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Selective autolysosomal degradation of damaged mitochondria, also called mitophagy, is an indispensable process for maintaining integrity and homeostasis of mitochondria. One well-established mechanism mediating selective removal of mitochondria under relatively mild mitochondria-depolarizing stress is PINK1-Parkin-mediated or ubiquitin-dependent mitophagy. However, additional mechanisms such as LC3-mediated or ubiquitin-independent mitophagy induction by heavy environmental stress exist and remain poorly understood. The present study unravels a novel role of stress-inducible protein Sestrin2 in degradation of mitochondria damaged by transition metal stress. By utilizing proteomic methods and studies in cell culture and rodent models, we identify autophagy kinase ULK1-mediated phosphorylation sites of Sestrin2 and demonstrate Sestrin2 association with mitochondria adaptor proteins in HEK293 cells. We show that Ser-73 and Ser-254 residues of Sestrin2 are phosphorylated by ULK1, and a pool of Sestrin2 is strongly associated with mitochondrial ATP5A in response to Cu-induced oxidative stress. Subsequently, this interaction promotes association with LC3-coated autolysosomes to induce degradation of mitochondria damaged by Cu-induced ROS. Treatment of cells with antioxidants or a Cu chelator significantly reduces Sestrin2 association with mitochondria. These results highlight the ULK1-Sestrin2 pathway as a novel stress-sensing mechanism that can rapidly induce autophagic degradation of mitochondria under severe heavy metal stress.
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Homólogo de la Proteína 1 Relacionada con la Autofagia/metabolismo , Cobre/farmacología , Péptidos y Proteínas de Señalización Intracelular/metabolismo , Mitocondrias/fisiología , Proteínas Nucleares/metabolismo , Proteómica/métodos , Autofagia , Sitios de Unión , Células HEK293 , Humanos , Proteínas Asociadas a Microtúbulos/metabolismo , ATPasas de Translocación de Protón Mitocondriales/metabolismo , Mitofagia , Proteínas Nucleares/química , Estrés Oxidativo , Fosforilación , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
A Vigna nakashimae (VN) extract has been shown to have antidiabetic and anti-obesity effects. However, the mechanism underlying the effect of a VN extract on hepatic inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress remains unclear. In the present study, we investigated how a VN extract protects against the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). A VN extract for 12 weeks reduced the body weight, serum metabolic parameters, cytokines, and hepatic steatosis in high-fat diet (HFD)-fed mice. A VN extract decreased HFD-induced hepatic acetyl CoA carboxylase and glucose transporter 4 expressions. In addition to the levels of high-mobility group box 1 and receptor for advanced glycation, the hepatic expression of ATF4 and caspase-3 was also reduced by a VN extract. Thus, these data indicate that a chronic VN extract prevented NAFLD through multiple mechanisms, including inflammation, ER stress, and apoptosis in the liver.
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Fabaceae/química , Inflamación/tratamiento farmacológico , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/tratamiento farmacológico , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Acetil-CoA Carboxilasa/biosíntesis , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Dieta Alta en Grasa , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 4/biosíntesis , Humanos , Inflamación/metabolismo , Inflamación/patología , Metabolismo de los Lípidos/efectos de los fármacos , Ratones , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/metabolismo , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico/patología , Extractos Vegetales/químicaRESUMEN
Obesity-induced fatty liver disease is associated with increased hypothalamic inflammation. Previous reports have demonstrated that the deletion of SIRT1 in hepatocytes increases hepatic steatosis and inflammation. Using myeloid cell-specific SIRT1 knockout (KO) mice, we investigated whether ablation of SIRT1 in macrophages plays a role in regulating hepatic steatosis and hypothalamic inflammation. When challenged with a high-fat diet (HFD) for 24 weeks, hyperleptinemia, hyperinsulinemia, hepatic steatosis and macrophage infiltrations in HFD-fed KO mice were increased compared with HFD-fed WT mice. Hypothalamic expression levels of iba1 were increased in HFD-fed KO mice compared with HFD-fed WT mice. In particular, the expression levels of choline acetyltransferase were decreased in the hypothalamus of HFD-fed KO mice compared with HFD-fed WT mice. Thus, our findings suggest that SIRT1 plays a key role for hepatic steatosis and hypothalamic inflammation and that anti-inflammatory effect of SIRT1 may be important for the prevention of obesity-induced metabolic syndromes.
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Hígado Graso/metabolismo , Hipotálamo/metabolismo , Inflamación/metabolismo , Células Mieloides/metabolismo , Sirtuina 1/metabolismo , Animales , Dieta Alta en Grasa , Hígado Graso/genética , Hígado Graso/patología , Prueba de Tolerancia a la Glucosa , Hipotálamo/patología , Inflamación/genética , Inflamación/patología , Insulina/sangre , Resistencia a la Insulina/genética , Leptina/sangre , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Noqueados , Células Mieloides/patología , Sirtuina 1/genéticaRESUMEN
Exendin-4 (Ex-4), a glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (GLP-1R) agonist, has been known to reverse hepatic steatosis in ob/ob mice. Although many studies have evaluated molecular targets of Ex-4, its mechanism of action on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis has not fully been determined. In the liver, glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) is mainly expressed in hepatocytes, endothelial cells and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In the present study, the effects of Ex-4 on GLUT4 expression were determined in the liver of ob/ob mice. Ob/ob mice were treated with Ex-4 for 10 weeks. Serum metabolic parameters, hepatic triglyceride levels, and liver tissues were evaluated for hepatic steatosis. The weights of the whole body and liver in ob/ob mice were reduced by long-term Ex-4 treatment. Serum metabolic parameters, hepatic steatosis, and hepatic fibrosis in ob/ob mice were reduced by Ex-4. Particularly, Ex-4 improved hepatic steatosis by enhancing GLUT4 via GLP-1R activation in ob/ob mice. Ex-4 treatment also inhibited hepatic fibrosis by decreasing expression of connective tissue growth factor in HSCs of ob/ob mice. Our data suggest that GLP-1 agonists exert a protective effect on hepatic steatosis and fibrosis in obesity and type 2 diabetes.
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A beneficial radioprotective agent has been used to treat the radiation-induced lung injury. This study was performed to investigate whether curcumin, which is known to have anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, could ameliorate radiation-induced pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis in irradiated lungs. Rats were given daily doses of intragastric curcumin (200 mg/kg) prior to a single irradiation and for 8 weeks after radiation. Histopathologic findings demonstrated that macrophage accumulation, interstitial edema, alveolar septal thickness, perivascular fibrosis, and collapse in radiation-treated lungs were inhibited by curcumin administration. Radiation-induced transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1), connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) expression, and collagen accumulation were also inhibited by curcumin. Moreover, western blot analysis revealed that curcumin lowered radiation-induced increases of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), TNF receptor 1 (TNFR1), and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2). Curcumin also inhibited the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor-κ B (NF-κB) p65 in radiation-treated lungs. These results indicate that long-term curcumin administration may reduce lung inflammation and fibrosis caused by radiation treatment.
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BACKGROUND: Hyperglycemia leads to cardiac oxidative stress and an imbalance in glucose homeostasis. Diabetic cardiomyopathy is characterised by cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis. However, the underlying mechanisms of diabetic cardiomyopathy are not fully understood. This study aimed to investigate the effects of alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) on cardiac energy metabolism, antioxidant effect, and fibrosis in the hearts of Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima fatty (OLETF) rats. METHODS: Animals were separated into non-diabetic Long-Evans Tokushima Otsuka (LETO) rats and diabetes-prone OLETF rats with or without ALA (200 mg/kg/day) administration for 16 weeks. Diabetic cardiomyopathy was assessed by staining with Sirius Red. The effect of ALA on AMPK signalling, antioxidant enzymes, and fibrosis-related genes in the heart of OLETF rats were performed by Western blot analysis or immunohistochemistry. RESULTS: Western blot analysis showed that cardiac adenosine monophosphate-activated kinase (AMPK) signalling was lower in OLETF rats than in LETO rats, and that ALA treatment increased the signalling in OLETF rats. Furthermore, the low antioxidant activity in OLETF rats was increased by ALA treatment. In addition to increased Sirius red staining of collagen deposits, transforming growth factor-ß1 (TGF-ß1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF) were expressed at higher levels in OLETF rat hearts than in LETO rat hearts, and the levels of these factors were decreased by ALA. CONCLUSIONS: ALA enhances AMPK signalling, antioxidant, and antifibrogenic effect. Theses findings suggest that ALA may have beneficial effects in the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy.
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Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/tratamiento farmacológico , Cardiomiopatías Diabéticas/tratamiento farmacológico , Ácido Tióctico/farmacología , Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismo , Animales , Antioxidantes/metabolismo , Antioxidantes/farmacología , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/metabolismo , Cardiomiopatías Diabéticas/metabolismo , Cardiomiopatías Diabéticas/patología , Metabolismo Energético/efectos de los fármacos , Fibrosis , Masculino , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas OLETF , Ratas Long-Evans , Transducción de Señal/efectos de los fármacosRESUMEN
Calcineurin (CaN)-mediated excitotoxicity impairs γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) transmission and induces neuronal apoptosis. Ca(2+)-dependent K(+)-Cl(-) cotransporter 2 (KCC2) participates in GABAergic inhibitory transmission. However, the mechanism by which CaN mediates GABA receptor-mediated KCC2 in seizures is not fully understood. In the present study, we investigated the altered expression of KCC2 and the effects of the CaN inhibitor FK506 on KCC2 expression in the mouse hippocampus following kainic acid (KA) treatment. FK506 was injected twice 24 h and 30 min before KA treatment and then mice were treated with KA and killed 2 days later. FK506 had anticonvulsant effect on KA-induced seizure activities. CaN cleavage was evident in the hippocampus 24 h after KA treatment. FK506 pretreatment blocked the truncation of CaN in the KA-treated hippocampus. Cresyl violet and TUNEL staining showed that FK506 prevented KA-induced hippocampal cell death. In particular, Western blot analysis showed that KCC2 expression was time dependent, with a peak at 6 h and a return to decreased levels at 48 h, whereas FK506 pretreatment inhibited the KA-induced decrease in KCC2 expression in the hippocampus. Immunofluorescence showed that FK506 pretreatment protected the loss of inhibitory GABAergic KCC2-expressing neurons following KA treatment. Taken together, these results provide evidence that altered KCC2 expression may be associated with Ca(2+)-mediated seizure activity and indicate that neuron-specific KCC2 may be involved in neuroprotection after seizures.
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Inhibidores de la Calcineurina , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Inmunosupresores/farmacología , Estado Epiléptico/metabolismo , Simportadores/biosíntesis , Tacrolimus/farmacología , Animales , Western Blotting , Muerte Celular/efectos de los fármacos , Regulación hacia Abajo/efectos de los fármacos , Agonistas de Aminoácidos Excitadores , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Hipocampo/patología , Inmunohistoquímica , Etiquetado Corte-Fin in Situ , Ácido Kaínico , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Neuronas/efectos de los fármacos , Neuronas/metabolismo , Estado Epiléptico/inducido químicamente , Estado Epiléptico/patología , Cotransportadores de K ClRESUMEN
BACKGROUND: Insulin resistance, oxidative stress, inflammation and innate immune system activation contribute to the development of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) through steatosis and inflammation in the liver. The powerful antioxidant α-lipoic acid (ALA) has been shown to improve insulin sensitivity and suppress inflammatory responses. This study explores how ALA administration protects against NAFLD. METHODS: Otsuka Long-Evans Tokushima Fatty (OLETF) rats were divided into two groups (treated with 200 mg/kg/day of ALA or untreated) at 12 weeks of age and sacrificed at 28 weeks of age. RESULTS: Serum levels of insulin, free fatty acids, total cholesterol, triglyceride, leptin, IL-6 and blood glucose were decreased in ALA-treated rats. Serum adiponectin levels were higher in ALA-treated rats. ALA treatment decreased the expression of sterol regulatory element binding protein-1 and acetyl CoA carboxylase, and increased glucose transporter-4 expression in the livers of OLETF rats. Expression of the antioxidant enzymes heme oxygenase-1 and Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase was increased in the livers of ALA-treated rats. The lipid peroxidation marker 4-hydroxynonenal was decreased in the liver of ALA-treated rats. Proteins associated with innate immune activation (Toll-like receptor-4 and high-mobility group protein box-1) and inflammatory markers (vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, and cyclooxygenase-2) were decreased in the livers of ALA-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS: Chronic ALA supplementation prevents NAFLD through multiple mechanisms by reducing steatosis, oxidative stress, immune activation and inflammation in the liver.
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Hígado Graso/prevención & control , Regulación de la Expresión Génica/efectos de los fármacos , Inmunidad Innata/efectos de los fármacos , Hígado/metabolismo , Ácido Tióctico/farmacología , Acetil-CoA Carboxilasa/metabolismo , Adiponectina/sangre , Aldehídos/metabolismo , Animales , Compuestos Azo , Glucemia/metabolismo , Western Blotting , Colesterol/sangre , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Ácidos Grasos/sangre , Técnica del Anticuerpo Fluorescente , Transportador de Glucosa de Tipo 4/metabolismo , Inmunohistoquímica , Insulina/sangre , Molécula 1 de Adhesión Intercelular/metabolismo , Interleucina-6/sangre , Leptina/sangre , Peroxidación de Lípido/efectos de los fármacos , Enfermedad del Hígado Graso no Alcohólico , Ratas , Ratas Endogámicas OLETF , Proteína 1 de Unión a los Elementos Reguladores de Esteroles/metabolismo , Ácido Tióctico/uso terapéutico , Receptor Toll-Like 4/inmunología , Receptor Toll-Like 4/metabolismo , Triglicéridos/sangre , Molécula 1 de Adhesión Celular Vascular/metabolismoRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Herbal preparations have long been used as folk remedies for erectile dysfunction (ED). AIM: This study examined the effects of Tribulus terrestris and Cornus officinalis extracts on relaxation of the smooth muscle of the corpus cavernosum (CC), their mechanisms of action, and the effects of oral administration of a mixture of the herbal extracts on penile erection. METHODS: The relaxation effects and the mechanisms of action of T. terrestris extract, C. officinalis extract, and the mixture of both extracts on the rabbit CC were investigated in an organ bath. To evaluate whether the relaxation response of the CC shown in an organ bath occurs in vivo, intracavernous pressure (ICP) was calculated in rats after oral administration for a month. Additionally, adenosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cAMP) and guanosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) in the CC were measured using immunoassay. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Smooth muscle relaxation was expressed as the percent decrease in precontraction induced by phenylephrine. ICP was assessed in rats after the oral administration of a mixture of both extracts for 1 month and changes in cGMP and cAMP concentrations were measured based on the concentration of the mixture of both extracts. RESULTS: T. terrestris extract, C. officinalis extract, and the mixture of both extracts showed concentration-dependent relaxation effects of the CC. In both the endothelium-removed group and N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester pretreatment group, T. terrestris extract inhibited relaxation. ICP measured after oral administration of the extract mixture for a month was higher than that measured in the control group, and a significant increase in cAMP was observed in the mixture group. CONCLUSIONS: T. terrestris extract and C. officinalis extract exhibited concentration-dependent relaxation in an organ bath. In the in vivo study of the extract mixture, ICP and cAMP was significantly potentiated. Accordingly, the mixture of T. terrestris extract and C. officinalis extract may improve erectile function.
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Cornus/efectos de los fármacos , Disfunción Eréctil/tratamiento farmacológico , Relajación Muscular/efectos de los fármacos , Músculo Liso/efectos de los fármacos , Erección Peniana/efectos de los fármacos , Extractos Vegetales/farmacología , Tribulus/efectos de los fármacos , Animales , Masculino , Relajación Muscular/fisiología , Músculo Liso/fisiología , Erección Peniana/fisiología , Extractos Vegetales/administración & dosificación , Conejos , RatasRESUMEN
Formation of dendritic spine and synapse is an essential final step of brain wiring to establish functional communication in the developing brain. Recent findings have displayed altered dendritic spine and synapse morphogenesis, plasticity, and related molecular mechanisms in animal models and post-mortem human brains of autism spectrum disorders (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID). Many genes and proteins are shown to be associated with spines and synapse development, and therefore neurodevelopmental disorders. In this review, however, particular attention will be given to chromatin modifiers such as AT-Rich Interactive Domain 1B (ARID1B), KAT8 regulatory non-specific lethal (NSL) complex subunit 1 (KANSL1), and WD Repeat Domain 5 (WDR5) which are among strong susceptibility factors for ASD and ID. Emerging evidence highlights the critical status of these chromatin remodeling molecules in dendritic spine morphogenesis and synaptic functions. Molecular and cellular insights of ARID1B, KANSL1, and WDR5 will integrate into our current knowledge in understanding and interpreting the pathogenesis of ASD and ID. Modulation of their activities or levels may be an option for potential therapeutic treatment strategies for these neurodevelopmental conditions.
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Genetic evidence indicates that haploinsufficiency of ARID1B causes intellectual disability (ID) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), but the neural function of ARID1B is largely unknown. Using both conditional and global Arid1b knockout mouse strains, we examined the role of ARID1B in neural progenitors. We detected an overall decrease in the proliferation of cortical and ventral neural progenitors following homozygous deletion of Arid1b, as well as altered cell cycle regulation and increased cell death. Each of these phenotypes was more pronounced in ventral neural progenitors. Furthermore, we observed decreased nuclear localization of ß-catenin in Arid1b-deficient neurons. Conditional homozygous deletion of Arid1b in ventral neural progenitors led to pronounced ID- and ASD-like behaviors in mice, whereas the deletion in cortical neural progenitors resulted in minor cognitive deficits. This study suggests an essential role for ARID1B in forebrain neurogenesis and clarifies its more pronounced role in inhibitory neural progenitors. Our findings also provide insights into the pathogenesis of ID and ASD.
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Trastorno del Espectro Autista/etiología , Discapacidad Intelectual/etiología , Neurogénesis , Telencéfalo/embriología , Factores de Transcripción/fisiología , Animales , Femenino , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Noqueados , Células-Madre Neurales/fisiología , Embarazo , Telencéfalo/metabolismo , beta Catenina/metabolismoRESUMEN
Chronic airway inflammation is a characteristic feature of destructive cigarette smoking (CS)-induced lung disease, particularly in patients with emphysema. Celecoxib, a specific cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) inhibitor, is widely used to treat inflammation. However, the exact mechanisms underlying this drug's anti-inflammatory effects have not yet been determined in pulmonary emphysema. Here, we explore whether celecoxib attenuates CS-induced inflammation in rat lungs. Rats were exposed to smoke and received celecoxib via intragastric feeding daily for 20 wk. We found that celecoxib inhibited interalveolar wall distance and pulmonary inflammation in the lungs of CS-treated rats. Celecoxib inhibited serum NO production, iNOS, COX-2 expression, and PGE(2) production in CS-treated lung tissues. Our immunohistochemical data showed that CS-induced CD68 and COX-2 expression were inhibited by celecoxib. Furthermore, celecoxib attenuated the activation of phospho-IkappaBalpha and NF-kappaB in CS-treated rat lung. In addition, there was an inhibitory effect of celecoxib on the COX-2 expression and NF-kappaB activation in LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages. Celecoxib also attenuated NF-kappaB activation in COX-2 siRNA-transfected RAW 264.7 macrophages. Thus, our findings suggest that the anti-inflammatory effects of celecoxib are mediated by its effects on NF-kappaB-regulated gene expression, which ultimately reduces the progression of CS-induced pulmonary emphysema.
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Antiinflamatorios/farmacología , Inhibidores de la Ciclooxigenasa 2/farmacología , Enfisema Pulmonar/tratamiento farmacológico , Pirazoles/farmacología , Fumar/efectos adversos , Sulfonamidas/farmacología , Animales , Antígenos CD/metabolismo , Antígenos de Diferenciación Mielomonocítica/metabolismo , Celecoxib , Línea Celular , Ciclooxigenasa 2/metabolismo , Dinoprostona/metabolismo , Proteínas I-kappa B/metabolismo , Inflamación/patología , Macrófagos/efectos de los fármacos , Macrófagos/metabolismo , Masculino , Ratones , Inhibidor NF-kappaB alfa , FN-kappa B/metabolismo , Óxido Nítrico/biosíntesis , Óxido Nítrico/sangre , Óxido Nítrico Sintasa de Tipo II/antagonistas & inhibidores , Fosforilación , Alveolos Pulmonares/patología , Enfisema Pulmonar/etiología , Enfisema Pulmonar/patología , Ratas , Ratas Sprague-DawleyRESUMEN
Kainic acid (KA) induces hippocampal cell death and astrocyte proliferation. There are reports that sphingosine kinase (SPHK)1 and sphingosine-1- phosphate (S1P) receptor 1 (S1P(1)) signaling axis controls astrocyte proliferation. Here we examined the temporal changes of SPHK1/S1P(1) in mouse hippocampus during KA-induced hippocampal cell death. Mice were killed at 2, 6, 24, or 48 h after KA (30 mg/kg) injection. There was an increase in Fluoro-Jade B-positive cells in the hippocampus of KA-treated mice with temporal changes of glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression. The lowest level of SPHK1 protein expression was found 2h after KA treatment. Six hours after KA treatment, the expression of SPHK1 and S1P(1) proteins steadily increased in the hippocampus. In immunohistochemical analysis, SPHK1 and S1P(1) are more immunoreactive in astrocytes within the hippocampus of KA-treated mice than in hippocampus of control mice. These results indicate that SPHK1/S1P(1) signaling axis may play an important role in astrocytes proliferation during KA-induced excitotoxicity.
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Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Ácido Kaínico/toxicidad , Fosfotransferasas (Aceptor de Grupo Alcohol)/biosíntesis , Receptores de Lisoesfingolípidos/biosíntesis , Animales , Astrocitos/efectos de los fármacos , Astrocitos/metabolismo , Proteína Ácida Fibrilar de la Glía , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/patología , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Proteínas del Tejido Nervioso/biosíntesis , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/inducido químicamente , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/metabolismo , Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas/patologíaRESUMEN
Inhibitory interneurons are essential for proper brain development and function. Dysfunction of interneurons is implicated in several neurodevelopmental disorders, including autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and intellectual disability (ID). We have previously shown that Arid1b haploinsufficiency interferes with interneuron development and leads to social, cognitive, and emotional impairments consistent with ASD and ID. It is unclear, however, whether interneurons play a major role for the behavioral deficits in Arid1b haploinsufficiency. Furthermore, it is critical to determine which interneuron subtypes contribute to distinct behavioral phenotypes. In the present study, we generated Arid1b haploinsufficient mice in which a copy of the Arid1b gene is deleted in either parvalbumin (PV) or somatostatin (SST) interneurons, and examined their ASD- and ID-like behaviors. We found that Arid1b haploinsufficiency in PV or SST interneurons resulted in distinct features that do not overlap with one another. Arid1b haploinsufficiency in PV neurons contributed to social and emotional impairments, while the gene deletion in the SST population caused stereotypies as well as learning and memory dysfunction. These findings demonstrate a critical role of interneurons in Arid1b haploinsufficient pathology and suggest that PV and SST interneurons may have distinct roles in modulating neurological phenotypes in Arid1b haploinsufficiency-induced ASD and ID.
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Trastorno del Espectro Autista/genética , Haploinsuficiencia , Discapacidad Intelectual/genética , Interneuronas/metabolismo , Parvalbúminas/metabolismo , Somatostatina/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genética , Animales , Ansiedad/complicaciones , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/complicaciones , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/patología , Trastorno del Espectro Autista/fisiopatología , Conducta Animal , Depresión/complicaciones , Regulación de la Expresión Génica , Discapacidad Intelectual/complicaciones , Discapacidad Intelectual/patología , Discapacidad Intelectual/fisiopatología , Interneuronas/patología , Memoria , Fenotipo , Conducta Social , Aprendizaje EspacialRESUMEN
The ketogenic diet (KD) prevents kainic acid (KA)-induced hippocampal cell death. There are reports that AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activation regulates the intracellular signaling pathways involved in cellular survival or apoptotic cell death. In this study, we investigated the effect of the KD consumption on the expression of signaling pathway proteins AMPK and ACC, and heat shock protein (HSP) 70 in mouse hippocampus after KA treatment. Mice were fed the KD for 6 weeks and then sacrificed 48h after KA (30mg/kg) injection. The marked cell death found commonly in normal diet (ND)-fed mice treated with KA was not observed in the KD-fed KA-treated mice. Western blot analysis revealed that phosphorylation of AMPK and ACC was increased after KA treatment. However, phosphorylation of these proteins was reduced in those animals that received the KD. In addition, increased expression of HSP70 in the hippocampus of KA-treated mice was decreased in animals receiving the KD. These results indicate that the KD promotes neuroprotective effects through suppression of the AMPK cascade and that HSP70 is involved in neuronal cell death or oxidative stress.
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Proteínas Quinasas Activadas por AMP/metabolismo , Acetil-CoA Carboxilasa/metabolismo , Apoptosis , Dieta Cetogénica , Proteínas HSP70 de Choque Térmico/metabolismo , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Ácido Kaínico/toxicidad , Análisis de Varianza , Animales , Apoptosis/efectos de los fármacos , Western Blotting , Peso Corporal , Expresión Génica , Hipocampo/citología , Hipocampo/efectos de los fármacos , Masculino , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos ICR , Neurotoxinas/toxicidad , Fosforilación , Convulsiones/fisiopatologíaRESUMEN
Haploinsufficiency of the chromatin remodeling factor ARID1B leads to autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability. Several independent research groups, including our own, recently examined the effects of heterozygous deletion of Arid1b in mice and reported severe behavioral abnormalities reminiscent of autism spectrum disorders and intellectual disability as well as marked changes in gene expression and decreased body size. Arid1b heterozygous mice also display significant cortical excitatory/inhibitory imbalance due to altered GABAergic neuron numbers and impaired inhibitory synaptic transmission. Abnormal epigenetic modifications, including histone acetylation and methylation, are additionally associated with Arid1b haploinsufficiency in the brain. Treating adult Arid1b mutant mice with a positive GABA allosteric modulator, however, rescues multiple behavioral abnormalities, such as cognitive and social impairments, as well as elevated anxiety. While treating Arid1b haploinsufficient mice with recombinant mouse growth hormone successfully increases body size, it has no effect on aberrant behavior. Here we summarize the recent findings regarding the role of ARID1B in brain development and behavior and discuss the utility of the Arid1b heterozygous mouse model in neurodevelopmental and psychiatric research. We also discuss some of the opportunities and potential challenges in developing translational applications for humans and possible avenues for further research into the mechanisms of ARID1B pathology in the brain.
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Conducta/fisiología , Encéfalo/crecimiento & desarrollo , Encéfalo/metabolismo , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/metabolismo , Animales , Proteínas de Unión al ADN/genética , Humanos , Trastornos Mentales/genética , Trastornos Mentales/metabolismo , Factores de Transcripción/genéticaRESUMEN
INTRODUCTION: Ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma is a rare neoplastic variant of calcifying odontogenic cyst, with aggressive growth characteristics. A painful swelling in the jaws with local paraesthesia is the most common symptom. Although it often causes irregular destruction of the adjacent bone, immunohistochemical expression of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and vitronectin receptor has not previously been described in this carcinoma. CASE REPORT: This article describes a ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma affecting the mandible of a 55-year-old man. The patient was treated by segmental mandibulectomy and there was no evidence of recurrence or metastasis for 1.8 years. Cytological features including the immunohistochemical expression of TRAP and vitronectin receptor were studied. CONCLUSION: Specimens revealed varying sized islands of anucleate cell clusters with homogenous, pale eosinophilic cytoplasm, so called ghost cells, admixed with sheets of tumour. TRAP and vitronectin receptor were detected in the ghost cells, but they were not expressed in the tumour cells. Our findings suggest that some of the cytokines produced by ghost cells may play important roles in causing extensive bone resorption in the ghost cell odontogenic carcinoma.
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Fosfatasa Ácida/análisis , Biomarcadores de Tumor/análisis , Integrina alfaVbeta3/análisis , Isoenzimas/análisis , Neoplasias Mandibulares/patología , Quiste Odontogénico Calcificado/patología , Resorción Ósea/patología , Citoplasma/ultraestructura , Estudios de Seguimiento , Humanos , Inmunohistoquímica , Queratinas/análisis , Masculino , Persona de Mediana Edad , Osteoclastos/patología , Fosfatasa Ácida TartratorresistenteRESUMEN
Diabetes may adversely affect cognitive function and, conversely, caloric restriction (CR) increases longevity and improves memory. To shed light on the unknown underlying mechanisms involved in these observations, we examined the effects of CR on serum metabolic parameters and hippocampal protein expression in the ob/ob mice model of obesity-induced diabetes. We found that CR reduced hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance in ob/ob mice. In addition, CR increased the levels of hippocampal O-linked-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) and GlcNAc transferase and decreased the expression of calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II, lipocalin-2, and phosphorylated tau. Furthermore, CR lessened the learning deficits that are typically seen in ob/ob mice. These findings indicate that CR may reverse obesity-related brain glucose impairment and intracellular Ca(2+) dysfunction and relieve learning impairment associated with diabetes.
Asunto(s)
Acetilglucosamina/metabolismo , Señalización del Calcio/fisiología , Restricción Calórica , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Hipocampo/fisiopatología , Discapacidades para el Aprendizaje/etiología , Aprendizaje , Animales , Quinasa de la Proteína Quinasa Dependiente de Calcio-Calmodulina/metabolismo , Complicaciones de la Diabetes/complicaciones , Hígado Graso/prevención & control , Resistencia a la Insulina , Masculino , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Ratones Obesos , N-Acetilglucosaminiltransferasas/metabolismo , Fosforilación , Proteínas tau/metabolismoRESUMEN
Diabetes-induced cognitive decline has been recognized in human patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus and mouse model of obesity, but the underlying mechanisms or therapeutic targets are not clearly identified. We investigated the effect of caloric restriction on diabetes-induced memory deficits and searched a molecular mechanism of caloric restriction-mediated neuroprotection. C57BL/6 mice were fed a high-fat diet for 40 weeks and RNA-seq analysis was performed in the hippocampus of high-fat diet-fed mice. To investigate caloric restriction effect on differential expression of genes, mice were fed high-fat diet for 20 weeks and continued on high-fat diet or subjected to caloric restriction (2 g/day) for 12 weeks. High-fat diet-fed mice exhibited insulin resistance, glial activation, blood-brain barrier leakage, and memory deficits, in that we identified neurogranin, a down-regulated gene in high-fat diet-fed mice using RNA-seq analysis; neurogranin regulates Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent synaptic function. Caloric restriction increased insulin sensitivity, reduced high-fat diet-induced blood-brain barrier leakage and glial activation, and improved memory deficit. Furthermore, caloric restriction reversed high-fat diet-induced expression of neurogranin and the activation of Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II and calpain as well as the downstream effectors. Our results suggest that neurogranin is an important factor of high-fat diet-induced memory deficits on which caloric restriction has a therapeutic effect by regulating neurogranin-associated calcium signaling.
Asunto(s)
Señalización del Calcio , Restricción Calórica , Trastornos del Conocimiento/dietoterapia , Diabetes Mellitus Tipo 2/complicaciones , Neurogranina/genética , Animales , Trastornos del Conocimiento/etiología , Dieta Alta en Grasa , Perfilación de la Expresión Génica , Hipocampo/metabolismo , Ratones , Ratones Endogámicos C57BL , Análisis de Secuencia de ARNRESUMEN
Myelination, the process by which oligodendrocytes form the myelin sheath around axons, is key to axonal signal transduction and related motor function in the central nervous system (CNS). Aging is characterized by degenerative changes in the myelin sheath, although the molecular underpinnings of normal and aberrant myelination remain incompletely understood. Here we report that axon myelination and related motor function are dependent on BubR1, a mitotic checkpoint protein that has been linked to progeroid phenotypes when expressed at low levels and healthy lifespan when overabundant. We found that oligodendrocyte progenitor cell proliferation and oligodendrocyte density is markedly reduced in mutant mice with low amounts of BubR1 (BubR1H/H mice), causing axonal hypomyelination in both brain and spinal cord. Expression of essential myelin-related genes such as MBP and PLP1 was significantly reduced in these tissues. Consistent with defective myelination, BubR1H/H mice exhibited various motor deficits, including impaired motor strength, coordination, and balance, irregular gait patterns and reduced locomotor activity. Collectively, these data suggest that BubR1 is a key determinant of oligodendrocyte production and function and provide a molecular entry point to understand age-related degenerative changes in axon myelination.