Beyond SEP-1 Compliance: Assessing the Impact of Antibiotic Overtreatment and Fluid Overload in Suspected Septic Patients.

BACKGROUND: The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS) developed the Severe Sepsis and Septic Shock Performance Measure bundle (SEP-1) metric to improve sepsis care, but evidence supporting this bundle is limited and harms secondary to compliance have not been investigated. OBJECTIVE: This study investigates the effect of an emergency department (ED) sepsis quality-improvement (QI) effort to improve CMS SEP-1 compliance, looking specifically at antibiotic overtreatment and harm from fluid resuscitation. METHODS: This was a retrospective observational study conducted between March and July 2021 with patients for whom a sepsis order set was initiated. The primary outcomes included the number of patients treated with antibiotics who were ultimately deemed nonseptic and the number of patients who developed pulmonary edema, with or without need for positive pressure ventilation (PPV), within 48 h of receiving a 30 mL/kg fluid bolus. Data were collected via nonblinded chart reviews, with a free marginal κ-calculation indicating excellent interrater reliability. RESULTS: The study cohort included 273 patients, 170 (62.3%) who were ultimately determined to be septic and 103 (37.7%) who were nonseptic. Of the 103 nonseptic patients, 82 (79.6%) received antibiotics in the ED. Of the 121 patients (44.3%) who received a 30 mL/kg bolus, 5 patients (4.1%) developed pulmonary edema and 0 of 121 patients required PPV within 48 h. CONCLUSIONS: The QI effort led to moderate rates of antibiotic overtreatment and very few patients developed pulmonary edema due to a 30 mL/kg fluid bolus.

Long-term treatment retention of an emergency department initiated medication for opioid use disorder program.

INTRODUCTION: Medication for Opioid Use Disorder (MOUD) has been shown to decrease mortality, reduce overdoses, and increase treatment retention for patients with opioid use disorder (OUD) and has become the state-of-the-art treatment strategy in the emergency department (ED). There is little evidence on long-term (6 and 12 month) treatment retention outcomes for patients enrolled in MOUD from the ED. METHODS: A prospective observational study used a convenience sample of patients seen at one community hospital ED over 12 months. Patients >18 years with OUD were eligible for MOUD enrollment. After medical screening, patients were evaluated by the addiction care coordinator (ACC) who evaluated and counselled the patient and if eligible, directly connected them with an addiction medicine appointment. Once enrolled, the patient received treatment with buprenorphine in the ED. A chart review was completed for all enrollments during the first year of the program. Treatment retention was determined by review of the prescription drug monitoring program and defined as patients receiving regular suboxone prescriptions at 6 and 12 months after index ED visit date. RESULTS: From June 2018 - May 2019 the ACCs evaluated patients during 691 visits, screening 571 unique patients. Of the 571 unique patients screened, 279 (48.9%) were enrolled into the MOUD program. 210 (75.3%) attended their first addiction medicine appointment, 151 (54.1%) were engaged in treatment at 1 month, 120 (43.0%) at 3 months, 105 (37.6%) at 6 months, and 97 (34.8%) at 12 months post index ED visit. Self-pay insurance status was associated with a significantly decrease in the odds of long-term treatment retention. CONCLUSION: Our ED-initiated MOUD program, in partnership with local addiction medicine services, produced high rates of long-term treatment retention.

Clinical differences between visits to adult freestanding and hospital-based emergency departments.

OBJECTIVE: Compare clinical characteristics for adult visits to freestanding emergency departments (FEDs) and a hospital-based ED (HBED). METHODS: Electronic health records were collected on adult ED visits from 7/1/14 to 6/30/15 from three FEDs and one level 1 trauma tertiary care HBED. RESULTS: There were 55,909 HBED visits; 44,108 FED visits. The FED population was slightly more female (61% vs 57%), younger (48 vs 46 years), white (86% vs 60%), and employed (67% vs 49%). A higher percent of FED visits had private insurance (43% vs 20%); a lower percent had Medicaid (25% vs 42%) and Medicare (23% vs 30%). The top three presenting problems were the same at the HBED and FEDs, but the order differed: gastrointestinal (HBED 19% vs FED 18%), cardiorespiratory (18% vs 16%), injury-pain-swelling of extremity (14% vs 17%). Differences were seen in primary ICD9 codes. One quarter of FED visits and only 18% of HBED visits were for injury/poisoning. A higher percent of FED visits were for respiratory diseases (12% vs 9%) but a lower percent were for circulatory system diseases (7% vs 11%) and visits for mental illness (2% vs 6%). Nearly 30% of HBED visits resulted in admission, compared to 8% of FED visits. ESI level differed significantly, with a lower percent of high acuity cases at FEDs (level 1: 0.1% vs 1.6%; level 2: 5% vs 26%). CONCLUSION: Differences were observed in clinical characteristics of adult HBED visits versus FEDs. Results of this study can help communities plan their emergency care system.

Patient Insurance Profiles: A Tertiary Care Compared to Three Freestanding Emergency Departments.

BACKGROUND: It has been speculated that freestanding emergency departments (FEDs) draw more affluent, better-insured patients away from urban hospital EDs. It is believed that this leaves urban hospital-based EDs less financially secure. OBJECTIVE: We examined whether the distribution of patients with four types of insurance (self-pay, Medicaid, Medicare, and private) at the main ED changed after opening three affiliated FEDs, and whether the insurance type distribution was different between main ED and FEDs and between individual FEDs. METHODS: A retrospective analysis of insurance status of all patients presenting to our EDs from July 2006 through August 2013. Insurance was divided into self-pay, Medicare, Medicaid, and private insurance across three time periods, which reflect the sequential opening of each FED. Insurance types for each facility were compared for individual time periods and across time periods. χ2 was used to analyze the data. RESULTS: In the three studied time frames (periods B, C, and D), there were less privately insured patients and more self-pay, Medicaid, and Medicare patients at the main than at each FED (p < 0.001). Insurance types were significantly different between each of the three FEDs and the main ED (p < 0.001) and between each of the three FEDs (p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: There were less privately insured patients and more self-pay, Medicaid, and Medicare patients at the main ED compared to the FEDs. Privately insured patients decreased at both the FEDs and main ED during the study. Insurance distribution was significantly different between the main ED, and three FEDs, and between individual FEDs.

A comparison of acuity levels between 3 freestanding and a tertiary care ED.

INTRODUCTION: Freestanding emergency departments (FEDs) have grown in popularity. They often provide emergent care in areas distant from other EDs. Investigations and research to characterize the operation and dynamics of FEDs are needed. This study characterizes the severity of illness seen at FEDs and compares it with a hospital-based urban tertiary care ED using the emergency severity index (ESI), a quantification of patient acuity. METHODS: Patient ESI levels were analyzed retrospectively over 1 year for a single hospital system with 1 main urban hospital-based ED and 3 FEDs. Data analysis was completed using analysis of variance with and without time as a factor. RESULTS: The average ESI level at the main ED (3.04) was lower than the FEDs, respectively (3.42, 3.22, and 3.38) (P < .001). Patient ESI levels were significantly different between FEDs (P < .001). CONCLUSION: The main ED demonstrated lower ESI levels and thus higher acuity than the 3 affiliated FEDs. There were significantly different acuity levels between the main ED and 3 FEDs as well as between individual FEDs.

Emergency Department-Based Medication for Opioid Use Disorder Program: Addressing Gaps in Linkages to Care.

Background Emergency department (ED)-based medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD) has been shown to be effective in providing ease of access and successful treatment rates for patients with opioid use disorder (OUD). This study examined the social determinants of health (SDOH) of patients entering an ED-based MOUD program through individual and focus group surveys. SDOH may impact treatment retention for current and future patients. Methods A survey of all patients entering our MOUD program at two hospital-based EDs and two free-standing EDs was conducted from January to March 2022. Addiction care coordinators (ACCs) used standardized screening tools to enroll patients into the MOUD program, and trained research coordinators used a standardized form, using previously validated survey questions, to examine the role of SDOH. Focused group surveys were also collected. The survey measured patients' perspectives of the program and solicited feedback on SDOH and program barriers. Results Of the 60 OUD patients inducted into the ED-based MOUD program during our survey period, 19 (32%) participated in an individual or focus group interview. Of these, 16 patients (27%) completed all survey questions. The mean age was 42 years old, 94% identified as Caucasian, and 65% were males. Over 94% of subjects found the ACCs helpful in providing follow-up care. Nearly 40% experienced transportation and financial issues. The vast majority found the MOUD program beneficial in coping with withdrawal symptoms, dealing with their addiction, and supporting recovery. Conclusion OUD patients found the ACCs and the MOUD program helpful for their transition to the treatment stage. The MOUD program can improve some patients' reluctance to engage with a healthcare system by addressing barriers related to transportation to appointments and financial issues.

IFEM model curriculum: emergency medicine learning outcomes for undergraduate medical education.

BACKGROUND: The International Federation for Emergency Medicine (IFEM) published its model curriculum for medical student education in emergency medicine in 2009. Because of the evolving principles of emergency medicine and medical education, driven by societal, professional, and educational developments, there was a need for an update on IFEM recommendations. The main objective of the update process was creating Intended Learning Outcomes (ILOs) and providing tier-based recommendations. METHOD: A consensus methodology combining nominal group and modified Delphi methods was used. The nominal group had 15 members representing eight countries in six regions. The process began with a review of the 2009 curriculum by IFEM Core Curriculum and Education Committee (CCEC) members, followed by a three-phase update process involving survey creation [The final survey document included 55 items in 4 sections, namely, participant & context information (16 items), intended learning outcomes (6 items), principles unique to emergency medicine (20 items), and content unique to emergency medicine (13 items)], participant selection from IFEM member countries and survey implementation, and data analysis to create the recommendations. RESULTS: Out of 112 invitees (CCEC members and IFEM member country nominees), 57 (50.9%) participants from 27 countries participated. Eighteen (31.6%) participants were from LMICs, while 39 (68.4%) were from HICs. Forty-four (77.2%) participants have been involved with medical students' emergency medicine training for more than five years in their careers, and 56 (98.2%) have been involved with medical students' training in the last five years. Thirty-five (61.4%) participants have completed a form of training in medical education. The exercise resulted in the formulation of tiered ILO recommendations. Tier 1 ILOs are recommended for all medical schools, Tier 2 ILOs are recommended for medical schools based on perceived local healthcare system needs and/or adequate resources, and Tier 3 ILOs should be considered for medical schools based on perceived local healthcare system needs and/or adequate resources. CONCLUSION: The updated IFEM ILO recommendations are designed to be applicable across diverse educational and healthcare settings. These recommendations aim to provide a clear framework for medical schools to prepare graduates with essential emergency care capabilities immediately after completing medical school. The successful distribution and implementation of these recommendations hinge on support from faculty and administrators, ensuring that future healthcare professionals are well-prepared for emergency medical care.

The impact of two freestanding emergency departments on a tertiary care center.

BACKGROUND: Freestanding emergency departments (FEDs) have become increasingly popular as the need for emergency care continues to grow. OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of two FEDs on a local tertiary care center's patient volume and admission rates. METHODS: A retrospective analysis examined monthly volume and admission rates for the main ED and two FEDs located 9.6 and 12 miles away. Main ED census records were divided into three distinct time frames: period A (control) was January 2007 through June 2007. Period B was July 2007 through July 2009 when one FED was open. Period C was August 2009 through June 2010 when both FEDs were open. A two-factor analysis of variance was used to analyze admission rates while adjusting for monthly variation. RESULTS: The mean monthly patient volume for the main ED was 4709 for period A, but dropped significantly (p<0.01) to 4447 for period B, and again dropped significantly (p<0.01) to 4242 during period C. The volume for all facilities increased throughout the study period. A combined monthly volume increase to 5642 occurred in Period B, and increased to 6808 in Period C. The adjusted mean admission rate at the main ED for period A was 0.221, which dropped somewhat, though not significantly (p=0.3505) to 0.213 for period B, and then significantly (p<0.01) to 0.189 for period C. CONCLUSION: Opening two FEDs decreased the volume and admission rates for the main ED and increased the overall ED volume for the health care system.

Stage-of-change Assessment Predicts Short-term Treatment Engagement for Opioid Use Disorder Patients Initiated on Buprenorphine.

INTRODUCTION: The emergency department (ED) is an effective setting for initiating medication for opioid use disorder (MOUD); however, predicting who will remain in treatment remains a central challenge. We hypothesize that baseline stage-of-change (SOC) assessment is associated with short-term treatment retention outcomes. METHODS: This is a longitudinal cohort study of all patients enrolled in an ED MOUD program over 12 months. Eligible and willing patients were treated with buprenorphine at baseline and had addiction medicine specialist follow-up arranged. Treatment retention at 30 and 90 days was determined by review of the Prescription Drug Monitoring Program. We used uni- and multivariate logistic regression to evaluate associations between patient variables and treatment retention at 30 and 90 days. RESULTS: From June 2018-May 2019, 279 patients were enrolled in the ED MOUD program. Of those patients 151 (54.1%) and 120 (43.0%) remained engaged in MOUD treatment at 30 and 90 days, respectively. The odds of treatment adherence at 30 days were significantly higher for those with advanced SOC (preparation/action/maintenance) compared to those presenting with limited SOC (pre-contemplation/contemplation) (60.0% vs 40.8%; odds ratio 2.18; 95% confidence interval 1.15 to 4.1; P <0.05). At 30 days, multivariate logistic regression determined that advanced SOC, age >40, having medical insurance, and being employed were significant predictors of continued treatment adherence. At 90 days, advanced SOC, non-White race, age > 40, and having insurance were all significantly associated with higher likelihood of treatment engagement. CONCLUSION: Greater stage-of-change was significantly associated with MOUD treatment retention at 30 and 90 days post index ED visit.

The future of emergency medicine.

BACKGROUND: The specialty of emergency medicine (EM) continues to experience a significant workforce shortage in the face of increasing demand for emergency care. SUMMARY: In July 2009, representatives of the leading EM organizations met in Dallas for the Future of Emergency Medicine Summit. Attendees at the Future of Emergency Medicine Summit agreed on the following: 1) Emergency medical care is an essential community service that should be available to all; 2) An insufficient emergency physician workforce also represents a potential threat to patient safety; 3) Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education/American Osteopathic Association (AOA)-accredited EM residency training and American Board of Medical Specialties/AOA EM board certification is the recognized standard for physician providers currently entering a career in emergency care; 4) Physician supply shortages in all fields contribute to-and will continue to contribute to-a situation in which providers with other levels of training may be a necessary part of the workforce for the foreseeable future; 5) A maldistribution of EM residency-trained physicians persists, with few pursuing practice in small hospital or rural settings; 6) Assuring that the public receives high quality emergency care while continuing to produce highly skilled EM specialists through EM training programs is the challenge for EM's future; 7) It is important that all providers of emergency care receive continuing postgraduate education.

International Federation for Emergency Medicine model curriculum for medical student education in emergency medicine.

Currently, there is no internationally recognised, standard curriculum that defines the basic minimum standards for emergency medicine education. To address this, the International Federation for Emergency Medicine convened a committee of international experts in emergency medicine and international emergency medicine development to outline a global curriculum for medical students in emergency medicine. This curriculum document represents the consensus of recommendations by this committee. The curriculum is designed with a focus on the basic minimum emergency medicine educational content that any medical school should be delivering to its students during their undergraduate years of training. The content is relevant not just for communities with mature emergency medicine systems, but also for developing nations or for nations seeking to expand emergency medicine within current educational structures. It is anticipated that there will be wide variability in how this curriculum is implemented and taught, reflecting the existing educational milieu, the resources available and the goals of the institutions' educational leadership.

The future of emergency medicine.

Physician shortages are being projected for most medical specialties. The specialty of emergency medicine continues to experience a significant workforce shortage in the face of increasing demand for emergency care. The limited supply of emergency physicians, emergency nurses, and other resources is creating an urgent, untenable patient care problem. In July 2009, representatives of the leading emergency medicine organizations met in Dallas, TX, for the Future of Emergency Medicine Summit. This consensus document, agreed to and cowritten by all participating organizations, describes the substantive issues discussed and provides a foundation for the future of the specialty.

Managing and Measuring Emergency Department Care: Results of the Fourth Emergency Department Benchmarking Definitions Summit.

BACKGROUND: A shared language and vocabulary are essential for managing emergency department (ED) operations. This Fourth Emergency Department Benchmarking Alliance (EDBA) Summit brought together experts in the field to review, update, and add to key definitions and metrics of ED operations. OBJECTIVE: Summit objectives were to review and revise existing definitions, define and characterize new practices related to ED operations, and introduce financial and regulatory definitions affecting ED reimbursement. METHODS: Forty-six ED operations, data management, and benchmarking experts were invited to participate in the EDBA summit. Before arrival, experts were provided with documents from the three prior summits and assigned to update the terminology. Materials and publications related to standards of ED operations were considered and discussed. Each group submitted a revised set of definitions prior to the summit. Significantly revised, topical, or controversial recommendations were discussed among all summit participants. The goal of the in-person discussion was to reach consensus on definitions. Work group leaders made changes to reflect the discussion, which was revised with public and stakeholder feedback. RESULTS: The entire EDBA dictionary was updated and expanded. This article focuses on an update and discussion of definitions related to specific topics that changed since the last summit, specifically ED intake, boarding, diversion, and observation care. In addition, an extensive new glossary of financial and regulatory terminology germane to the practice of emergency medicine is included. CONCLUSIONS: A complete and precise set of operational definitions, time intervals, and utilization measures is necessary for timely and effective ED care. A common language of financial and regulatory definitions that affect ED operations is included for the first time. This article and its companion dictionary should serve as a resource to ED leadership, researchers, informatics and health policy leaders, and regulatory bodies.