RESUMEN
Anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin killing activities against Candida glabrata, Candida bracarensis, and Candida nivariensis were evaluated by the time-kill methodology. The concentrations assayed were 0.06, 0.125, and 0.5 µg/ml, which are achieved in serum. Anidulafungin and micafungin required between 13 and 26 h to reach the fungicidal endpoint (99.9% killing) against C. glabrata and C. bracarensis. All echinocandins were less active against C. nivariensis.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/farmacología , Candida glabrata/efectos de los fármacos , Candida/efectos de los fármacos , Equinocandinas/farmacología , Lipopéptidos/farmacología , Anidulafungina , Caspofungina , Micafungina , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
IMPORTANCE: Multidrug resistance is a rising problem among non-Candida albicans species, such as Candida auris. This therapeutic problem has been very important during the COVID-19 pandemic. The World Health Organization has included C. auris in its global priority list of health-threatening fungi, to study this emerging multidrug-resistant species and to develop effective alternative therapies. In the present study, the synergistic effect of the combination of amphotericin B and echinocandins has been demonstrated against blood isolates of C. auris. Different susceptibility responses were also observed between aggregative and non-aggregative phenotypes. The antifungal activity of these drug combinations against C. auris was also demonstrated in the Caenorhabditis elegans host model of candidiasis, confirming the suitability and usefulness of this model in the search for solutions to antimicrobial resistance.
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Anfotericina B , Equinocandinas , Animales , Humanos , Equinocandinas/farmacología , Anfotericina B/farmacología , Candida auris , Caenorhabditis elegans , Candida , Pandemias , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
In vitro combination of echinocandins and isavuconazole against the emerging species Candida auris is mainly synergistic. However, this combination has not been evaluated in clinical settings. A pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic modeling and simulation approach based on in vitro data may be helpful to further study the therapeutic potential of these combinations. Therefore, the aims of this study were to characterize the time course of growth and killing of C. auris in response to the combination of the three approved echinocandins and isavuconazole using a semimechanistic model and to perform model-based simulations in order to predict the in vivo response to combination therapy. In vitro static time-kill curve data for isavuconazole and echinocandins combinations against six blood isolates of C. auris were best modeled considering the total killing of the fungal population as dependent on the additive effects of both drugs. Once assessed, the predictive performance of the model using simulations of different dosing and fungal susceptibility scenarios were conducted. Model-based simulations revealed that none of the combinations at standard or higher dosages would be effective against the studied isolates of C. auris and it was predicted that the combinations of isavuconazole with anidulafungin or caspofungin would be effective for minimum inhibitory concentrations up to 0.03 and 0.06 mg/L respectively, whereas the combination with micafungin would lead to treatment failure. The current approach highlights the importance of bridging the in vitro results to the clinic.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos , Equinocandinas , Humanos , Equinocandinas/farmacología , Equinocandinas/uso terapéutico , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Candida auris , Candida , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
Candida auris is an emerging fungal pathogen responsible for hospital outbreaks of invasive candidiasis associated with high mortality. The treatment of these mycoses is a clinical challenge due to the high resistance levels of this species to current antifungal drugs, and alternative therapeutic strategies are needed. In this study, we evaluated the in vitro and in vivo activities of combinations of citral with anidulafungin, amphotericin B or fluconazole against 19 C. auris isolates. The antifungal effect of citral was in most cases similar to the effect of the antifungal drugs in monotherapy. The best combination results were obtained with anidulafungin, with synergistic and additive interactions against 7 and 11 of the 19 isolates, respectively. The combination of 0.06 µg/mL anidulafungin and 64 µg/mL citral showed the best results, with a survival rate of 63.2% in Caenorhabditis elegans infected with C. auris UPV 17-279. The combination of fluconazole with citral reduced the MIC of fluconazole from > 64 to 1-4 µg/mL against 12 isolates, and a combination of 2 µg/mL fluconazole and 64 µg/mL citral was also effective in reducing mortality in C. elegans. Amphotericin B combined with citral, although effective in vitro, did not improve the activity of each compound in vivo.
RESUMEN
The consequences of non-adherence to treatment (NAT) on antimicrobial efficacy may depend on drug forgiveness-a property that should account for pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) as well as interindividual variability. In this simulation study, relative forgiveness (RF) in NAT, defined as the probability of a successful PK/PD target (PTA) attained under perfect adherence compared to imperfect adherence, was evaluated for amoxicillin (AMOX) (oral 1000 mg/8 h) and two respiratory fluoroquinolones-levofloxacin (LFX) (oral 750 mg/24 h) and moxifloxacin (MOX) (oral 400 mg/24 h)-in virtual outpatients with community-acquired pneumonia for S. pneumoniae. Several NAT scenarios (delay in dose intake and a missed dose) were considered. PK characteristics of virtual patients, including variability in creatinine clearance (70-131 mL/min) and S. pneumoniae susceptibility variability associated with geographical location, were simulated in NAT. In this regard, in regions of low MIC delays from 1 h to 7 h or omission of dose ingestion would not have negative consequences on the efficacy of AMOX because of its good RF associated with the AMOX PK and PD properties; RF of LFX 750 mg or MOX 400 mg/24 h regimen vs. AMOX 1000 mg/8 h is one. However, in regions of elevated MIC for S. pneumoniae AMOX loses its RF, LFX and MOX vs. AMOX, showing higher RF (>1) depending on the CLCR of patients. These results illustrate the importance of considering the RF of antimicrobial drugs in NAT and provide a framework for further studying its implications for clinical success rates.
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The study of the pharmacological properties of an antifungal agent integrates the drug pharmacokinetics, the fungal growth inhibition, the fungicidal effect and the postantifungal activity, laying the basis to guide optimal dosing regimen selection. The current manuscript reviews concepts regarding the postantifungal effect (PAFE) of the main classes of drugs used to treat Candida infections or candidiasis. The existence of PAFE and its magnitude are highly dependent on both the fungal species and the class of the antifungal agent. Therefore, the aim of this article was to compile the information described in the literature concerning the PAFE of polyenes, azoles and echinocandins against the Candida species of medical interest. In addition, the mechanisms involved in these phenomena, methods of study, and finally, the clinical applicability of these studies relating to the design of dosing regimens were reviewed and discussed. Additionally, different factors that could determine the variability in the PAFE were described. Most PAFE studies were conducted in vitro, and a scarcity of PAFE studies in animal models was observed. It can be stated that the echinocandins cause the most prolonged PAFE, followed by polyenes and azoles. In the case of the triazoles, it is worth noting the inconsistency found between in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Background: Ibrexafungerp (SCY-078) is the newest oral and intravenous antifungal drug with broad activity, currently undergoing clinical trials for invasive candidiasis. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the in vitro activity of ibrexafungerp and comparators against a collection of 434 European blood isolates of Candida. Methods: Ibrexafungerp, caspofungin, fluconazole, and micafungin minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were collected from 12 European laboratories for 434 blood isolates, including 163 Candida albicans, 108 Candida parapsilosis, 60 Candida glabrata, 40 Candida tropicalis, 29 Candida krusei, 20 Candida orthopsilosis, 6 Candida guilliermondii, 2 Candida famata, 2 Candida lusitaniae, and 1 isolate each of Candida bracarensis, Candida catenulata, Candida dubliniensis, and Candida kefyr. MICs were determined by the EUCAST broth microdilution method, and isolates were classified according to recommended clinical breakpoints and epidemiological cutoffs. Additionally, 22 Candida auris from different clinical specimens were evaluated. Results: Ibrexafungerp MICs ranged from 0.016 to ≥8 mg/L. The lowest ibrexafungerp MICs were observed for C. albicans (geometric MIC 0.062 mg/L, MIC range 0.016-0.5 mg/L) and the highest ibrexafungerp MICs were observed for C. tropicalis (geometric MIC 0.517 mg/L, MIC range 0.06-≥8 mg/L). Modal MICs/MIC50s (mg/L) against Candida spp. were 0.125/0.06 for C. albicans, 0.5/0.5 for C. parapsilosis, 0.25/0.25 for C. glabrata, 0.5/0.5 for C. tropicalis, 1/1 for C. krusei, 4/2 for C. orthopsilosis, and 0.5/0.5 for C. auris. Ibrexafungerp showed activity against fluconazole- and echinocandin-resistant isolates. If adopting wild-type upper limits, a non-wild-type phenotype for ibrexafungerp was only observed for 16/434 (3.7%) isolates: 11 (4.6%) C. parapsilosis, 4 (5%) C. glabrata, and 1 (2.5%) C. tropicalis. Conclusion: Ibrexafungerp showed a potent in vitro activity against Candida.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos , Candidiasis Invasiva , Antifúngicos/farmacología , Candida , Candida albicans , Candida glabrata , Candida parapsilosis , Candida tropicalis , Candidiasis Invasiva/microbiología , Fluconazol/farmacología , Glicósidos , Micafungina , TriterpenosRESUMEN
Treatment of invasive infections caused by Candida auris is challenging due to the limited therapeutic options. The combination of antifungal drugs may be an interesting and feasible approach to be investigated. The aim of this study was to examine the in vitro activity of amphotericin B in combination with anidulafungin or caspofungin against C. auris. In vitro static time-kill curve experiments were conducted for 48 h with different combinations of amphotericin B with anidulafungin or caspofungin against six blood isolates of C. auris. The antifungal activity of 0.5 mg/L of amphotericin B was limited against the six isolates of C. auris. Similarly, echinocandins alone had a negligible effect, even at the highest tested concentrations. By contrast, 1 mg/L of amphotericin B showed fungistatic activity. Synergy was rapidly achieved (8 h) with 0.5 mg/L of amphotericin B plus 2 mg/L of anidulafungin or caspofungin. These combinations lead to a sustained fungistatic effect, and the fungicidal endpoint was reached against some C. auris isolates. Additionally, ≥0.5 mg/L of either of the two echinocandins with 1 mg/L of amphotericin B resulted in fungicidal effect against all C. auris isolates. In conclusion, combinations of amphotericin B with anidulafungin or caspofungin provided greater killing with a lower dose requirement for amphotericin B compared to monotherapy, with synergistic and/or fungicidal outcomes.
RESUMEN
The aims of this study were to characterize the antifungal activity of amphotericin B against Candida auris in a static in vitro system and to evaluate different dosing schedules and MIC scenarios by means of semi-mechanistic pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modelling and simulation. A two-compartment model consisting of a drug-susceptible and a drug-resistant subpopulation successfully characterized the time-kill data and a modified Emax sigmoidal model best described the effect of the drug. The model incorporated growth rate constants for both subpopulations, a death rate constant and a transfer constant between both compartments. Additionally, the model included a parameter to account for the delay in growth in the absence or presence of the drug. Amphotericin B displayed a concentration-dependent fungicidal activity. The developed PK/PD model was able to characterize properly the antifungal activity of amphotericin B against C. auris. Finally, simulation analysis revealed that none of the simulated standard dosing scenarios of 0.6, 1 and 1.5 mg/kg/day over a week treatment showed successful activity against C. auris infection. Simulations also pointed out that an MIC of 1 mg/L would be linked to treatment failure for C. auris invasive infections and therefore, the resistance rate to amphotericin B may be higher than previously reported.
RESUMEN
Candida auris is an emergent fungal pathogen that causes severe infectious outbreaks globally. The public health concern when dealing with this pathogen is mainly due to reduced susceptibility to current antifungal drugs. A valuable alternative to overcome this problem is to investigate the efficacy of combination therapy. The aim of this study was to determine the in vitro interactions of isavuconazole with echinocandins against C. auris. Interactions were determined using a checkerboard method, and absorbance data were analyzed with different approaches: the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI), Greco universal response surface approach, and Bliss interaction model. All models were in accordance and showed that combinations of isavuconazole with echinocandins resulted in an overall synergistic interaction. A wide range of concentrations within the therapeutic range were selected to perform time-kill curves. These confirmed that isavuconazole-echinocandin combinations were more effective than monotherapy regimens. Synergism and fungistatic activity were achieved with combinations that included isavuconazole in low concentrations (≥0.125 mg/L) and ≥1 mg/L of echinocandin. Time-kill curves revealed that once synergy was achieved, combinations of higher drug concentrations did not improve the antifungal activity. This work launches promising results regarding the combination of isavuconazole with echinocandins for the treatment of C. auris infections.
RESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Candida parapsilosis, Candida metapsilosis and Candida orthopsilosis are emerging as relevant causes of candidemia. Moreover, they show differences in their antifungal susceptibility and virulence. The echinocandins are different in terms of in vitro antifungal activity against Candida. Time-kill (TK) curves represent an excellent approach to evaluate the fungicidal activity of antifungal drugs. AIMS: To compare the fungicidal activities of anidulafungin, caspofungin and micafungin against C. parapsilosis species complex by TK curves. METHODS: Antifungal activities of three echinocandins against C. parapsilosis, C. metapsilosis and C. orthopsilosis were studied by TK curves. Drug concentrations assayed were 0.25, 2 and 8µg/ml. CFU/ml were determined at 0, 2, 4, 6, 24 and 48h. RESULTS: Killing activities of echinocandins were species-, isolates- and concentration-dependent. Anidulafungin reached the fungicidad endpoint for 6 out of 7 isolates (86%); it required between 13.34 and 29.67h to reach this endpoint for the three species studied, but more than 48h were needed against one isolate of C. orthopsilosis (8µg/ml). Caspofungin fungicidal endpoint was only achieved with 8µg/ml against one isolate of C. metapsilosis after 30.12h (1 out of 7 isolates; 14%). Micafungin fungicidal endpoint was reached in 12.74-28.38h (8µg/ml) against one isolate each of C. parapsilosis and C. orthopsilosis, and against both C. metapsilosis isolates (4 out of 7 isolates; 57%). CONCLUSIONS: C. metapsilosis was the most susceptible species to echinocandins, followed by C. orthopsilosis and C. parapsilosis. Anidulafungin was the most active echinocandin against C. parapsilosis complex.
Asunto(s)
Anidulafungina/farmacocinética , Antifúngicos/farmacocinética , Candida parapsilosis/efectos de los fármacos , Caspofungina/farmacocinética , Micafungina/farmacocinética , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Killing and postantifungal effects could be relevant for the selection of optimal dosing schedules. This study aims to compare time-kill and postantifungal effects with caspofungin on Candida albicans (C. albicans, Candida dubliniensis, Candida africana) and Candida parapsilosis (C. parapsilosis, Candida metapsilosis, Candida orthopsilosis) clades. In the postantifungal effect experiments, strains were exposed to caspofungin for 1 h at concentrations 0.12-8 µg/mL. Time-kill experiments were conducted at the same concentrations. Caspofungin exhibited a significant and prolonged postantifungal effect (>37 h) with 2 µg/mL against the most strains of C. albicans clade. Against the C. parapsilosis clade, the postantifungal effect was <12 h at 8 µg/mL, except for two strains. Caspofungin was fungicidal against C. albicans, C. dubliniensis and C. metapsilosis.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/farmacología , Candida/efectos de los fármacos , Equinocandinas/farmacología , Lipopéptidos/farmacología , Candida/fisiología , Caspofungina , Humanos , Viabilidad Microbiana/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
The aim of this study was to fit anidulafungin in vitro static time-kill data from nine strains of Candida with a pharmacodynamic (PD) model in order to describe the antifungal activity of this drug against Candida spp. Time-kill data from strains of Candida albicans, Candida glabrata and Candida parapsilosis clades were best fit using an adapted sigmoidal Emax model and resulted in a set of PD parameters (Emax, EC50 and Hill factor) for each fungal strain. The data were analysed with NONMEM 7. Anidulafungin was effective in a species- and concentration-dependent manner against the strains of C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis clades as observed with the EC50 estimates. Maximum killing rate constant (Emax) values were higher against C. glabrata and C. parapsilosis complex strains. In conclusion, we demonstrated that the activity of anidulafungin against Candida can be accurately described using an adapted sigmoidal Emax model.
Asunto(s)
Antifúngicos/farmacología , Candida albicans/efectos de los fármacos , Candida glabrata/efectos de los fármacos , Equinocandinas/farmacología , Anidulafungina , Candidiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Modelos EstadísticosRESUMEN
Candida albicans remains the most common fungal pathogen. This species is closely related to 2 phenotypically similar cryptic species, Candida dubliniensis and Candida africana. This study aims to compare the antifungal activities of echinocandins against 7 C. albicans, 5 C. dubliniensis, and 2 C. africana strains by time-kill methodology. MIC values were similar for the 3 species; however, differences in killing activity were observed among species, isolates, and echinocandins. Echinocandins produced weak killing activity against the 3 species. In all drugs, the fungicidal endpoint (99.9% mortality) was reached at ≤31 h with ≥0.5 µg/mL for anidulafungin in 4 C. albicans and 1 C. dubliniensis, for caspofungin in 1 C. albicans and 2 C. dubliniensis, and for micafungin in 4 C. albicans and 1 C. dubliniensis. None of echinocandins showed lethality against C. africana. Identification of these new cryptic species and time-kill studies would be recommendable when echinocandin treatment fails.
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Antifúngicos/farmacología , Candida/efectos de los fármacos , Equinocandinas/farmacología , Humanos , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Viabilidad Microbiana/efectos de los fármacos , Factores de TiempoRESUMEN
Micafungin is an effective antifungal agent useful for the therapy of invasive candidiasis. Candida albicans is the most common cause of invasive candidiasis; however, infections due to non-C. albicans species, such as Candida parapsilosis, are rising. Killing and postantifungal effects (PAFE) are important factors in both dose interval choice and infection outcome. The aim of this study was to determinate the micafungin PAFE against 7 C. albicans strains, 5 Candida dubliniensis, 2 Candida Africana, 3 C. parapsilosis, 2 Candida metapsilosis and 2 Candida orthopsilosis. For PAFE studies, cells were exposed to micafungin for 1 h at concentrations ranging from 0.12 to 8 µg/ml. Time-kill experiments (TK) were conducted at the same concentrations. Samples were removed at each time point (0-48 h) and viable counts determined. Micafungin (2 µg/ml) was fungicidal (≥ 3 log10 reduction) in TK against 5 out of 14 (36%) strains of C. albicans complex. In PAFE experiments, fungicidal endpoint was achieved against 2 out of 14 strains (14%). In TK against C. parapsilosis, 8 µg/ml of micafungin turned out to be fungicidal against 4 out 7 (57%) strains. Conversely, fungicidal endpoint was not achieved in PAFE studies. PAFE results for C. albicans complex (41.83 ± 2.18 h) differed from C. parapsilosis complex (8.07 ± 4.2 h) at the highest tested concentration of micafungin. In conclusion, micafungin showed significant differences in PAFE against C. albicans and C. parapsilosis complexes, being PAFE for the C. albicans complex longer than for the C. parapsilosis complex.
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Antifúngicos/farmacología , Candida albicans/efectos de los fármacos , Candida/efectos de los fármacos , Equinocandinas/farmacología , Lipopéptidos/farmacología , Micafungina , Pruebas de Sensibilidad MicrobianaRESUMEN
Current therapy for mycoses is limited to the use of a relative reduced number of antifungal drugs. Although amphotericin B still remains considered as the "gold standard" for treatment, acute and chronic toxicity, such as impairment of renal function, limits its use and enhances the investigation and clinical use other chemical families of antifungal drugs. One of these chemical class of active drugs are azole derivatives, discovered in 70s and introduced in clinical practice in 80s. Being the most prolific antifungal class, investigation about more molecules, with a safer and better pharmacological profile, active against a wide spectrum of fungi, with a wide range of administration routes gives us some azole representatives.
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Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Micosis/tratamiento farmacológico , Triazoles/uso terapéutico , Inhibidores de 14 alfa Desmetilasa/efectos adversos , Inhibidores de 14 alfa Desmetilasa/química , Inhibidores de 14 alfa Desmetilasa/uso terapéutico , Animales , Antifúngicos/efectos adversos , Antifúngicos/química , Diseño de Fármacos , Evaluación Preclínica de Medicamentos , Farmacorresistencia Fúngica Múltiple , Proteínas Fúngicas/antagonistas & inhibidores , Humanos , Enfermedades Renales/inducido químicamente , Escualeno-Monooxigenasa/antagonistas & inhibidores , Esterol 14-Desmetilasa/efectos de los fármacos , Relación Estructura-Actividad , Triazoles/efectos adversos , Triazoles/químicaRESUMEN
The pharmacokinetics of lerisetron, a novel 5HT(3) antagonist, are studied together with its efficacy in inhibiting the serotonin (5-HT)-evoked transient bradycardia reflex (von Bezold-Jarisch reflex) in Sprague Dawley rats. [(14)C]Lerisetron (50, 100, and 200 microg/kg) was given to rats by intravenous (iv) injection and plasma levels of unchanged (UL) and total (unchanged + changed, TL) drug were measured by liquid chromatography with radioactivity monitoring and scintillation counting, respectively. Linearity of UL and TL pharmacokinetics over the dose range was established by noncompartmental analysis. Protein binding of lerisetron was measured in vitro by ultrafiltration. The unbound fraction was 14.4 +/- 1.4%. A nonlinear mixed effects ("population") bicompartmental pharmacokinetic analysis showed that volume of distribution and clearance (CL) were high for both forms of the drug, but CL was significantly smaller for TL [(mean +/- SEM) 0.014 +/- 0.03 L/min for UL versus 0.006 +/- 0.03 L/min for TL, p < 0.05)]. Large interindividual variabilities were observed for both forms. The response to lerisetron administration (inhibition of bradycardia) was evaluated at different doses (2, 3, 5, 6, and 10 microg/kg, iv) at times 2-180 min after dose administration and related to simulated concentrations. Inhibition was 100% 5 min after the 10-microg/kg dose and, 3 h later, it was still > 10%. Response to lerisetron was dose related in the range studied. Pharmacodynamic parameters were estimated by a sigmoid E(max) naive-pooled model. The parameters were also different between the two forms: EC(50) was 0.44 ng/mL (CV = 5.9%) for UL and 0.88 ng/mL (CV = 4.9%) for TL. We conclude that UL and TL pharmacokinetics were linear and that the differences in the kinetics and dynamics between the two forms suggest the presence of at least one metabolite.
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Bencimidazoles/farmacocinética , Piperidinas/farmacocinética , Receptores de Serotonina/metabolismo , Antagonistas de la Serotonina/farmacocinética , Animales , Bencimidazoles/sangre , Bencimidazoles/farmacología , Bradicardia/sangre , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Femenino , Masculino , Piperidinas/sangre , Piperidinas/farmacología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-Dawley , Receptores de Serotonina 5-HT3 , Antagonistas de la Serotonina/sangre , Antagonistas de la Serotonina/farmacologíaRESUMEN
Sertaconazole is a useful antifungal agent against mycoses of the skin and mucosa, such as cutaneous, genital and oral candidiasis and tinea pedis. Its antifungal activity is due to inhibition of the ergosterol biosynthesis and disruption of the cell wall. At higher concentrations, sertaconazole is able to bind to nonsterol lipids of the fungal cell wall, increasing the permeability and the subsequent death of fungal cells. Fungistatic and fungicidal activities on Candida are dose-dependent. The antifungal spectrum of sertaconazole includes deramophytes, Candida, Cryptococcus, Malassezia and also Aspergillus, Scedosporium and Scopulariopsis. Sertaconazole also shows an antimicrobial activity against streptococci, staphylococci and protozoa (Trichomonas). In clinical trials including patients with vulvovaginal candidiasis, a single dose of sertaconazole produced a higher cure rate compared with other topical azoles such as econazole and clotrimazole, in shorter periods. Sertaconazole has shown an anti-inflammatory effect that is very useful for the relief of unpleasant symptoms.
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Antifúngicos/farmacología , Candida/efectos de los fármacos , Candidiasis/tratamiento farmacológico , Imidazoles/farmacología , Tiofenos/farmacología , Administración Tópica , Animales , Antibacterianos/farmacocinética , Antibacterianos/farmacología , Antibacterianos/uso terapéutico , Antifúngicos/farmacocinética , Antifúngicos/uso terapéutico , Candida/fisiología , Ensayos Clínicos como Asunto , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Humanos , Imidazoles/farmacocinética , Imidazoles/uso terapéutico , Pruebas de Sensibilidad Microbiana , Infecciones Cutáneas Estafilocócicas/tratamiento farmacológico , Infecciones Estreptocócicas/dietoterapia , Tiofenos/farmacocinética , Tiofenos/uso terapéuticoRESUMEN
OBJECTIVE: To model the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationship of bilastine, a new histamine H(1) receptor antagonist, from single- and multiple-dose studies in healthy adult subjects. METHODS: The pharmacokinetic model was developed from different single-dose and multiple-dose studies. In the single-dose studies, a total of 183 subjects received oral doses of bilastine 2.5, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 120, 160, 200 and 220 mg. In the multiple-dose studies, 127 healthy subjects received bilastine 10, 20, 40, 50, 80, 100, 140 or 200 mg/day as multiple doses during a 4-, 7- or 14-day period. The pharmacokinetic profile of bilastine was investigated using a simultaneous analysis of all concentration-time data by means of nonlinear mixed-effects modelling population pharmacokinetic software NONMEM version 6.1. Plasma concentrations were modelled according to a two-compartment open model with first-order absorption and elimination. For the pharmacodynamic analysis, the inhibitory effect of bilastine (inhibition of histamine-induced wheal and flare) was assessed on a preselected time schedule, and the predicted typical pharmacokinetic profile (based on the pharmacokinetic model previously developed) was used. An indirect response model was developed to describe the pharmacodynamic relationships between flare or wheal areas and bilastine plasma concentrations. Finally, once values of the concentration that produced 50% inhibition (IC(50)) had been estimated for wheal and flare effects, simulations were carried out to predict plasma concentrations for the doses of bilastine 5, 10 and 20 mg at steady state (72-96 hours). RESULTS: A non-compartmental analysis resulted in linear kinetics of bilastine in the dose range studied. Bilastine was characterized by two-compartmental kinetics with a rapid-absorption phase (first-order absorption rate constant = 1.50 h(-1)), plasma peak concentrations were observed at 1 hour following administration and the maximal response was observed at approximately 4 hours or later. Concerning the selected pharmacodynamic model to fit the data (type I indirect response model), this selection is attributable to the presence of inhibitory bilastine plasma concentrations that decrease the input response function, i.e. the production of the skin reaction. This model resulted in the best fit of wheal and flare data. The estimates (with relative standard errors expressed in percentages in parentheses) of the apparent zero-order rate constant for flare or wheal spontaneous appearance (k(in)), the first-order rate constant for flare or wheal disappearance (k(out)) and bilastine IC(50) values were 0.44 ng/mL/h (14.60%), 1.09 h(-1) (15.14%) and 5.15 ng/mL (16.16%), respectively, for wheal inhibition, and 11.10 ng/mL/h (8.48%), 1.03 h(-1) (8.35%) and 1.25 ng/mL (14.56%), respectively, for flare inhibition. The simulation results revealed that bilastine plasma concentrations do not remain over the IC(50) value throughout the inter-dose period for doses of 5 and 10 mg. However, with a dose of 20 mg of bilastine administered every 24 hours, plasma concentrations remained over the IC(50) value during the considered period for the flare effect, and up to 20 hours for the wheal effect. CONCLUSION: Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic relationships of bilastine were reliably described with the use of an indirect response pharmacodynamic model; this led to an accurate prediction of the pharmacodynamic activity of bilastine.
Asunto(s)
Bencimidazoles/administración & dosificación , Bencimidazoles/farmacocinética , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos/administración & dosificación , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos/farmacocinética , Modelos Biológicos , Piperidinas/administración & dosificación , Piperidinas/farmacocinética , Adulto , Antialérgicos/administración & dosificación , Antialérgicos/farmacocinética , Antialérgicos/farmacología , Bencimidazoles/farmacología , Estudios Cruzados , Relación Dosis-Respuesta a Droga , Método Doble Ciego , Femenino , Antagonistas de los Receptores Histamínicos/farmacología , Humanos , Masculino , Piperidinas/farmacología , Método Simple CiegoRESUMEN
PURPOSE: The twofold aim of this study was to characterize in vivo in rats the pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD) of L6-OH, a metabolite of lerisetron with in vitro pharmacological activity, and evaluate the extent to which L6-OH contributes to the overall effect. METHODS: The PK of L6-OH was determined directly postmetabolite i.v. dose (PK-1), and also simultaneously for L (lerisetron concentration) and for generated L6-OH after lerisetron dose (200 microg kg(-1), i.v.), using Nonlinear Mixed Effects Modeling with an integrated parent-metabolite PK model (PK-2). Surrogate effect was measured by inhibition of serotonin-induced bradycardia. Protein binding was assayed via ultrafiltration and all quantification was performed via liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry. RESULTS: L6-OH showed elevated plasma and renal clearances, and volume of distribution (PK-1). The in vivo potency (PD) of L6-OH was high (EC(50) = 0.098 ng mL(-1) and EC(50unbound) = 0.040 ng mL(-1)). Total clearance for L (PK-2) in the presence of generated L6-OH (CL(L) = CL(-->L6-OH) + CL(n)) was 0.0139 L min(-1). Most of this clearance was L6-OH formation (F(c) = 99.6%), but only an 8.6% fraction of L6-OH was released into the bloodstream. The remainder undergoes biliar and fecal elimination. The parameters estimated from PK-2 were used to predict concentrations of L6-OH (Cp(L6)) generated after a lerisetron therapeutic dose (10 microg kg(-1)) in the rat. These concentrations are needed for the PD model and are below the quantification limit. Cp(L6max) was less than the EC(50) of L6-OH. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that after lerisetron administration, L6-OH is extensively formed in the rat but it is quickly eliminated; therefore, besides being equipotent with the parent drug, the L6-OH metabolite does not influence the effect of lerisetron.