Gut Microbiome in Children with Congenital Heart Disease After Cardiopulmonary Bypass Surgery (GuMiBear Study).

The gut microbiome of infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass surgery (CPB) is at risk of profound alteration. The aim of this study was to examine the gut microbiome pre- and post-bypass surgery to explore potential implications of altered gut biodiversity. A prospective cohort study involving infants with CHD who underwent CPB was performed. Faecal samples were collected from infants alongside the collection of demographic and clinical data in order to examine gut microbiome changes before and after surgery. 16S rRNA sequencing analysis was performed on DNA isolated from stool samples to determine changes in gut microbiome composition. Thirty-three patients were recruited, with samples from thirteen of these available for final analysis. Compared with healthy, matched controls, at a genus level, pre-operative samples for infants with CHD demonstrated a higher relative abundance of Escherichia-Shigella (31% vs 2-6%) and a lower relative abundance of Bifidobacterium (13% vs 40-60%). In post-operative samples, the relative abundance of Escherichia-Shigella (35%), Enterococcus (11%), Akkermansia (6%), and Staphylococcus (5%) were higher than pre-op samples. One infant developed post-operative necrotising-enterocolitis (NEC). They displayed a marked abundance of the Enterococcus (93%) genus pre-operatively. This study demonstrates that infants with CHD have an altered gut microbiome when compared with healthy controls and there might be a possible link between an abundance of virulent species and NEC.

Increasing consultant-level staffing as a proportion of overall physician coverage improves emergency department length of stay targets.

OBJECTIVES: One goal of Emergency Department (ED) operations is achieving an overall length of stay (LOS) that is less than four hours. The goal of the current study was to assess for association between increasing number of on-duty EM Consultants and LOS, while adjusting for overall (all-grade) on-duty emergency doctors' numbers and other operational factors. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of three years (2016-2019) of data, employing a unit of analysis of 3276 eight-hour ED shifts. The study was conducted using a prospectively populated ED database in a busy (annual census 420,000) Middle Eastern ED with staffing by Consultants and multiple non-Consultant grades (Specialists, fellows, and residents). Using logistic regression, the main predictor variable of "on-duty Consultant n" was assessed for association with the study's primary (dichotomous) endpoint: whether a shift's median LOS met the target of < 240 min. Linear regression was used to assess for association between on-duty Consultant n and the study's secondary (continuous) endpoint: median LOS for the ED shift. RESULTS: Multivariate logistic regression adjusting for a number of operations factors (including total EP on-duty complement) identified an association between increasing n of on-duty Consultants and the likelihood of a shift's meeting the 4-h ED LOS target (OR 1.27, 95% CI 1.20 to 1.34, p < .0001). Multiple linear regression, which also adjusted for total on-duty EP n and other operational factors, also indicated LOS benefit from more on-duty Consultants: each additional on-duty Consultant was associated with a shift's median LOS improving by 5.4 min (95% CI 4.3 to 6.5, p < .0001). CONCLUSIONS: At the study site, in models that adjusted for overall on-duty EP numbers as well as myriad other operational factors, increasing numbers of on-duty Consultants was associated with a statistically and operationally significant reduction in ED LOS.

Evaluation of Electronic Medical Record Downtime in a Busy Emergency Department.

OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate electronic medical record (EMR) implementation in a busy urban academic emergency department (ED) and to determine the frequency, duration, and predictors of EMR downtime episodes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study retrospectively analyzed data collected real time by the EMR and by the operations group at the study ED from May 2016 to December 2017. The study center has used the First Net Millennium EMR (Cerner Corporation, Kansas City, Missouri, USA). The ED operations data have been downloaded weekly from the EMR and transferred to the analytics software Stata (version 15MP, StataCorp, College Station, Texas, USA). RESULTS: During the study period, 12 episodes of EMRD occurred, with a total of 58 hours and a mean of 4.8 ± 2.7 hours. The occurrence of EMRD event has not been associated with on-duty physician coverage levels (p = 0.831), month (p = 0.850), or clinical shift (morning, evening, or night shift) (p = 0.423). However, EMRD occurrence has been statistically significantly associated with weekdays (p = 0.020). DISCUSSION: In a real-world implementation of EMR in a busy ED, EMRD episodes averaging approximately 5 hours occurred at unpredictable intervals, with a frequency that remained unchanged over the first 20 months of the EMR deployment. CONCLUSION: The study could define downtime characteristics at the study center. The EMRD episodes have been associated with inaccuracies in hourly census reporting, with a rebound phenomenon of over-reporting in the first hour or two after restoration of EMR operations.

The Impact of On-duty Emergency Medicine Trainees on Left-Without-Being-Seen Rates in an Academic Emergency Department.

Objectives: One of the endpoints for assessing the emergency department (ED) performance is the left-without-being-seen (LWBS) proportion. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of increasing proportions of on-duty emergency medicine (EM) trainees on LWBS rates in clinical shifts. Methods: The study was conducted at an urban-academic-ED (annual census: 452,757) over a period of one year. We employed multivariate linear regression (p < 0.05) defining significance to identify and adjust for multiple LWBS influencers related to patient care. Results: After analyzing over 1098 shifts, the median LWBS rate was 8.9% (interquartile range 5.3% to 13.5%). The increasing number of EM trainees in the ED did not adversely impact the LWBS; the opposite was noted. In univariate analysis, the increasing proportion of on-duty EM trainee physicians was significantly (p < 0.001) associated with a decrease in the LWBS rates. The multivariate model adjusted for the statistically significant and confounding LWBS influencers, with an absolute increase of 1% in trainees' proportion of overall on-duty physician coverage, was associated with an absolute decrease of 2.1% in LWBS rates (95% confidence interval 0.43% to 3.8%, p = 0.014). Conclusions: At the study site, there was a statistically and operationally significant improvement in LWBS associated with partial replacement of board-certified specialist-grade EM physicians with EM residents and fellow trainees.

Marginal analysis in assessing factors contributing time to physician in the Emergency Department using operations data.

Background: Standard Emergency Department (ED) operations goals include minimization of the time interval (tMD) between patients' initial ED presentation and initial physician evaluation. This study assessed factors known (or suspected) to influence tMD with a two-step goal. The first step was generation of a multivariate model identifying parameters associated with prolongation of tMD at a single study center. The second step was the use of a study center-specific multivariate tMD model as a basis for predictive marginal probability analysis; the marginal model allowed for prediction of the degree of ED operations benefit that would be affected with specific ED operations improvements. Methods: The study was conducted using one month (May 2015) of data obtained from an ED administrative database (EDAD) in an urban academic tertiary ED with an annual census of approximately 500,000; during the study month, the ED saw 39,593 cases. The EDAD data were used to generate a multivariate linear regression model assessing the various demographic and operational covariates' effects on the dependent variable tMD. Predictive marginal probability analysis was used to calculate the relative contributions of key covariates as well as demonstrate the likely tMD impact on modifying those covariates with operational improvements. Analyses were conducted with Stata 14MP, with significance defined at p < 0.05 and confidence intervals (CIs) reported at the 95% level. Results: In an acceptable linear regression model that accounted for just over half of the overall variance in tMD (adjusted r2 0.51), important contributors to tMD included shift census (p = 0.008), shift time of day (p = 0.002), and physician coverage n (p = 0.004). These strong associations remained even after adjusting for each other and other covariates. Marginal predictive probability analysis was used to predict the overall tMD impact (improvement from 50 to 43 minutes, p < 0.001) of consistent staffing with 22 physicians. Conclusions: The analysis identified expected variables contributing to tMD with regression demonstrating significance and effect magnitude of alterations in covariates including patient census, shift time of day, and number of physicians. Marginal analysis provided operationally useful demonstration of the need to adjust physician coverage numbers, prompting changes at the study ED. The methods used in this analysis may prove useful in other EDs wishing to analyze operations information with the goal of predicting which interventions may have the most benefit.

Protocol for a prospective cohort study exploring the gut microbiota of infants with congenital heart disease undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass (the GuMiBear study).

INTRODUCTION: The gut microbiota develops from birth and matures significantly during the first 24 months of life, playing a major role in infant health and development. The composition of the gut microbiota is influenced by several factors including mode of delivery, gestational age, feed type and treatment with antibiotics. Alterations in the pattern of gut microbiota development and composition can be associated with illness and compromised health outcomes.Infants diagnosed with 'congenital heart disease' (CHD) often require surgery involving cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) early in life. The impact of this type of surgery on the integrity of the gut microbiome is poorly understood. In addition, these infants are at significant risk of developing the potentially devastating intestinal condition necrotising enterocolitis. METHODS AND ANALYSIS: This study will employ a prospective cohort study methodology to investigate the gut microbiota and urine metabolome of infants with CHD undergoing surgery involving CPB. Stool and urine samples, demographic and clinical data will be collected from eligible infants based at the National Centre for Paediatric Cardiac Surgery in Ireland. Shotgun metagenome sequencing will be performed on stool samples and urine metabolomic analysis will identify metabolic biomarkers. The impact of the underlying diagnosis, surgery involving CPB, and the influence of environmental factors will be explored. Data from healthy age-matched infants from the INFANTMET study will serve as a control for this study. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION: This study has received full ethical approval from the Clinical Research Ethics Committee of Children's Health Ireland, GEN/826/20.

Emergency Medicine Fellowship: Length-Of-Stay Impact Of Establishing A Large Post-Residency Training Program.

BACKGROUND: The length of stay (LOS) is an important operational parameter closely followed in emergency department (ED). This study aims to assess operations impacts of a large postresidency EM Fellowship (EMF) program on LOS. METHODS: This was a retrospective database analysis of data collected automatically by the study ED's electronic medical record (EMR) for one full academic year, starting in September 2016. The main dependent variable was LOS for the cases discharged after EM-only evaluation (LOSDCEM), and the independent variable of interest was the proportion of EMFs as a % of all on-duty ED physicians during the shift the patient presented. RESULTS: During the study period, the ED census for patients discharged after EM-only evaluation was 327,527. Exclusion of 5,803 EMR-downtime cases (1.8% of 327,527) and 845 (0.3% of 327,527) cases with LOS exceeding 24 hours, the final study set comprised 320,879 LOSDCEM cases. The EMF proportion of on-duty ED physicians, was statistically significant at the lowest three τ levels but not significant at the higher six τ levels. For the 10th, 20th, and 30th percentiles of LOSDCEM, the % relative improvements in LOSDCEM achieved by increasing the EMF proportion 1% were, respectively, 13% (6.5/52), 8% (6.8/83), and 7% (8.1/115). CONCLUSIONS: The LOSDCEM does not appear to be unfavourably impacted by increasing the proportion of EMFs as a % of all on-duty ED physicians. The EMFs numbers (as a percentage of all on-duty physicians) disproportionately improves LOSDCEM for those patients with shorter LOS.

Ramadan-Associated Circadian Census Variation In A Busy Middle Eastern Emergency Department.

BACKGROUND: An important goal for the Emergency Department operations is planning for changes in patient volume and assuring staffing accordingly. We hypothesized that understanding the Emergency Department census changes during the month-long Ramadan holiday each year could facilitate operations planning for Emergency Department's serving a largely Muslim population. METHODS: This was an observational study conducted at an academic centre, over 83 weeks of analysis that included two Ramadan months (those occurring during 2016 and 2017). The data was from an electronic medical record that records presentation time as well as age, sex, nationality, and acuity. Chi-square and mediandifferences testing (p<.05 defining significance) were used to compare overall patient characteristics between cases seen during Ramadan vs. non-Ramadan. RESULTS: For the 83 study weeks, the Emergency Department volume was 689,140 (annualized volume 431,750). Graphic depiction of weekly census showed Ramadan-associated census impact varied markedly over the course of a day's 24 hours. Statistically significant hourly census increase (of up to 83%) or decrease (of as much as 50%) were identified for 21 of 24 hours of the day. Ramadan was not associated with change in patient age or proportion of high-acuity cases. However, it was associated with increase in proportion of males, paediatrics, and Qatari national's patient visits. CONCLUSIONS: As compared to non-Ramadan baseline, Ramadan was associated with substantial changes in overall census and in proportions of various patient subgroups. Therefore, Emergency Department's serving large Muslim population should undertake studying major operations changes that can be expected for the month.