HLA-DO Modulates the Diversity of the MHC-II Self-peptidome.

Presentation of antigenic peptides on MHC-II molecules is essential for tolerance to self and for initiation of immune responses against foreign antigens. DO (HLA-DO in humans, H2-O in mice) is a nonclassical MHC-II protein that has been implicated in control of autoimmunity and regulation of neutralizing antibody responses to viruses. These effects likely are related to a role of DO in selecting MHC-II epitopes, but previous studies examining the effect of DO on presentation of selected CD4 T cell epitopes have been contradictory. To understand how DO modulates MHC-II antigen presentation, we characterized the full spectrum of peptides presented by MHC-II molecules expressed by DO-sufficient and DO-deficient antigen-presenting cells in vivo and in vitro using quantitative mass spectrometry approaches. We found that DO controlled the diversity of the presented peptide repertoire, with a subset of peptides presented only when DO was expressed. Antigen-presenting cells express another nonclassical MHC-II protein, DM, which acts as a peptide editor by preferentially catalyzing the exchange of less stable MHC-II peptide complexes, and which is inhibited when bound to DO. Peptides presented uniquely in the presence of DO were sensitive to DM-mediated exchange, suggesting that decreased DM editing was responsible for the increased diversity. DO-deficient mice mounted CD4 T cell responses against wild-type antigen-presenting cells, but not vice versa, indicating that DO-dependent alterations in the MHC-II peptidome could be recognized by circulating T cells. These data suggest that cell-specific and regulated expression of HLA-DO serves to fine-tune MHC-II peptidomes, in order to enhance self-tolerance to a wide spectrum of epitopes while allowing focused presentation of immunodominant epitopes during an immune response.

Class II MHC antigen processing in immune tolerance and inflammation.

Presentation of peptide antigens by MHC-II proteins is prerequisite to effective CD4 T cell tolerance to self and to recognition of foreign antigens. Antigen uptake and processing pathways as well as expression of the peptide exchange factors HLA-DM and HLA-DO differ among the various professional and non-professional antigen-presenting cells and are modulated by cell developmental state and activation. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of these cell-specific factors in controlling the source and breadth of peptides presented by MHC-II under different conditions. During inflammation, increased presentation of selected self-peptides has implications for maintenance of peripheral tolerance and autoimmunity.

MHC-I peptide binding activity assessed by exchange after cleavage of peptide covalently linked to ß2-microglobulin.

A common approach to measuring binding constants involves combining receptor and ligand and measuring the distribution of bound and free states after equilibration. For class I major histocompatibility (MHC-I) proteins, which bind short peptides for presentation to T cells, this approach is precluded by instability of peptide-free protein. Here we develop a method wherein a weakly-binding peptide covalently attached to the N-terminus of the MHC-I ß2m subunit is released from the peptide binding site after proteolytic cleavage of the linker. The resultant protein is able to bind added peptide. A direct binding assay and method for estimation of peptide binding constant (Kd) are described, in which fluorescence polarization is used to follow peptide binding. A competition binding assay and method for estimation of inhibitor binding constant (Ki) using the same principle also are also described. The method uses a cubic equation to relate observed binding to probe concentration, probe Kd, inhibitor concentration, and inhibitor Ki under general reaction conditions without assumptions relating to relative binding affinities or concentrations. We also delineate advantages of this approach compared to the Cheng-Prusoff and Munson-Rodbard approaches for estimation of Ki using competition binding data.

Distinguishing Signal From Noise in Immunopeptidome Studies of Limiting-Abundance Biological Samples: Peptides Presented by I-Ab in C57BL/6 Mouse Thymus.

Antigen presentation by MHC-II proteins in the thymus is central to selection of CD4 T cells, but analysis of the full repertoire of presented peptides responsible for positive and negative selection is complicated by the low abundance of antigen presenting cells. A key challenge in analysis of limiting abundance immunopeptidomes by mass spectrometry is distinguishing true MHC-binding peptides from co-eluting non-specifically bound peptides present in the mixture eluted from immunoaffinity-purified MHC molecules. Herein we tested several approaches to minimize the impact of non-specific background peptides, including analyzing eluates from isotype-control antibody-conjugated beads, considering only peptides present in nested sets, and using predicted binding motif analysis to identify core epitopes. We evaluated these methods using well-understood human cell line samples, and then applied them to analysis of the I-Ab presented immunopeptidome of the thymus of C57BL/6 mice, comparing this to the more easily characterized splenic B cell and dendritic cell populations. We identified a total of 3473 unique peptides eluted from the various tissues, using a data dependent acquisition strategy with a false-discovery rate of <1%. The immunopeptidomes presented in thymus as compared to splenic B cells and DCs identified shared and tissue-specific epitopes. A broader length distribution was observed for peptides presented in the thymus as compared to splenic B cells or DCs. Detailed analysis of 61 differentially presented peptides indicated a wider distribution of I-Ab binding affinities in thymus as compared to splenic B cells. These results suggest different constraints on antigen processing and presentation pathways in central versus peripheral tissues.

Analysis of the role of negative T cell costimulatory pathways in CD4 and CD8 T cell-mediated alloimmune responses in vivo.

Negative costimulatory signals mediated via cell surface molecules such as CTLA-4 and programmed death 1 (PD-1) play a critical role in down-modulating immune responses and maintaining peripheral tolerance. However, their role in alloimmune responses remains unclear. This study examined the role of these inhibitory pathways in regulating CD28-dependent and CD28-independent CD4 and CD8 alloreactive T cells in vivo. CTLA-4 blockade accelerated graft rejection in C57BL/6 wild-type recipients and in a proportion of CD4(-/-) but not CD8(-/-) recipients of BALB/c hearts. The same treatment led to prompt rejection in CD28(-/-) and a smaller proportion of CD4(-/-)CD28(-/-) mice with no effect in CD8(-/-)CD28(-/-) recipients. These results indicate that the CTLA-4:B7 pathway provides a negative signal to alloreactive CD8(+) T cells, particularly in the presence of CD28 costimulation. In contrast, PD-1 blockade led to accelerated rejection of heart allografts only in CD28(-/-) and CD8(-/-)CD28(-/-) recipients. Interestingly, PD-1 ligand (PD-L1) blockade led to accelerated rejection in wild-type mice and in all recipients lacking CD28 costimulation. This effect was accompanied by expansion of IFN-gamma-producing alloreactive T cells and enhanced generation of effector T cells in rejecting allograft recipients. Thus, the PD-1:PD-L1 pathway down-regulates alloreactive CD4 T cells, particularly in the absence of CD28 costimulation. The differential effects of PD-1 vs PD-L1 blockade support the possible existence of a new receptor other than PD-1 for negative signaling through PD-L1. Furthermore, PD-1:PD-L1 pathway can regulate alloimmune responses independent of an intact CD28/CTLA-4:B7 pathway. Harnessing physiological mechanisms that regulate alloimmunity should lead to development of novel strategies to induce durable and reproducible transplantation tolerance.