How many Californians? A review of population projections for the state.

PIP: This report reviews population projections produced for the state of California by various organizations: California Department of Finance, the US Census Bureau, the US Bureau of Economic Analysis, UCLA, and the Center for Continuing Study of the California Economy. Those population projections are used in short- and long-term planning by local, state, and federal government, and private agencies. The population projection and rates of population growth among these organizations reports that the growth of population in California have been almost equal to that of developing countries though estimations reveal that by the year 2025, the difference between the highest and lowest projection is greater than 10 million people. Even in short terms which is the product of both differing projections of growth and current estimates of the population of the state, significant differences were still noted. By the year 2014, the Census Bureau (CB) estimated that Latinos would constitute the largest race/ethnic group in California, while the dependency ratio would significantly increase by the year 2010. A wide range of current population projection reflects the instability of the demographic future in California. However, these organizations were able to come up with similar observations on the decline of the future growth rate in California compared to the previous rates, with the increase attributed to natural rise of births rather than migration. Policy makers must take into consideration the unstable population in California during program development to ensure that funds are maximized to benefit the whole population.^ieng

Cataract formation and cataract extraction after penetrating keratoplasty.

PURPOSE: This retrospective study was done to identify risk factors for cataract formation and cataract extraction after penetrating keratoplasty to determine whether a combined procedure (simultaneous cataract extraction with keratoplasty) or penetrating keratoplasty alone should be performed. METHODS: Variables from 342 phakic eyes having undergone penetrating keratoplasties were studied with univariate and multivariate analyses, including diagnosis, race, sex, age, preoperative lens opacities, preoperative vision, and length of follow-up. RESULTS: For cataract formation, age was the only independent risk factor found by multivariate analysis (P = 0.0001). For cataract extraction after penetrating keratoplasty, independent risk factors included age, sex, diagnosis, and preoperative lens opacities (P < or = 0.03). For example, the probability of a 65-year-old patient with Fuchs dystrophy requiring a cataract extraction within 5 years of keratoplasty is 81%. CONCLUSION: The likelihood of cataract formation and cataract extraction subsequent to penetrating keratoplasty increases greatly after 50 years of age, regardless of the diagnosis leading to the need for keratoplasty. The need for cataract extraction also is increased for female patients, for patients with Fuchs dystrophy, and for those with early preoperative lens opacity.