature are rare. This disease, due to its background and course, eliminated animals from breeding for centuries until the era of antibiotics. The case described in our paper is in an advanced stage, but its adult age suggests that efforts were possibly made to keep the cow alive as long as possible, indicating the significant economic importance of the animal. LIMITATIONS: This analysis is limited by the absence of other anatomical elements of the affected animal, which impacts the interpretation of the palaeopathological bone. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: It is recommended that similar studies are conducted on better preserved and more numerous cattle assemblages.

Pathological Changes in Early Medieval Horses from Different Archaeological Sites in Poland.

The work is the first comprehensive analysis of equine pathological changes from the Polish territory. The research material was collected from 20 archaeological sites, mainly early medieval settlements, such as strongholds, settlements, towns and horse graves. In the material examined, 186 cases of lesions were found. Of these, 26.9% were lesions of the spine, 39.8% lesions of the limb skeleton and 31.7% lesions of the head including dental pathologies. Most of the lesions in the limbs involved their distal segments. The vast majority of pathological cases can be linked to animal use. It was found that horses in which pathological lesions were observed were used under cover. In one case, the observed cranial trauma was the cause of death associated with injury to the nasal auricles and large vessels and consequent blood loss and possible shock. It was found that, in some of the cases, the horses started to be used early which affected their organs of motion and spine.

Analysis of Tomographic Images of a Catastrophic Gas Embolism during Endoscopic Retrograde Cholangiopancreatography.

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is a commonly performed minimally invasive procedure. Air embolism in a patient undergoing ERCP is relatively rare, accounting for approximately 2-3% of procedures performed, and a catastrophic air embolism is even rarer. Symptoms of air embolism can come from the cardiopulmonary and nervous system. It is important to remember this in the differential diagnosis of complications of ERCP, as early detection is crucial. In the case presented here, the diagnostic CT scan performed immediately after the incident brings awareness of how massive an air embolism can be. The CT results showed gas bubbles entering both the superior and inferior vena cava. The presence of air has been captured in the bile ducts, duodenum wall, heart, femoral veins and intracranially. Risk factors for this complication include previous biliary surgeries, the presence of prostheses and stents, cholangitis, liver tumors and anatomical anomalies such as hepatobiliary fistulas, as well as intrahepatic and extrahepatic anatomical leaks. As gas embolism is associated with serious health consequences, knowledge of the problem and adequate preparation may reduce the occurrence of the problem. Attention should be paid to basic and easily obtainable precautions when performing the procedure, such as the patient's hemodynamic status, adequate hydration and positioning during the procedure.

Late Outcomes of Undiagnosed Unilateral Condylar Hyperplasia and Reoccurrence of Mandibular Asymmetry.

Unilateral condylar hyperplasia (UCH) is a rare cause of asymmetrical mandibular overgrowth because of the presence of an atypical growth in the affected condyle. SPECT (single-photon emission computed tomography) can easily establish the presence of an atypical, prolonged growth exceeding far beyond normal condylar growth and activity. A CT, CBCT, or LDCT (computed tomography, cone-beam computed tomography, or low-dose computed tomography) can confirm the diagnosis by evaluating the scope of bone overgrowth, mandibular basis/ramus asymmetry, tendency to condylar head enlargement, changes in bone density, and occurrence of differences in condylar head shapes, size, and bone structure. In most cases, a condylectomy is the procedure of choice in growing cases of UCH to remove the pathological condyle and reduce asymmetry levels. Sometimes, the growth is very slow and progressive over time, causing slowly growing asymmetry with similar symptoms to any other mandibular asymmetry, and this causes some troublesome procedures in UCH diagnostics, resulting in patients being underdiagnosed; it can even lead to some relapses in mandibular asymmetry and skeletal malocclusion after previously performed orthodontic and surgical treatment of such discrepancies. When the source of asymmetry is not identified in time, possible inadequate treatment protocols can be used. If any relapse of facial and mandibular asymmetry re-occur, SPECT and CT evaluation are necessary to evaluate if condylar hyperplasia is present and to establish what kind of surgical intervention should be used in each case.

Comparative Cranial Geometric Morphometrics among Wistar Albino, Sprague Dawley, and WAG/Rij Rat Strains.

This research utilizes geometric morphometrics to investigate shape variation in the skull, mandible, and teeth among three rat strains: Wistar Albino (WA), Sprague Dawley (SD), and WAG/Rij (WR). Through the analysis of 48 rats using 2D geometric morphometric techniques, significant differences in their skull morphology were identified. This study indicates a shift from a rectangular to an oval cranial shape across strains, with notable size and morphological variances. Particularly, the WR strain's skull shape significantly differs from the SD and WA strains, suggesting distinct ecological or genetic pathways. Compared to the skull, mandible shape differences are less pronounced, but still significant. The WR strain exhibits a distinct mandible shape, potentially reflecting ecological adaptations like dietary habits. The teeth shape of WR rats is the most distinct. SD rats consistently exhibited larger sizes in both skull and mandible measurements, while WR rats were notably smaller. Interestingly, sexual dimorphism was not statistically significant in skull and teeth sizes, aligning with findings from previous studies. However, the mandible showed clear size differences between sexes, underscoring its potential for adaptive or behavioral studies. In summary, this study provides a comprehensive analysis of morphological variations in rat strains, highlighting the intricate interplay of size, shape, and ecological factors. These findings lay a foundation for deeper explorations into the adaptive, ecological, or genetic narratives influencing rat morphology.

Nonspecific effects of ligands on the beta-adrenergic receptors in rabbit abdominal aorta in vitro.

The study was conducted on 30 New Zealand rabbits weighing 3-4 kg from which sample strips of the abdominal aorta were collected. The study investigated the in vitro reaction of rabbit aorta smooth muscle to ligands binding to beta-adrenergic receptors. The response of aortic strips to beta-adrenergic receptor agonists (dobutamine, isoproterenol, salbutamol) and the influence of beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists (propranolol, betaxolol) on contractile activity was determined. All tested agonists induced contraction of the rabbit abdominal aorta muscle in a concentration-dependent manner (dobutamine >> isoproterenol > salbutamol). Enhanced reaction to low concentrations of agonists (dobutamine, isoproterenol) after administration of propranolol and inhibition of contractility in the presence of high concentrations thereof (dobutamine, salbutamol) was observed. Maximal reaction to agonists decreased after betaxolol pretreatment. The results indicate that all the substances with beta-agonist activity also possess contracting properties (presumably by acting at alpha-adrenergic receptors), but are much weaker in the case of isoproterenol and salbutamol than for dobutamine. Propranolol and betaxolol reduce the contractile response of smooth muscle using probably other mechanisms than those associated with adrenergic receptors.

[Minimally invasive access to the abdominal aorta in pigs]. / Malo inwazyjne dojscie operacyjne do aorty brzusznej u swin.

Experiments were conducted on 10 sows weighing 50-60 kg. Animals were randomly divided into two experimental groups comprising 5 individuals each. Surgical procedure of reaching the abdominal aorta below the renal arteries was performed using two different methods. In animals from the first group the procedure involved cutting the linea alba in order to obtain access to the abdominal aorta through the abdominal cavity. In the second group the access to the abdominal aorta was obtained by retroperitoneal approach. The approach was made in lower lateral one-third of the abdomen cutting through the muscles and without opening the peritoneal cavity. The study showed superiority of the second surgical method over the median approach along the linea alba in the form of: better animal survival (100% of animals), shorter procedure time, lack of postoperative complications, shorter recovery period and better general postoperative condition

Battle wound as a probable cause of the death of an early medieval horse in Ostrów Lednicki, Poland.

OBJECTIVE: In this paper we interpret a pathology observed in an early medieval horse skull discovered near the abutment of the eastern Gniezno bridge in Ostrów Lednicki in Poland. We consider the possible cause of the observed damage in the context of the armed invasion of the Czech prince Brzetyslaw and a battle of Ostrów Lednicki. MATERIALS: A skull of a 10-year-old male horse dated to the 11th century. METHODS: The skull was examined macroscopically and through computed tomography. Metric analysis was performed using digital callipers and the shoulder height was calculated. RESULTS: A penetrating lesion through the left frontal and nasal bones was observed. The floor and roof of the left conchofrontal sinus were destroyed along with the dorsal ethmoturbinates of the ethmoid labyrinth. CONCLUSIONS: The observed damage was most likely a result of trauma, which caused a fatal haemorrhage rather than sudden death. Considering the historical context and the area where the skull was discovered, it could be a battle wound. SIGNIFICANCE: This case is a rare example of an unhealed peri-mortem lesion in an animal skeleton that can be associated with an immediate cause of death. LIMITATIONS: The lack of a complete skeleton does not allow a complete analysis of horse's condition and circumstances associated with its death. SUGGESTIONS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH: Identification of the tool or weapon that was used to deliver the blow.

Feline Tooth Resorption: A Description of the Severity of the Disease in Regard to Animal's Age, Sex, Breed and Clinical Presentation.

Feline tooth resorption (odontoclastic resorptive lesion) is a common and important issue in veterinary dentistry. This study aimed to analyse the disease's severity and correlation with clinical information in the population of feline patients in Poland in the area of Lower Silesia. An analysis of the clinical charts of 174 cats with dental problems, which were diagnosed as tooth resorption, was conducted. The gender and breed had no influence on the disease severity, but the disease progressed with age. The lesions were mostly encountered within the third and fourth maxillary premolars (107, 108, 207, 208) and mandibular molars (309, 409). No direct correlation was found between the presence or severity of the disease and the clinical signs of affected cats. The study shows that feline tooth resorption is a common issue in feline dentistry and should be taken into account in all cases of animals with any signs of oral disease, including gingivitis and/or dental plaque with preserved appetite. A careful intraoral radiographic examination is essential to avoid false negative results in ambiguous cases.

Morphology of the pattern of branching of the aortic arch (Arcus aortae) in Syrian hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus).

The branching patterns of the aortic arches of 28 adult male and female Syrian hamsters (SH) were thoroughly examined under a stereomicroscope for the first time by using latex injection and corrosion casting to determine their general arrangements and morphological variations as well as their differences and similarities to other rodents and rabbits. Three major arteries, namely, the brachiocephalic trunk (BC), left common carotid artery (CC) and left subclavian artery (SA), originating from the aortic arch (AR), were uniformly noted in SH. The BC was consistently divided into the right SA and the right CA. SA in SH normally releases the internal thoracic, deep cervical, dorsal scapular, vertebral, superficial cervical and supreme intercostal arteries. The costocervical trunk typically consisted of supreme intercostal and internal thoracic arteries and a common trunk for dorsal scapular and deep cervical arteries. To comprehend the comparative morphology of the pattern of branching of AR more completely, our results were compared with previous studies in rodents and rabbits. (1) The general morphology of the great arteries from AR in SH was similar to that in mole rats, rats, mice, porcupines, and gerbils but was essentially different from that in rabbits, guinea pigs, red squirrels, ground squirrels, pacas and chinchillas. (2) The typical pattern of the branching of the subclavian arteries in SH was similar to that in guinea pigs, rats, and rabbits but was different from that of the reported rodents regardless of the origins of the bronchoesophageal and internal thoracic arteries and the composition of the costocervical trunk.

Anatomical and Surgical Implications of the Usage of Bichat Fat Pad in Oroantral Communication, Maxillary, Palatal, and Related Surgeries-Narrative Review.

The buccal fat pad, also called the Bichat's fat pad (BFP), is an encapsulated fat mass located in the cheek. This type of specialized fat mass can be used both as a pedicular or free graft in various surgeries and approaches. Due to its easy access from the oral cavity approach, it is commonly used for oroantral and palatal fistula closure. The knowledge of its anatomy and surrounding tissues plays a role in its mobilization and suturing onto the desired defect in the palatal or maxillary region. The BFP is mostly associated with the primary approach used for a fistula or bone surgery. Alternatively, the procedure can be performed with a single approach incision, which does not compromise the appearance or the function of the operating or adjacent areas. The most important inclusion criteria for BFP usage and surgical limitations are highlighted. The BFP is used for multiple purposes in reconstructive and oncology surgery and also has its use in esthetic and facial contouring procedures. The amount, volume, and shape of the BFP are mostly associated with the scope of their usage. The aim of the following narrative review is to present the surgical and anatomical implications of fat pads in maxillary and palatal surgeries.

Gingiva-derived Stromal Cells Isolated from Cats Affected with Tooth Resorption Exhibit Increased Apoptosis, Inflammation, and Oxidative Stress while Experiencing Deteriorated Expansion and Anti-Oxidative Defense.

Gingiva-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (GMSCs) are multipotent cells characterized by multilineage differentiation potential, proliferative expansion, and unique immunomodulatory ability, making them attractive as a new treatment of periodontal regeneration. In this study, GMSCs obtained from the gingiva of healthy cats (HE) as well as from cats affected by tooth resorption (TR) were isolated and characterized. Feline GMSCs (fGMSCs) from HE patients exhibited fibroblast-like morphology, developed cellular body, specific growth pattern, high expansion, and proliferative potential as well as reduced senescence signature. fGMSCs demonstrated high s-100 and IL-10 positive cells, while simultaneously having low activity of IL-1. Moreover, high activity of ki-67 combined with reduced senescence markers were noted. In comparison, GMSCs from cats with TR exhibited enlarged nuclei and flat, irregular shape along with increased expression of CD44, s-100 and CD45 and downregulation of CD73. GMSCs from TR cats showed lower ability to form colonies, increased incidence of apoptosis, higher number of senescent cells, and reduced cell migration. Upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines was also noted in the TR group along with lower expression of mTOR and miR-17 and upregulation of miR-378. Mitochondrial dynamics, biogenesis and antioxidant properties are also negatively impacted in this group. Collectively, our findings suggest that GMSCs isolated from the gingiva of cats affected with TR have deteriorated functionality caused by impaired proliferation and growth and possibly mediated via mitochondrial dysfunction. fGMSCs or their EV's should be further investigated for their role in the pathophysiology of TR in cats.